SlideShare a Scribd company logo
In what ways was Europe united in the last decade of the 20th
century?
Europe became unified through both economic and cultural
means in the final decade of the 20thCentury. One of the most
important efforts for unification was the European Union (EU),
“replacing the European Economic Community as the primary
political and economic institution for cooperating European
countries” (Shubert & Goldstein, 2012). The efforts to unify
Europe were further advanced in the last decade of the century
by the extensive use of communications and information
technologies in a technological revolution that saw a
transformation that also brought people around the world into
closer and quicker contact than ever before” (Shubert &
Goldstein, 2012).
What were the political implications of European unity?
Many of the countries in Eastern Europe began to adopt new
democratic systems of government with elected leadership and
new reforms to adjust to free market systems. Likewise, a
multitude of new political parties formed, coinciding with an
influx of private book publishers, which became greater
opportunities to spread new ideas. The political parties that
remained communist chose to do so while changing their
platforms to include more democratic ideas and distance
themselves from the atrocities of Soviet communism, while still
advocating for more government control of economic matters.
However, a few exceptions still remained, such as Belarus,
“which in 2011 remained a command economy under the 17-
year dictatorship of Alexander Lukashenko” (Shubert &
Goldstein, 2012).
What were the social implications of European unity?
As a result of the new efforts to unify, Europe saw a massive
influx of immigration which worked to create a much more
diverse population than ever before. Additionally, those who
were used to the economics of communist governments had to
make “adjustments in their cultural lives that were almost as
difficult as those in their economic and political lives” (Shubert
& Goldstein, 2012). There were also issues regarding religion in
the new Europe with many such as Pope John Paul II arguing
that the EU needed to invoke an acknowledgment of Europe’s
Christian roots in the proposed draft of an EU constitution.
“The debate died out when the constitution failed to be
approved in France and the Netherlands, although the idea that
Europe is a ‘Christian’—or Judeo-Christian—place continues to
be held by many and informs some of the anti-immigrant
political movements that have gained prominence in the 21st
century, discussed in further detail later in this chapter”
(Shubert & Goldstein, 2012).
What were the economic implications of European unity?
“The collapse of Communism and the end of the protected
trading bloc COMECON left the economies of the former Soviet
Union and its former satellites exposed to entirely new
conditions” (Shubert & Goldstein, 2012). One of the approaches
to solving the issues that arose after introducing a subsidized
socialist society into a free market capitalist system was the
‘shock’ or ‘big bang’ approach which “included such measures
as ending price controls, abolishing subsidies for companies,
and privatizing state-owned businesses” (Shubert & Goldstein,
2012). The unemployment numbers took a hit as well during the
1990’s in Eastern Europe in many places that had guaranteed
lifelong positions for many before the collapse.
In what ways was Europe divided in the last decade of the 20th
century?
Along with concerns over the inclusion of Judeo-Christian
values, “immigration, and especially the presence of growing
numbers of Muslims, provoked many expressions of concern
that ‘European values’ were being threatened” (Shubert &
Goldstein, 2012). These concerns only worked to create greater
lines of division among the new European countries and the
efforts of the European Union as well as concerns over the new
possible threat of globalization. Globalization is “the increasing
integration of the global economy, as measured by international
trade, investment, and manufacturing, made possible by the
political predominance of policies favorable to the free
operation of market forces” (Shubert & Goldstein, 2012). In
essence, globalization was the unforeseen aftershock that
followed the collapse of communism and the unification of
Europe, which in itself presented the world with a whole new
line of contention and controversial ideologies.
How did the Cold War contribute to these divisions?
The Cold War progressed many of the same ideas of the loss of
traditional values, playing into the idea that Soviet Communist
ideals would tear down the fabric of capitalist nations such as
the United States and the democratic societies it aided in
contributing to the free world market. Likewise, many of the
communist states were wary of swapping over to capitalist ideas
and systems after being subjected to so many years of relentless
anti-capitalist propaganda from the Soviets and their
predecessors for over a hundred years.
What role did nationalism and genocide play in Europe during
the last decade of the 20thcentury?
Genocide played a role in the last decade of the 20th century
through wars, as nations sought to establish new regimes after
the collapse of communism and the disestablishment of the
Soviet Union. Many satellite nations were able to peacefully
move out of communist-ruled regimes, however, there were
much more violent conflicts such when the six federal republics
of Yugoslavia broke apart. The “six distinct federal republics
(Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia, Bosnia, Macedonia, and
Montenegro) with five different ethnicities, four languages,
three religions, and two alphabets” (Shubert & Goldstein,
2012), were engrained with rising feelings of nationalism and
violent conflicts broke out between the differing ethnicities.
Croatia declared its independence in 1991 and the primarily
Muslim Bosnia did the same in 1993. “The war that followed
involved fighting among all three ethnic groups, and it was
repeatedly marked by what became known as ethnic cleansing as
Serbs and Croats both expelled hundreds of thousands of thei r
enemies from Bosnian regions after winning control of them.
Similar ethnic cleansing had marked the Serbian-Croatian war
as well, and it was accompanied in both regions by numerous
instances of murder, rape, and torture”, and “all sides in the war
were guilty of atrocities, and both Croats and Serbs established
notorious concentration camps. But the Serbs were generally
viewed as especially guilty in this regard” (Shubert &
Goldstein, 2012). Furthermore, ethnic wars such as those seen
during the collapse of Yugoslavia exemplified and book-ended
the new scourge of the 20th century: terrorism. “When Princip
assassinated the Archduke, he was acting on behalf of the goals
and objectives of a group known as the Black Hand. The Black
Hand was, really, a terrorist group driven by intense nationalist
sentiments but not acting on behalf of or for a specific
government. Therefore, the Western world was faced with the
dilemma of what to do when you are the victim of terrorism.
How do you declare war on a nation or government when the
terrorist group was acting independently? If you do not declare
war on the government, then how do you effectively fight
shadows?” (Troxler, 2018). This understanding of the nature of
terrorist acts of violence, as seen during the ethnic cleansings in
the former Yugoslavia, make it difficult for nations to know
when and how it is appropriate to intervene in such conflicts.w
Did the collapse of communism have a positive or negative
impact on Europe in the last decade of the 20th
century? Why?
For the most part, the collapse of communism created a positive
and progressive path forward for Europe leading into the 21st
century. “With the collapse of communism across central and
eastern Europe, Europeans become closer neighbors. In 1993 the
Single Market is completed with the 'four freedoms' of:
movement of goods, services, people and money” (European
Union, 2018). “The collapse of Communism ended the division
of Europe and allowed unification to reach into new areas of the
continent” (Shubert & Goldstein, 2012). Likewise, with the
collapse of Communism, “everything changed… Mentalities had
to change. Publishers had to become responsive to the market.
Authors used to having their works printed and reprinted, found
themselves unemployed. Foreign films and books flooded the
cultural market. Intellectuals, including those who had been
critical of communism, were aghast. They had moved from the
dictatorship of the party to the true ‘dictatorship of the
proletariat’: consumer capitalism” (Shubert & Goldstein, 2012),
after the initial shock, however, these new forms of free
expression played a heavy role in bringing many cultures
together through the new freedoms of cultural expression and
economics.
References
European Union. (2018). Europe without frontiers. Retrieved
From
https://europa.eu/european-union/about-eu/history/1990-
1999_en (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.
Shubert, A. & Goldstein, R.J. (2012). Twentieth-century Europe
[Electronic version]. Retrieved from
https://content.ashford.edu/ (Links to an external site.)Links to
an external site.
Troxler, S., (2018). Week 5 lecture: the modern age. Retrieved
from
https://ashford.instructure.com/courses/35857/discussion_topics
/1049114

More Related Content

Similar to In what ways was Europe united in the last decade of the 20thcen

xasan EU HISTORY.pptx
xasan EU HISTORY.pptxxasan EU HISTORY.pptx
xasan EU HISTORY.pptx
AbdinasirAhmedMohame2
 
The Occupy Movement: A Marxist Uprising?
The Occupy Movement: A Marxist Uprising?The Occupy Movement: A Marxist Uprising?
The Occupy Movement: A Marxist Uprising?
Ahmed Usman Ahmed
 
The Postwar Era in Europe
The Postwar Era in EuropeThe Postwar Era in Europe
The Postwar Era in Europe
Grant Benson
 
Collective Memory
Collective MemoryCollective Memory
Collective Memory
Jennifer Wood
 
An-international-civilization.pdf
An-international-civilization.pdfAn-international-civilization.pdf
An-international-civilization.pdf
DomindianoJenJen
 
Novel4
Novel4 Novel4
Novel4
nouf23f
 
The collapse of Communism began with deepening of respect of human .docx
The collapse of Communism began with deepening of respect of human .docxThe collapse of Communism began with deepening of respect of human .docx
The collapse of Communism began with deepening of respect of human .docx
rtodd643
 
Communism And Communism
Communism And CommunismCommunism And Communism
Communism And Communism
Best Custom Papers St. Petersburg
 
The Milner Fabian Conspiracy - Ioan Ratiu Old Scan.pdf
The Milner Fabian Conspiracy - Ioan Ratiu Old Scan.pdfThe Milner Fabian Conspiracy - Ioan Ratiu Old Scan.pdf
The Milner Fabian Conspiracy - Ioan Ratiu Old Scan.pdf
GameplayMinecraftSLO
 
MMS 197 Multimedia in Europe
MMS 197 Multimedia in EuropeMMS 197 Multimedia in Europe
MMS 197 Multimedia in Europe
Ed Davad
 
The Regional Development of Democratization and Civil Society: Transition, Co...
The Regional Development of Democratization and Civil Society: Transition, Co...The Regional Development of Democratization and Civil Society: Transition, Co...
The Regional Development of Democratization and Civil Society: Transition, Co...
Przegląd Politologiczny
 

Similar to In what ways was Europe united in the last decade of the 20thcen (11)

xasan EU HISTORY.pptx
xasan EU HISTORY.pptxxasan EU HISTORY.pptx
xasan EU HISTORY.pptx
 
The Occupy Movement: A Marxist Uprising?
The Occupy Movement: A Marxist Uprising?The Occupy Movement: A Marxist Uprising?
The Occupy Movement: A Marxist Uprising?
 
The Postwar Era in Europe
The Postwar Era in EuropeThe Postwar Era in Europe
The Postwar Era in Europe
 
Collective Memory
Collective MemoryCollective Memory
Collective Memory
 
An-international-civilization.pdf
An-international-civilization.pdfAn-international-civilization.pdf
An-international-civilization.pdf
 
Novel4
Novel4 Novel4
Novel4
 
The collapse of Communism began with deepening of respect of human .docx
The collapse of Communism began with deepening of respect of human .docxThe collapse of Communism began with deepening of respect of human .docx
The collapse of Communism began with deepening of respect of human .docx
 
Communism And Communism
Communism And CommunismCommunism And Communism
Communism And Communism
 
The Milner Fabian Conspiracy - Ioan Ratiu Old Scan.pdf
The Milner Fabian Conspiracy - Ioan Ratiu Old Scan.pdfThe Milner Fabian Conspiracy - Ioan Ratiu Old Scan.pdf
The Milner Fabian Conspiracy - Ioan Ratiu Old Scan.pdf
 
MMS 197 Multimedia in Europe
MMS 197 Multimedia in EuropeMMS 197 Multimedia in Europe
MMS 197 Multimedia in Europe
 
The Regional Development of Democratization and Civil Society: Transition, Co...
The Regional Development of Democratization and Civil Society: Transition, Co...The Regional Development of Democratization and Civil Society: Transition, Co...
The Regional Development of Democratization and Civil Society: Transition, Co...
 

More from maribethy2y

Assignment 2 Constitutional RightsDue Week 10 and worth 200 point.docx
Assignment 2 Constitutional RightsDue Week 10 and worth 200 point.docxAssignment 2 Constitutional RightsDue Week 10 and worth 200 point.docx
Assignment 2 Constitutional RightsDue Week 10 and worth 200 point.docx
maribethy2y
 
Assignment 2 COPA and CIPADue Week 4 and worth 70 points The .docx
Assignment 2 COPA and CIPADue Week 4 and worth 70 points The .docxAssignment 2 COPA and CIPADue Week 4 and worth 70 points The .docx
Assignment 2 COPA and CIPADue Week 4 and worth 70 points The .docx
maribethy2y
 
Assignment 2 Course Project Health Promotion Intervention PlanWe.docx
Assignment 2 Course Project Health Promotion Intervention PlanWe.docxAssignment 2 Course Project Health Promotion Intervention PlanWe.docx
Assignment 2 Course Project Health Promotion Intervention PlanWe.docx
maribethy2y
 
Assignment 2 Case of Anna OOne of the very first cases that caug.docx
Assignment 2 Case of Anna OOne of the very first cases that caug.docxAssignment 2 Case of Anna OOne of the very first cases that caug.docx
Assignment 2 Case of Anna OOne of the very first cases that caug.docx
maribethy2y
 
Assignment 2 Comparing Modernist ApproachesDuring the moderni.docx
Assignment 2 Comparing Modernist ApproachesDuring the moderni.docxAssignment 2 Comparing Modernist ApproachesDuring the moderni.docx
Assignment 2 Comparing Modernist ApproachesDuring the moderni.docx
maribethy2y
 
Assignment 2 Benefits of a Diverse WorkforceCommunication is of u.docx
Assignment 2 Benefits of a Diverse WorkforceCommunication is of u.docxAssignment 2 Benefits of a Diverse WorkforceCommunication is of u.docx
Assignment 2 Benefits of a Diverse WorkforceCommunication is of u.docx
maribethy2y
 
Assignment 2 Analyzing World CulturesMedia play a very large ro.docx
Assignment 2 Analyzing World CulturesMedia play a very large ro.docxAssignment 2 Analyzing World CulturesMedia play a very large ro.docx
Assignment 2 Analyzing World CulturesMedia play a very large ro.docx
maribethy2y
 
Assignment 2 Analyzing World CulturesMedia play a very large .docx
Assignment 2 Analyzing World CulturesMedia play a very large .docxAssignment 2 Analyzing World CulturesMedia play a very large .docx
Assignment 2 Analyzing World CulturesMedia play a very large .docx
maribethy2y
 
Assignment 2 Analyzing World Cultures Media play a very large.docx
Assignment 2 Analyzing World Cultures Media play a very large.docxAssignment 2 Analyzing World Cultures Media play a very large.docx
Assignment 2 Analyzing World Cultures Media play a very large.docx
maribethy2y
 
Assignment 2 (RA 2) Cultural Influences in DevelopmentIn this as.docx
Assignment 2 (RA 2) Cultural Influences in DevelopmentIn this as.docxAssignment 2 (RA 2) Cultural Influences in DevelopmentIn this as.docx
Assignment 2 (RA 2) Cultural Influences in DevelopmentIn this as.docx
maribethy2y
 
Assignment 2 A Public LeaderDue Week 6 and worth 200 points.docx
Assignment 2 A Public LeaderDue Week 6 and worth 200 points.docxAssignment 2 A Public LeaderDue Week 6 and worth 200 points.docx
Assignment 2 A Public LeaderDue Week 6 and worth 200 points.docx
maribethy2y
 
Assignment 1 Journal EntryIntersection and Religious Discrim.docx
Assignment 1 Journal EntryIntersection and Religious Discrim.docxAssignment 1 Journal EntryIntersection and Religious Discrim.docx
Assignment 1 Journal EntryIntersection and Religious Discrim.docx
maribethy2y
 
Assignment 2 Analyzing World CulturesMedia play a very large role.docx
Assignment 2 Analyzing World CulturesMedia play a very large role.docxAssignment 2 Analyzing World CulturesMedia play a very large role.docx
Assignment 2 Analyzing World CulturesMedia play a very large role.docx
maribethy2y
 
Assignment 1The purpose of this assignment is to explore stratifi.docx
Assignment 1The purpose of this assignment is to explore stratifi.docxAssignment 1The purpose of this assignment is to explore stratifi.docx
Assignment 1The purpose of this assignment is to explore stratifi.docx
maribethy2y
 
Assignment 1Similar to film and music reviews which analyze and cr.docx
Assignment 1Similar to film and music reviews which analyze and cr.docxAssignment 1Similar to film and music reviews which analyze and cr.docx
Assignment 1Similar to film and music reviews which analyze and cr.docx
maribethy2y
 
Assignment 1The signs and symptoms of the pathologic conditionTh.docx
Assignment 1The signs and symptoms of the pathologic conditionTh.docxAssignment 1The signs and symptoms of the pathologic conditionTh.docx
Assignment 1The signs and symptoms of the pathologic conditionTh.docx
maribethy2y
 
Assignment 1Healthcare Informatics Theories and Concepts.docx
Assignment 1Healthcare Informatics Theories and Concepts.docxAssignment 1Healthcare Informatics Theories and Concepts.docx
Assignment 1Healthcare Informatics Theories and Concepts.docx
maribethy2y
 
Assignment 1Facebook, email, electronic commerce, and collabo.docx
Assignment 1Facebook, email, electronic commerce, and collabo.docxAssignment 1Facebook, email, electronic commerce, and collabo.docx
Assignment 1Facebook, email, electronic commerce, and collabo.docx
maribethy2y
 
Assignment 1.2Industrialization After the Civil War Final Paper.docx
Assignment 1.2Industrialization After the Civil War Final Paper.docxAssignment 1.2Industrialization After the Civil War Final Paper.docx
Assignment 1.2Industrialization After the Civil War Final Paper.docx
maribethy2y
 
Assignment 1Assignment 2 Project Paper – Comparative Essay.docx
Assignment 1Assignment 2 Project Paper – Comparative Essay.docxAssignment 1Assignment 2 Project Paper – Comparative Essay.docx
Assignment 1Assignment 2 Project Paper – Comparative Essay.docx
maribethy2y
 

More from maribethy2y (20)

Assignment 2 Constitutional RightsDue Week 10 and worth 200 point.docx
Assignment 2 Constitutional RightsDue Week 10 and worth 200 point.docxAssignment 2 Constitutional RightsDue Week 10 and worth 200 point.docx
Assignment 2 Constitutional RightsDue Week 10 and worth 200 point.docx
 
Assignment 2 COPA and CIPADue Week 4 and worth 70 points The .docx
Assignment 2 COPA and CIPADue Week 4 and worth 70 points The .docxAssignment 2 COPA and CIPADue Week 4 and worth 70 points The .docx
Assignment 2 COPA and CIPADue Week 4 and worth 70 points The .docx
 
Assignment 2 Course Project Health Promotion Intervention PlanWe.docx
Assignment 2 Course Project Health Promotion Intervention PlanWe.docxAssignment 2 Course Project Health Promotion Intervention PlanWe.docx
Assignment 2 Course Project Health Promotion Intervention PlanWe.docx
 
Assignment 2 Case of Anna OOne of the very first cases that caug.docx
Assignment 2 Case of Anna OOne of the very first cases that caug.docxAssignment 2 Case of Anna OOne of the very first cases that caug.docx
Assignment 2 Case of Anna OOne of the very first cases that caug.docx
 
Assignment 2 Comparing Modernist ApproachesDuring the moderni.docx
Assignment 2 Comparing Modernist ApproachesDuring the moderni.docxAssignment 2 Comparing Modernist ApproachesDuring the moderni.docx
Assignment 2 Comparing Modernist ApproachesDuring the moderni.docx
 
Assignment 2 Benefits of a Diverse WorkforceCommunication is of u.docx
Assignment 2 Benefits of a Diverse WorkforceCommunication is of u.docxAssignment 2 Benefits of a Diverse WorkforceCommunication is of u.docx
Assignment 2 Benefits of a Diverse WorkforceCommunication is of u.docx
 
Assignment 2 Analyzing World CulturesMedia play a very large ro.docx
Assignment 2 Analyzing World CulturesMedia play a very large ro.docxAssignment 2 Analyzing World CulturesMedia play a very large ro.docx
Assignment 2 Analyzing World CulturesMedia play a very large ro.docx
 
Assignment 2 Analyzing World CulturesMedia play a very large .docx
Assignment 2 Analyzing World CulturesMedia play a very large .docxAssignment 2 Analyzing World CulturesMedia play a very large .docx
Assignment 2 Analyzing World CulturesMedia play a very large .docx
 
Assignment 2 Analyzing World Cultures Media play a very large.docx
Assignment 2 Analyzing World Cultures Media play a very large.docxAssignment 2 Analyzing World Cultures Media play a very large.docx
Assignment 2 Analyzing World Cultures Media play a very large.docx
 
Assignment 2 (RA 2) Cultural Influences in DevelopmentIn this as.docx
Assignment 2 (RA 2) Cultural Influences in DevelopmentIn this as.docxAssignment 2 (RA 2) Cultural Influences in DevelopmentIn this as.docx
Assignment 2 (RA 2) Cultural Influences in DevelopmentIn this as.docx
 
Assignment 2 A Public LeaderDue Week 6 and worth 200 points.docx
Assignment 2 A Public LeaderDue Week 6 and worth 200 points.docxAssignment 2 A Public LeaderDue Week 6 and worth 200 points.docx
Assignment 2 A Public LeaderDue Week 6 and worth 200 points.docx
 
Assignment 1 Journal EntryIntersection and Religious Discrim.docx
Assignment 1 Journal EntryIntersection and Religious Discrim.docxAssignment 1 Journal EntryIntersection and Religious Discrim.docx
Assignment 1 Journal EntryIntersection and Religious Discrim.docx
 
Assignment 2 Analyzing World CulturesMedia play a very large role.docx
Assignment 2 Analyzing World CulturesMedia play a very large role.docxAssignment 2 Analyzing World CulturesMedia play a very large role.docx
Assignment 2 Analyzing World CulturesMedia play a very large role.docx
 
Assignment 1The purpose of this assignment is to explore stratifi.docx
Assignment 1The purpose of this assignment is to explore stratifi.docxAssignment 1The purpose of this assignment is to explore stratifi.docx
Assignment 1The purpose of this assignment is to explore stratifi.docx
 
Assignment 1Similar to film and music reviews which analyze and cr.docx
Assignment 1Similar to film and music reviews which analyze and cr.docxAssignment 1Similar to film and music reviews which analyze and cr.docx
Assignment 1Similar to film and music reviews which analyze and cr.docx
 
Assignment 1The signs and symptoms of the pathologic conditionTh.docx
Assignment 1The signs and symptoms of the pathologic conditionTh.docxAssignment 1The signs and symptoms of the pathologic conditionTh.docx
Assignment 1The signs and symptoms of the pathologic conditionTh.docx
 
Assignment 1Healthcare Informatics Theories and Concepts.docx
Assignment 1Healthcare Informatics Theories and Concepts.docxAssignment 1Healthcare Informatics Theories and Concepts.docx
Assignment 1Healthcare Informatics Theories and Concepts.docx
 
Assignment 1Facebook, email, electronic commerce, and collabo.docx
Assignment 1Facebook, email, electronic commerce, and collabo.docxAssignment 1Facebook, email, electronic commerce, and collabo.docx
Assignment 1Facebook, email, electronic commerce, and collabo.docx
 
Assignment 1.2Industrialization After the Civil War Final Paper.docx
Assignment 1.2Industrialization After the Civil War Final Paper.docxAssignment 1.2Industrialization After the Civil War Final Paper.docx
Assignment 1.2Industrialization After the Civil War Final Paper.docx
 
Assignment 1Assignment 2 Project Paper – Comparative Essay.docx
Assignment 1Assignment 2 Project Paper – Comparative Essay.docxAssignment 1Assignment 2 Project Paper – Comparative Essay.docx
Assignment 1Assignment 2 Project Paper – Comparative Essay.docx
 

Recently uploaded

The Diamonds of 2023-2024 in the IGRA collection
The Diamonds of 2023-2024 in the IGRA collectionThe Diamonds of 2023-2024 in the IGRA collection
The Diamonds of 2023-2024 in the IGRA collection
Israel Genealogy Research Association
 
বাংলাদেশ অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা (Economic Review) ২০২৪ UJS App.pdf
বাংলাদেশ অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা (Economic Review) ২০২৪ UJS App.pdfবাংলাদেশ অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা (Economic Review) ২০২৪ UJS App.pdf
বাংলাদেশ অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা (Economic Review) ২০২৪ UJS App.pdf
eBook.com.bd (প্রয়োজনীয় বাংলা বই)
 
DRUGS AND ITS classification slide share
DRUGS AND ITS classification slide shareDRUGS AND ITS classification slide share
DRUGS AND ITS classification slide share
taiba qazi
 
BBR 2024 Summer Sessions Interview Training
BBR  2024 Summer Sessions Interview TrainingBBR  2024 Summer Sessions Interview Training
BBR 2024 Summer Sessions Interview Training
Katrina Pritchard
 
What is Digital Literacy? A guest blog from Andy McLaughlin, University of Ab...
What is Digital Literacy? A guest blog from Andy McLaughlin, University of Ab...What is Digital Literacy? A guest blog from Andy McLaughlin, University of Ab...
What is Digital Literacy? A guest blog from Andy McLaughlin, University of Ab...
GeorgeMilliken2
 
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP Module
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleHow to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP Module
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP Module
Celine George
 
Chapter 4 - Islamic Financial Institutions in Malaysia.pptx
Chapter 4 - Islamic Financial Institutions in Malaysia.pptxChapter 4 - Islamic Financial Institutions in Malaysia.pptx
Chapter 4 - Islamic Financial Institutions in Malaysia.pptx
Mohd Adib Abd Muin, Senior Lecturer at Universiti Utara Malaysia
 
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...
RitikBhardwaj56
 
Hindi varnamala | hindi alphabet PPT.pdf
Hindi varnamala | hindi alphabet PPT.pdfHindi varnamala | hindi alphabet PPT.pdf
Hindi varnamala | hindi alphabet PPT.pdf
Dr. Mulla Adam Ali
 
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold Method
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodHow to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold Method
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold Method
Celine George
 
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...
Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
 
A Independência da América Espanhola LAPBOOK.pdf
A Independência da América Espanhola LAPBOOK.pdfA Independência da América Espanhola LAPBOOK.pdf
A Independência da América Espanhola LAPBOOK.pdf
Jean Carlos Nunes Paixão
 
ANATOMY AND BIOMECHANICS OF HIP JOINT.pdf
ANATOMY AND BIOMECHANICS OF HIP JOINT.pdfANATOMY AND BIOMECHANICS OF HIP JOINT.pdf
ANATOMY AND BIOMECHANICS OF HIP JOINT.pdf
Priyankaranawat4
 
South African Journal of Science: Writing with integrity workshop (2024)
South African Journal of Science: Writing with integrity workshop (2024)South African Journal of Science: Writing with integrity workshop (2024)
South African Journal of Science: Writing with integrity workshop (2024)
Academy of Science of South Africa
 
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 Inventory
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryHow to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 Inventory
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 Inventory
Celine George
 
clinical examination of hip joint (1).pdf
clinical examination of hip joint (1).pdfclinical examination of hip joint (1).pdf
clinical examination of hip joint (1).pdf
Priyankaranawat4
 
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docx
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxMain Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docx
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docx
adhitya5119
 
PIMS Job Advertisement 2024.pdf Islamabad
PIMS Job Advertisement 2024.pdf IslamabadPIMS Job Advertisement 2024.pdf Islamabad
PIMS Job Advertisement 2024.pdf Islamabad
AyyanKhan40
 
Film vocab for eal 3 students: Australia the movie
Film vocab for eal 3 students: Australia the movieFilm vocab for eal 3 students: Australia the movie
Film vocab for eal 3 students: Australia the movie
Nicholas Montgomery
 
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17
Celine George
 

Recently uploaded (20)

The Diamonds of 2023-2024 in the IGRA collection
The Diamonds of 2023-2024 in the IGRA collectionThe Diamonds of 2023-2024 in the IGRA collection
The Diamonds of 2023-2024 in the IGRA collection
 
বাংলাদেশ অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা (Economic Review) ২০২৪ UJS App.pdf
বাংলাদেশ অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা (Economic Review) ২০২৪ UJS App.pdfবাংলাদেশ অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা (Economic Review) ২০২৪ UJS App.pdf
বাংলাদেশ অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা (Economic Review) ২০২৪ UJS App.pdf
 
DRUGS AND ITS classification slide share
DRUGS AND ITS classification slide shareDRUGS AND ITS classification slide share
DRUGS AND ITS classification slide share
 
BBR 2024 Summer Sessions Interview Training
BBR  2024 Summer Sessions Interview TrainingBBR  2024 Summer Sessions Interview Training
BBR 2024 Summer Sessions Interview Training
 
What is Digital Literacy? A guest blog from Andy McLaughlin, University of Ab...
What is Digital Literacy? A guest blog from Andy McLaughlin, University of Ab...What is Digital Literacy? A guest blog from Andy McLaughlin, University of Ab...
What is Digital Literacy? A guest blog from Andy McLaughlin, University of Ab...
 
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP Module
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleHow to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP Module
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP Module
 
Chapter 4 - Islamic Financial Institutions in Malaysia.pptx
Chapter 4 - Islamic Financial Institutions in Malaysia.pptxChapter 4 - Islamic Financial Institutions in Malaysia.pptx
Chapter 4 - Islamic Financial Institutions in Malaysia.pptx
 
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...
 
Hindi varnamala | hindi alphabet PPT.pdf
Hindi varnamala | hindi alphabet PPT.pdfHindi varnamala | hindi alphabet PPT.pdf
Hindi varnamala | hindi alphabet PPT.pdf
 
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold Method
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodHow to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold Method
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold Method
 
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...
 
A Independência da América Espanhola LAPBOOK.pdf
A Independência da América Espanhola LAPBOOK.pdfA Independência da América Espanhola LAPBOOK.pdf
A Independência da América Espanhola LAPBOOK.pdf
 
ANATOMY AND BIOMECHANICS OF HIP JOINT.pdf
ANATOMY AND BIOMECHANICS OF HIP JOINT.pdfANATOMY AND BIOMECHANICS OF HIP JOINT.pdf
ANATOMY AND BIOMECHANICS OF HIP JOINT.pdf
 
South African Journal of Science: Writing with integrity workshop (2024)
South African Journal of Science: Writing with integrity workshop (2024)South African Journal of Science: Writing with integrity workshop (2024)
South African Journal of Science: Writing with integrity workshop (2024)
 
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 Inventory
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryHow to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 Inventory
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 Inventory
 
clinical examination of hip joint (1).pdf
clinical examination of hip joint (1).pdfclinical examination of hip joint (1).pdf
clinical examination of hip joint (1).pdf
 
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docx
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxMain Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docx
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docx
 
PIMS Job Advertisement 2024.pdf Islamabad
PIMS Job Advertisement 2024.pdf IslamabadPIMS Job Advertisement 2024.pdf Islamabad
PIMS Job Advertisement 2024.pdf Islamabad
 
Film vocab for eal 3 students: Australia the movie
Film vocab for eal 3 students: Australia the movieFilm vocab for eal 3 students: Australia the movie
Film vocab for eal 3 students: Australia the movie
 
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17
 

In what ways was Europe united in the last decade of the 20thcen

  • 1. In what ways was Europe united in the last decade of the 20th century? Europe became unified through both economic and cultural means in the final decade of the 20thCentury. One of the most important efforts for unification was the European Union (EU), “replacing the European Economic Community as the primary political and economic institution for cooperating European countries” (Shubert & Goldstein, 2012). The efforts to unify Europe were further advanced in the last decade of the century by the extensive use of communications and information technologies in a technological revolution that saw a transformation that also brought people around the world into closer and quicker contact than ever before” (Shubert & Goldstein, 2012). What were the political implications of European unity? Many of the countries in Eastern Europe began to adopt new democratic systems of government with elected leadership and new reforms to adjust to free market systems. Likewise, a multitude of new political parties formed, coinciding with an influx of private book publishers, which became greater opportunities to spread new ideas. The political parties that remained communist chose to do so while changing their platforms to include more democratic ideas and distance themselves from the atrocities of Soviet communism, while still advocating for more government control of economic matters. However, a few exceptions still remained, such as Belarus, “which in 2011 remained a command economy under the 17- year dictatorship of Alexander Lukashenko” (Shubert & Goldstein, 2012). What were the social implications of European unity?
  • 2. As a result of the new efforts to unify, Europe saw a massive influx of immigration which worked to create a much more diverse population than ever before. Additionally, those who were used to the economics of communist governments had to make “adjustments in their cultural lives that were almost as difficult as those in their economic and political lives” (Shubert & Goldstein, 2012). There were also issues regarding religion in the new Europe with many such as Pope John Paul II arguing that the EU needed to invoke an acknowledgment of Europe’s Christian roots in the proposed draft of an EU constitution. “The debate died out when the constitution failed to be approved in France and the Netherlands, although the idea that Europe is a ‘Christian’—or Judeo-Christian—place continues to be held by many and informs some of the anti-immigrant political movements that have gained prominence in the 21st century, discussed in further detail later in this chapter” (Shubert & Goldstein, 2012). What were the economic implications of European unity? “The collapse of Communism and the end of the protected trading bloc COMECON left the economies of the former Soviet Union and its former satellites exposed to entirely new conditions” (Shubert & Goldstein, 2012). One of the approaches to solving the issues that arose after introducing a subsidized socialist society into a free market capitalist system was the ‘shock’ or ‘big bang’ approach which “included such measures as ending price controls, abolishing subsidies for companies, and privatizing state-owned businesses” (Shubert & Goldstein, 2012). The unemployment numbers took a hit as well during the 1990’s in Eastern Europe in many places that had guaranteed lifelong positions for many before the collapse. In what ways was Europe divided in the last decade of the 20th
  • 3. century? Along with concerns over the inclusion of Judeo-Christian values, “immigration, and especially the presence of growing numbers of Muslims, provoked many expressions of concern that ‘European values’ were being threatened” (Shubert & Goldstein, 2012). These concerns only worked to create greater lines of division among the new European countries and the efforts of the European Union as well as concerns over the new possible threat of globalization. Globalization is “the increasing integration of the global economy, as measured by international trade, investment, and manufacturing, made possible by the political predominance of policies favorable to the free operation of market forces” (Shubert & Goldstein, 2012). In essence, globalization was the unforeseen aftershock that followed the collapse of communism and the unification of Europe, which in itself presented the world with a whole new line of contention and controversial ideologies. How did the Cold War contribute to these divisions? The Cold War progressed many of the same ideas of the loss of traditional values, playing into the idea that Soviet Communist ideals would tear down the fabric of capitalist nations such as the United States and the democratic societies it aided in contributing to the free world market. Likewise, many of the communist states were wary of swapping over to capitalist ideas and systems after being subjected to so many years of relentless anti-capitalist propaganda from the Soviets and their predecessors for over a hundred years. What role did nationalism and genocide play in Europe during the last decade of the 20thcentury? Genocide played a role in the last decade of the 20th century through wars, as nations sought to establish new regimes after
  • 4. the collapse of communism and the disestablishment of the Soviet Union. Many satellite nations were able to peacefully move out of communist-ruled regimes, however, there were much more violent conflicts such when the six federal republics of Yugoslavia broke apart. The “six distinct federal republics (Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia, Bosnia, Macedonia, and Montenegro) with five different ethnicities, four languages, three religions, and two alphabets” (Shubert & Goldstein, 2012), were engrained with rising feelings of nationalism and violent conflicts broke out between the differing ethnicities. Croatia declared its independence in 1991 and the primarily Muslim Bosnia did the same in 1993. “The war that followed involved fighting among all three ethnic groups, and it was repeatedly marked by what became known as ethnic cleansing as Serbs and Croats both expelled hundreds of thousands of thei r enemies from Bosnian regions after winning control of them. Similar ethnic cleansing had marked the Serbian-Croatian war as well, and it was accompanied in both regions by numerous instances of murder, rape, and torture”, and “all sides in the war were guilty of atrocities, and both Croats and Serbs established notorious concentration camps. But the Serbs were generally viewed as especially guilty in this regard” (Shubert & Goldstein, 2012). Furthermore, ethnic wars such as those seen during the collapse of Yugoslavia exemplified and book-ended the new scourge of the 20th century: terrorism. “When Princip assassinated the Archduke, he was acting on behalf of the goals and objectives of a group known as the Black Hand. The Black Hand was, really, a terrorist group driven by intense nationalist sentiments but not acting on behalf of or for a specific government. Therefore, the Western world was faced with the dilemma of what to do when you are the victim of terrorism. How do you declare war on a nation or government when the terrorist group was acting independently? If you do not declare war on the government, then how do you effectively fight shadows?” (Troxler, 2018). This understanding of the nature of terrorist acts of violence, as seen during the ethnic cleansings in
  • 5. the former Yugoslavia, make it difficult for nations to know when and how it is appropriate to intervene in such conflicts.w Did the collapse of communism have a positive or negative impact on Europe in the last decade of the 20th century? Why? For the most part, the collapse of communism created a positive and progressive path forward for Europe leading into the 21st century. “With the collapse of communism across central and eastern Europe, Europeans become closer neighbors. In 1993 the Single Market is completed with the 'four freedoms' of: movement of goods, services, people and money” (European Union, 2018). “The collapse of Communism ended the division of Europe and allowed unification to reach into new areas of the continent” (Shubert & Goldstein, 2012). Likewise, with the collapse of Communism, “everything changed… Mentalities had to change. Publishers had to become responsive to the market. Authors used to having their works printed and reprinted, found themselves unemployed. Foreign films and books flooded the cultural market. Intellectuals, including those who had been critical of communism, were aghast. They had moved from the dictatorship of the party to the true ‘dictatorship of the proletariat’: consumer capitalism” (Shubert & Goldstein, 2012), after the initial shock, however, these new forms of free expression played a heavy role in bringing many cultures together through the new freedoms of cultural expression and economics. References European Union. (2018). Europe without frontiers. Retrieved From https://europa.eu/european-union/about-eu/history/1990- 1999_en (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.
  • 6. Shubert, A. & Goldstein, R.J. (2012). Twentieth-century Europe [Electronic version]. Retrieved from https://content.ashford.edu/ (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. Troxler, S., (2018). Week 5 lecture: the modern age. Retrieved from https://ashford.instructure.com/courses/35857/discussion_topics /1049114