In this final Written Assignment, you are asked to consider severa.pdf
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In this final Written Assignment, you are asked to consider several aspects of international government finance. When governments spend more than they collect in taxes, they can borrow money to cover the shortfall. First, what makes almost all government politicians everywhere in the world continue to spend more than is collected in taxes? Then, briefly explain why a government would continue to borrow if it knew it could never pay back all of the loans, including interest. And finally, borrowing requires people to loan the money to the government (by buying government bonds). So why would international bond buyers be willing to purchase government bonds from Greece, Spain, Portugal, and Italy when there appears to be some risk that those governments will not be able to pay back those loans? In this final Written Assignment, you are asked to consider several aspects of international government finance. When governments spend more than they collect in taxes, they can borrow money to cover the shortfall. First, what makes almost all government politicians everywhere in the world continue to spend more than is collected in taxes? Then, briefly explain why a government would continue to borrow if it knew it could never pay back all of the loans, including interest. And finally, borrowing requires people to loan the money to the government (by buying government bonds). So why would international bond buyers be willing to purchase government bonds from Greece, Spain, Portugal, and Italy when there appears to be some risk that those governments will not be able to pay back those loans? Solution The government spending is much more than the taxes that it collects due to the responsibility of the government to meet the needs of Defence, social security and health programs. The government also needs to spend on infrastructure and education of the economy and mere tax collection is not sufficient to meet these needs. Government borrows so that it can meet its expenditures without increasing the taxes in the economy. There may be different reasons for the government borrowing. The tax revenues may be less than what was predicted. There may be unexpected recession and hence higher expenditure on unemployment. The government may be required to invest in public sector Investments. All these expenditures which the government cannot avoid and hence the only way out is to borrow money. Investors may borrow money from Greece, Spain, Portugal and Italy in spite of the risk of default due to the high yields offered by these countries. Due to the high risk involved the investors get a high returns which attracts them towards such Investments..
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Governments continue to spend more than they collect in taxes for several reasons. When a government borrows, it knows it may not be able to pay all loans back, yet continues doing so to maintain services and programs in the present. International bond buyers are still willing to purchase bonds from high-risk European nations because even if full repayment isn't assured, bonds provide returns and diversification that make the risks acceptable.
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Aspects of international government finance.docx
Governments continue to spend more than they collect in taxes for several reasons. When a government borrows, it knows it may not be able to pay all loans back, yet continues doing so to maintain services and programs in the present. International bond buyers are still willing to purchase bonds from high-risk European nations because even if full repayment isn't assured, bonds provide returns and diversification that make the risks acceptable.
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1) The Great Depression of the 1930s, which began with the 1929 stock market crash in the US and led to 15 million Americans being unemployed by 1933.
2) The Suez Crisis of 1956, which erupted after Egypt nationalized the Suez Canal and was invaded by other countries, disrupting trade for six months.
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This is the presentation for "The affect of current (2011) downturn in US and European countries on Indian Stock market."
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Solution
#include
using namespace std;
class List;
class Node
{
friend class List;
protected:
int Data;
Node *Link;
};
class List:public Node
{
friend class Node;
private:
Node *Start;
public:
List()
{
Start=NULL;
}
Node Insert(int x);
Node Delete(int &x);
void Display();
};
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{
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}
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{
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Start=Start->Link;
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return *this;
}
void List::Display()
{
Node *P=Start;
while(P!=NULL)
{
cout<Data<<\" \";
P=P->Link;
}
}
int main()
{
List L;
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L.Insert(3);
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Double Linked List.
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Solution
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Solution
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Solution
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False
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Solution
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180
175
298
286
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After the US dollar replaced gold, the US debt became the attention worldwide, thus the demand for the US dollar continued, furthermore the extremely low interest of the dollar. This helped the US government to borrow great amounts of debt as well as kept the creditors pleased. Due to the pandemic, the US economy retrograded because of the tax cut and unproductive rescue spending plan plus surpassing spending of the government. The rising inflation starts to increase to high levels, which certainly the government must cut back spending or its patterns, while this will lead to uncertain consequences for the long future. This paper discusses several different perspectives on the US government's sustainability as its ability to settle the debt in future, the fate of growth burdened with that debt through the neoclassical mode of growth, and also the effect of anxiety of defaults and unfunded obligations. Inversely, it explores the strength of the dollar with a low-interest rate and its sustainability worldwide. We also propose ways helping of strengthen the fiscal government position and solutions to help the economy recover in long term and to easiest the situation. In the synopsis, we propose something that could affect and shake the global market.208 gwes unit5c
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1) The Great Depression of the 1930s, which began with the 1929 stock market crash in the US and led to 15 million Americans being unemployed by 1933.
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8.1 notes
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2. It proposes private savings accounts as an alternative to social security, noting that such programs in other countries like Chile were very successful and created real wealth for citizens.
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This document summarizes a white paper on municipal bond investing. It discusses that while some headlines have questioned the safety of municipal bonds, a well-designed portfolio managed by experienced professionals can largely avoid riskier areas of the market and provide reasonable returns. The document outlines the authors' approach of focusing on high-quality bonds from diverse issuers to reduce credit, interest rate, and liquidity risks while taking advantage of opportunities.
A civil defense of municipal bond investing by F. Kneeland
This document summarizes a white paper on municipal bond investing. It discusses that while some headlines have questioned the safety of municipal bonds, a well-designed portfolio can avoid riskier areas of the market and sidestep volatility. The document outlines the authors' approach of focusing on high-quality general obligation and essential service revenue bonds to create a diversified portfolio with intermediate duration. It also discusses trends in the municipal bond market like increased tax efficiency and sustained demand from retirees.
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This is the presentation for "The affect of current (2011) downturn in US and European countries on Indian Stock market."
国家债务的基本常识.docx
Government debt provides assets for the private sector in the form of bonds. When the government pays down debt, it reduces assets available for pension funds and insurance companies to invest in. A budget deficit means the government is spending more than it collects in taxes, injecting funds into the private sector. This type of spending can help the economy grow to its full potential and allow the private sector to reduce its own liabilities. In contrast, budget surpluses and efforts by the government to save can lead to higher private sector debt and economic contraction. Controlled government deficits that are managed sustainably can benefit both the private sector and overall economy.
Similar to In this final Written Assignment, you are asked to consider severa.pdf (7)
Haider Ellalee & Walid Y Alali; GDP Growth and the US Debt Sustainability
Haider Ellalee & Walid Y Alali; GDP Growth and the US Debt Sustainability
A civil defense of municipal bond investing by f. kneeland
A civil defense of municipal bond investing by f. kneeland
A civil defense of municipal bond investing by F. Kneeland
A civil defense of municipal bond investing by F. Kneeland
Affect of us & european downturn on indian stock market
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More from thangarajarivukadal
Which of the following is not a high-speed Internet assess service.pdf
Which of the following is not a high-speed Internet assess service?
A. ADSL
B. G.Lite
C. PnP
D. G.DMT
Solution
Answer C is the correct answer. PnP is the Plug and Play standard developed by Microsoft for
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and D are all variations of DSL types of services and are therefore valid types of high-speed
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Solution
#include
using namespace std;
class List;
class Node
{
friend class List;
protected:
int Data;
Node *Link;
};
class List:public Node
{
friend class Node;
private:
Node *Start;
public:
List()
{
Start=NULL;
}
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Node Delete(int &x);
void Display();
};
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{
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New->Data=x;
New->Link=Start;
Start=New;
return *this;
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Start=Start->Link;
delete Del;
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}
void List::Display()
{
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while(P!=NULL)
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cout<Data<<\" \";
P=P->Link;
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Double Linked List.
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Solution
silver is good conductor of heat
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Solution
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host tissue by producing cytokinines. these cytokinines are plays important role in ulcer
pathogenesis. bacterial virulence factors cytotoxin-associated gene pathogenecity island encoded
protein CagA and cytotoxin Vac A are could be responsible of ulcer pathogenesis. unlike other
bacteria helicobacter can able to produce cytotoxins which can cause immune mediated tissue
damage leads to ulcer formation.
You will construct a manual for your company that defines the Risk M.pdf
You will construct a manual for your company that defines the Risk Management Policy for all
future projects. For this, you can adopt the perspective of either a: - Option 1: o For Profit
Company that develops new products, and each product might be considered a project. For this
you will adopt the perspective of a Project Management Office (PMO) and you are developing
the manual that is used by all Project Managers (PM) who will be conducted a risk assessment
for all future projects. - Option 2: o City or town that has many projects in development or
underway, such as park operations, traffic operations, public works, etc… For this you will adopt
the perspective of a risk manager for a production facility or city/town, and you are drafting
policy for risk assessments of worker safety Whether you select Option 1 or Option 2, you will
draft the manual using the tools and materials that we have reviewed in Weeks 1 through 4 of
this class. The manual should be in a form such that a reasonably educated and informed
individual is able to pick the manual up, and have enough guidance for implementing the policy.
If you think about some of the documents we have reviewed thus far, they are a mix of policy,
guidance and specific methodologies. Your manual should follow the same general form: - What
is the general purpose of the manual - What is the interaction between policy and implementation
- What specific method are employed to assess the risk so that it can be managed It is expected
that - you will select two or more (but certainly not all) of the methods from the ISO and USCG
documents as the official method used to assess risk within your organization. - Offer guidance
as to when some specific method should be employed. Notice that this format follows the USCG
Risk-based Decision Making (RBDM) wherein they offer substantive guidance as to which
method should be used for which situation. This is compared to the ISO document which offers
generalities as to risk management policy, but offer limited guidance as to when to use specific
methods. Therefore, the project is NOT expected to be 27 pages of text (for example), but it IS
expected to be more than 5. Maybe 10? It all depends on what is necessary to get the job done. -
It is up to you, the student, to determine what is required based on your understanding of the
material thus far, and to draft a manual that is robust enough that you would feel comfortable
submitting to your supervisor if that supervisor asked for a risk management manual to be
drafted. The basic question is: what do you think this manual would look like? - What is you
organizational process for answering the 5 questions for any new project that is being considered
- There should be enough procedure and guidance information that the user is able to open the
document and leverage it towards a robust risk assessment that can be applied to the 90%
situation - Submit this as a ‘professional’ manual that you might find in the risk ma.
Which of the following statements about DNA and RNA are true, and wh.pdf
Which of the following statements about DNA and RNA are true, and which are false?
DNA is usually a double-stranded molecule, and RNA is usually single-stranded.
The nitrogenous base thymine is present in DNA and RNA, while uracil is present only in RNA.
A hydrogen atom is present on the 3? carbon in the ribose of DNA nucleotides, whereas a
hydroxyl group is present at the same position on RNA nucleotides.
The DNA and RNA molecules in a cell are copied by replication before a cell divides.
RNA is the primary long-term storage molecule for genetic information in eukaryotic cells.
DNA is usually a double-stranded molecule, and RNA is usually single-stranded.
The nitrogenous base thymine is present in DNA and RNA, while uracil is present only in RNA.
A hydrogen atom is present on the 3? carbon in the ribose of DNA nucleotides, whereas a
hydroxyl group is present at the same position on RNA nucleotides.
The DNA and RNA molecules in a cell are copied by replication before a cell divides.
RNA is the primary long-term storage molecule for genetic information in eukaryotic cells.
Solution
DNA is usually a double-stranded molecule, and RNA is usually single-stranded - True.
The nitrogenous base thymine is present in DNA and RNA, while uracil is present only in RNA -
False
A hydrogen atom is present on the 3? carbon in the ribose of DNA nucleotides, whereas a
hydroxyl group is present at the same position on RNA nucleotides - False
The DNA and RNA molecules in a cell are copied by replication before a cell divides - False
RNA is the primary long-term storage molecule for genetic information in eukaryotic cells -
False.
You observe a cell switch from performing cellular respiration to per.pdf
You observe a cell switch from performing cellular respiration to performing lactic acid
fermentation. Why would a cell make this switch? because there isn\'t enough glucose available
because there is too much carbon dioxide in the cell because the cell needs lactic acid to obtain
the extra ATP from fermentation because there isn\'t enough oxygen for cellular respiration
Solution
because there isn\'t enough oxygen for cellular respiration
Explanation: In the absence of oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor the reduced coenzymes -
NADH accumulate. Cell needs NAD+ to keep the glycolysis running. So the cell switches to
lactic acid fermentation to regenerate NAD+..
You are speaking to a group of high school students in a technology .pdf
You are speaking to a group of high school students in a technology workshop about network
security. You are describing a protocol that uses public-key cryptography to authenticate
between a local computer and a remote computer. Of the following, what security protocol are
you describing?
A. FTP
B. HTML
C. SSH
D. TCP/IP
Solution
C. SSH, or Secure Shell, is a network protocol that allows data to be exchanged using a secure
channel between two network hosts..
Who might use financial statements List at least 3 examples of like.pdf
Who might use financial statements? List at least 3 examples of likely users/stakeholders and the
types of decisions they might employ financial statements to aid them in making?
Solution
Following are the 3 users of financial statements:
1. Banks , they use financial statements so as to estimate the financial health of the company and
take decision of lending loan to the company or not.
2. New investors , they perform ratio analysis and other parameters and then take decision to
invest in that company or not.
3. Regulators , they keep eye on accounting representation and check accounting manipulation if
any.
What could be the rational for IRC exempting income from bonds issue.pdf
What could be the rational for IRC exempting income from bonds issued by States and other
municipalities from being taxable?
Solution
Municipal Bonds- These are issued by local and state Government for financing a project. These
bonds provide less but fixed return.
Rational behind exempting the income from municipal bonds from being taxable-
Municipal bonds are issued to finance for the Government projects. These provide very less
return to the public and provide no addional income except the interest, that is the reason most of
the municipal bonds\' interest is tax exempt from all federal income taxes..
Tropical forests are extremely important ecosystems on the planet. Ho.pdf
Tropical forests are extremely important ecosystems on the planet. However, humans are
destroying millions of acres of rainforests every year. Discuss 1why are they important and 2 do
you think it is possible to slow down the global distruction and if so how!
Solution
It is possible to slow down the global destruction by implying the follwoing steps:.
We learn of the the black dwarf, the final stage in a death of a low.pdf
We learn of the the black dwarf, the final stage in a death of a low mass star. What happens to a
black dwarf after it cools to nearly zero Kelvin over trillions of years? Is there any other stage, or
does it just remain as an Earth sized burned out ember for eternity?
Solution
It needs to be understood here that black dwarfs are essentially theoretical. The age of the
universe is around 14 billion years which happens to be too short a time for a white dwarf to emit
all of its heat out.
However, theoretically when this would happen, the white dwarf would reach a stage when its
temperature would be down to a level that the radiation coming out of it would become same as
the background cosmic radiation and will become invisible to us. That is, it will continue to cool
down until it reaches the temperature of its surrounding, a cold mass with nothing to emit or
absorb, and would remain so..
What are the main responsibilities of the Network Layer What are th.pdf
What are the main responsibilities of the Network Layer? What are the main services provided
by the Network Layer to the Transport Layer?
Solution
The main responsibilities of the Network Layer :-
* Network Layer provides Logical Network Address which is also called as IP Address.
* Network Layer translates Logical Network Address into Physical Address.
* Network Layer provides Routing and Message Forwarding.
The main services provided by the Network Layer to the Transport Layer :-
* The Network Layer responds to service requests from the Transport Layer which provides
Logical Address.
* The Network Layer issues service requests to the Data Link Layer which provides Physical
Address..
These organs in spiders produce with In this kind of circulato.pdf
These organs in spiders produce with In this kind of circulatory system blood is carried This
organ is both and endocrine and exocrine gland This group includes platypus and spiny anteaters
Solution
Answer to Question NO. 5.6
Bile is a dark green to yellowish brown fluid, produced in the liver of most vertebrates by special
cells called hepatocytes. It is temporarly stored in the gallbladder and aids the digestion of lipids
in the small intestine..
Ensign Danielle Anderson returned from a Qualified Hazardous Duty Ar.pdf
Ensign Danielle Anderson returned from a Qualified Hazardous Duty Area(GHDA) on May 15,
2017 She entered the GHDA on June 16, 2015. How many days after her return will she have to
file her 2016 California taxes without penalty?
180
175
298
286
Solution
Ensign will not be required to pay any penality or intrest if she files return in 180days from
return of qualified hazardous duty area..
Oxidation and reduction states are relatively easy to determine for m.pdf
Oxidation and reduction states are relatively easy to determine for metal ions, because there is a
measurable net charge. In the case of carbon compounds, oxidation and reduction depend on the
nature of polar covalent bonds. Which of the following is the best way to describe these types of
bond? hydrogen bonds in a nonpolar solution covalent bonds in an aqueous solution unequal
sharing of electrons across a covalent bond equal sharing of electrons across a covalent bond
Solution
The best way to describe these type of bond is option b i.e. covalent bonds in an aqueous
solution. In general, we know that bonds between carbon or hydrogen atom and N2, O2, F or Cl
atoms are polar covalent..
Question 9 (1 point) What is data visualization O Making a mental no.pdf
Question 9 (1 point) What is data visualization? O Making a mental note of data O Graphical
reporting O Using descriptive language O None of the above Save Question 10 (1 point) What
are the two components of metadata? O ATTRIBUTE : Value KEYWORD : Description
CHARACTERISTIC Attribute DESCRIPTOR Example Save Save All Responses Go to Submit
Quiz
Solution
Q 9- Graphical reporting- It is used as data visualization tool for better understanding of data.
Q10- Keyword is the correct answer..
Q i.Why is it, in general the fracture toughness of ductile material.pdf
Q i.Why is it, in general the fracture toughness of ductile materials greater than materials with
high hardness?
Q ii. Explain why BCC metals exhibit a Ductile - Brittle Transition Temperature while FCC
metals do not.
Solution
1)Ductility is more commonly defined as the ability of a material to deform easily upon the
application of a tensile force, or as the ability of a material to withstand plastic deformation
without rupture. Ductility may also be thought of in terms of bendability and crushability.
Ductile materials show large deformation before fracture. The lack
of ductility is often termed brittleness. Usually, if two materials have the same strength and
hardness, the one that has the higher ductility is more desirable. The ductility of many metals can
change if conditions are altered. An increase in temperature will increase ductility. A decrease in
temperature will cause a decrease in ductility and a change from ductile to brittle behavior.
As the hardness of a material increases the ductility propertry decreases and brittlness increses
therefore toughness dcreases.
2)
The ductile-brittle transition is exhibited in bcc metals, such as low carbon steel, which become
brittle at low temperature or at very high strain rates. Fcc metals, however, generally remain
ductile at low temperatures.
In metals, plastic deformation at room temperature occurs by dislocation motion. The stress
required to move a dislocation depends on the atomic bonding, crystal structure, and obstacles
such as solute atoms, grain boundaries, precipitate particles and other dislocations. If the stress
required to move the dislocation is too high, the metal will fail instead by the propagation of
cracks and the failure will be brittle.
Thus, either plastic flow (ductile failure) or crack propagation (brittle failure) will occur,
depending on which process requires the smaller applied stress.
In fcc metals, the flow stress, i.e. the force required to move dislocations, is not strongly
temperature dependent. Therefore, dislocation movement remains high even at low temperatures
and the material remains relatively ductile.
In contrast to fcc metal crystals, the yield stress or critical resolved shear stress of bcc single
crystals is markedly temperature dependent, in particular at low temperatures. The temperature
sensitivity of the yield stress of bcc crystals has been attributed to the presence of interstitial
impurities on the one hand, and to a temperature dependent Peierls-Nabarro force on the other.
However, the crack propagation stress is relatively independent of temperature. Thus the mode
of failure changes from plastic flow at high temperature to brittle fracture at low temperature..
Problem 1. Think about an individual that you are investigating from .pdf
Problem 1. Think about an individual that you are investigating from engineering analysis
perspective. A few years back, when he first visited DC, the price for a 7-day unlimited pass
MetroRail ticket was $10. Without knowing the spurt in rail ticket price, he moved to DC very
recently without purchasing a vehicle and planned to take Metro to museums and restaurants and
for commuting trips, too. Then, he found out the price for Metro tickets tripled. Use your
engineering knowledge to forecast or predict which of the following travel plan decisions would
change for this person? 1. The total number of trips made in DC; 2. The mode of transportation
he uses for travel; 3. Any other perspective of trips he makes. Can you also identify the possible
rationale behind all these changes? Problem 2. Name three simplifying assumptions that are used
in the mode choice and route choice steps. Pick one of them, and then explain how you could
change the procedure to relax this assumption and make the process more realistic.
Solution.
Junior collects baseball cards. He owns one Felix Hernandez card tha.pdf
Junior collects baseball cards. He owns one Felix Hernandez card that sells in most shops for
$15. He is interested in buying a different Felix card that also sells for $15. According to
behavioral economics:
A. Junior should value the two cards equally and be willing to trade one for the other.
B. the availability heuristic will cause Junior to value more highly the card he doesn\'t have.
C. the endowment effect would suggest that Junior would not be willing to trade the card he has
for the card he doesn\'t have.
D. prospect theory says he will buy the second card as both have the potential to appreciate in
value.
Solution
The rational behavior would suggest that the individual should value both the cards equally and
be willing to trade one for the other in order to obatin felix card, he does not have. The value of
both the card should be same in order for the individual to attain optimal level of utility,
otherwsie he will be worse off at sub-optimal level.
Assume, his felix hernandes card worth more than what is being sold in the market, then by
exchanging the card he will be worse off buy the difference in amount. If on ther otherhand, the
card he hold worth less in the market, and if he wish to exchange then it would be not possible
for him to do so, as the other party wont accept it. Again, in this circumstances he would still be
worse off.
Hence, the card should be equally worth and parties in contract should be willing to exchange.
The correct answer is A..
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- 1. In this final Written Assignment, you are asked to consider several aspects of international government finance. When governments spend more than they collect in taxes, they can borrow money to cover the shortfall. First, what makes almost all government politicians everywhere in the world continue to spend more than is collected in taxes? Then, briefly explain why a government would continue to borrow if it knew it could never pay back all of the loans, including interest. And finally, borrowing requires people to loan the money to the government (by buying government bonds). So why would international bond buyers be willing to purchase government bonds from Greece, Spain, Portugal, and Italy when there appears to be some risk that those governments will not be able to pay back those loans? In this final Written Assignment, you are asked to consider several aspects of international government finance. When governments spend more than they collect in taxes, they can borrow money to cover the shortfall. First, what makes almost all government politicians everywhere in the world continue to spend more than is collected in taxes? Then, briefly explain why a government would continue to borrow if it knew it could never pay back all of the loans, including interest. And finally, borrowing requires people to loan the money to the government (by buying government bonds). So why would international bond buyers be willing to purchase government bonds from Greece, Spain, Portugal, and Italy when there appears to be some risk that those governments will not be able to pay back those loans? Solution The government spending is much more than the taxes that it collects due to the responsibility of the government to meet the needs of Defence, social security and health programs. The government also needs to spend on infrastructure and education of the economy and mere tax collection is not sufficient to meet these needs. Government borrows so that it can meet its expenditures without increasing the taxes in the economy. There may be different reasons for the government borrowing. The tax revenues may be less than what was predicted. There may be unexpected recession and hence higher expenditure on unemployment. The government may be required to invest in public sector Investments. All these expenditures which the government cannot avoid and hence the only way out is to borrow money. Investors may borrow money from Greece, Spain, Portugal and Italy in spite of the risk of default due to the high yields offered by these countries. Due to the high risk involved the investors get a high returns which attracts them towards such Investments.