After the US dollar replaced gold, the US debt became the attention worldwide, thus the demand for the US dollar continued, furthermore the extremely low interest of the dollar. This helped the US government to borrow great amounts of debt as well as kept the creditors pleased. Due to the pandemic, the US economy retrograded because of the tax cut and unproductive rescue spending plan plus surpassing spending of the government. The rising inflation starts to increase to high levels, which certainly the government must cut back spending or its patterns, while this will lead to uncertain consequences for the long future. This paper discusses several different perspectives on the US government's sustainability as its ability to settle the debt in future, the fate of growth burdened with that debt through the neoclassical mode of growth, and also the effect of anxiety of defaults and unfunded obligations. Inversely, it explores the strength of the dollar with a low-interest rate and its sustainability worldwide. We also propose ways helping of strengthen the fiscal government position and solutions to help the economy recover in long term and to easiest the situation. In the synopsis, we propose something that could affect and shake the global market.
FRB-Richmond_ unsustainable fiscal policy_ implications for monetary policyFred Kautz
Economic research suggests that high debt levels ultimately could overwhelm a central bank’s efforts to keep prices stable. This essay will argue that these outcomes should be avoided in the United States by putting fiscal policy on a sustainable path.
Rarely has there been more uncertainty regarding the course of the public finances over the next five years. In this note we aim to answer some of the big questions for the economy in light of the 2021 budget.
Rarely has there been more uncertainty regarding the course of the public finances over the next five years. In this note we aim to answer some of the big questions for the economy in light of the 2021 budget.
Fiscal PolicyAll the people in the United States are effected by.docxvoversbyobersby
Fiscal Policy
All the people in the United States are effected by the fiscal policies. Team C will address the how and why the U.S. budget deficits, budget surpluses and debt effect different individuals and institutions. There are a wide array of individuals effected by fiscal policy, which include tax payers, future Social Security and Medicaid users will be effected. The unemployed individuals and University of Phoenix students will be effected by fiscal policy. The U.S. financial reputation , an exporter, and importer, and effects of the GDP will also be covered about the effects of the U.S fiscal policy.
Effects on Tax Payers
The U.S. budget deficits can affect tax payers in a negative aspect by subjecting the tax payers to increased taxes within the country to offset the deficit. This increase could be aimed at the middle and lower class citizens, which may cause financial difficulties. Also the budget deficit does impose interest costs on tax payers, meaning that the national savings totals are lower and this decreases the amount of private investing (Ackerman 2004). This higher interest cost will have a direct affect on the trade deficit, which will cause Americans to become even more dependent on exports for their consumer needs.
The U.S. budget surpluses would affect tax payers in a positive aspect by refunding tax payers any previous overpayment of taxes. This could also decrease income taxes that are being paid by tax payers, since the surplus will increase national savings. Another benefit from a surplus is that it will stimulate investing by offering lower interest rates, which would increase tax payers savings when filing taxes (Hall 2012). For example: new mortgages would offer interest write-offs on personal tax returns.
The U.S. budget debt affects the tax payers in several different areas: higher taxes, reduced benefits & programs, and higher interest rates. The U.S government cannot sustain the economic level of owing more than they are receiving, meaning the taxes from tax payers would increase to pay down the debt. The other option for shortening the debt is to limit spending, which means the programs and benefits could be reduced. The interest rates may rise due to a decrease in the purchase of Treasury bonds from foreign investors (NDT 2012).
Effects on future Social Security and Medicare user
The United States Budget Deficit is only going to hurt the future Social Security and Medicare Users if the deficit does not reduce. Over spending is going to lead to no money in these accounts. The retirement age will continue to go up as long as there is no money to support the aging Americans. The Budget Surplus however would help Social Security and Medicare users as money increased and the deficit decreased.
Effects on Unemployed Individuals
The U.S. budget deficits affect unemployed individuals directly as the higher the deficit, the higher the unemployment. The reverse is also true, by lowering the deficit and inve ...
Growth-Debt Nexus: An Examination of Public Debt Levelsand Debt Crisis in Zim...iosrjce
Government debt is an indirect debt of the taxpayers, and can be classified as internal or external.
Debt crisis is the general term for a proliferation of massive public debt relative to tax revenues.Public debt
enables governments to invest in critical areas of the economy where the capacity of tax revenue to undertake
these projects may be limited or in situations where printing additional money will disrupt the stability of the
economy. Government borrows in order defer difficult but necessary reforms such as the imposition of taxes
which might be necessary to generate revenue for development. Countries with high public debt tend to grow
slowly. The study examines the origin of debt crisis in Zimbabwe, debt nature, causes, consequences and
possible ways of reducing the debt. The study uses 1980-2013 data to run an OLS model on economic growth
using STATA Econometric Software, in an effort to explore the effect of external debt. The regression results
shows that public debt has a negative effect on economic growth in Zimbabwe, which has varying theories
prevailing. The study concludes by encouraging the government not to borrow unnecessarily, and to use
borrowed funds for investment projects, rather than on consumption expenditure
This is a PPT that I created for a discussion of the US Federal Budget, the Deficit, and the Debt. Many of the slides are public domain items for Heritage Foundation and Concord Coalition. It led to some very good non-partisan discussions. There is hope!
Running hHead UNITED STATES NATIONAL DEBT1UNITED STATES N.docxrtodd599
Running hHead: UNITED STATES NATIONAL DEBT
1
UNITED STATES NATIONAL DEBT 4
UNITED STATES NATIONAL DEBT Comment by Writing Center: Not in all caps
Akhil Gadiparthi
BUS 505 Managerial Economics
Jun 30, 2019
Simin Hojat
Westcliff University
United States National Debt Comment by Writing Center: Great, just not bolded
Latest reports indicate that the United States nNational dDebt has now hit $22 tTrillion. This being is the highest point it has ever reached in the country’s history. Over the years, we have witnessed a drastic drop in tax revenue and a significant rise in federal spending. From the time President Trump assumed office in 2017, the nNational dDebt has increased by approximately $2 trillion in two years (Hallender, 2019). Despite the country being the most powerful country in the world, annual budget deficits keep on increasing, leaving the national dDebt to soaring. up. Comment by Writing Center: Where did you find this fact? Cite
(Author’s Last Name, year) Comment by Writing Center: Thesis statement? Remember: https://edpuzzle.com/media/5abe932cff173e40f02ef96d
History of the United States National Debt
The American Revolutionary War saw the first instance when the United Statescountry incurred national dDebt. This was undertaken by the first United States tTreasurer, Michael Hillegas. From this time, the Public Debt has been escalating significantly, although it did but decreased between 1835 and 1836. It is was during the periods of recessions and wars, that the country has seen high national debts. It has, therefore, been measured against the country’s GDP. Under these measurements, the National Debt had reached its highest during Truman’s pPresidential term, which was subsequently after World Wwar II 11 (Hall & Sargent, 2015). When Jimmy Carter and Bill Clinton came into power, there was seen a significantly low level of Public Debt. Comment by Writing Center: What is this? Specify Comment by Writing Center: Not capitalized Comment by Writing Center: Specify what ‘it’ refers to Comment by Writing Center: Not capitalized Comment by Writing Center: Not capitalized
Decreased military expenditure in the subsequent years made the dDebt to drop significantly (Hall & Sargent, 2015). Over those years, the public debt graph has been erratic with instances of high and low states. In the 1980s, there was an increase ind military spending, especially during the reign of President Reagan. Under President’s George W. Bush reign, the national debt went up by $5.9 trillion, which was the second largest. The 9/11 terrorist attacks dramatically reshaped the U.S. economy. Military spending surged to $600 billion/year, and thus, the wWar on terror attributed greatly to this the rise in national debt (Hall & Sargent, 2015). Further, Tax Relief and .
What website can I sell pi coins securely.DOT TECH
Currently there are no website or exchange that allow buying or selling of pi coins..
But you can still easily sell pi coins, by reselling it to exchanges/crypto whales interested in holding thousands of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell to these crypto whales and holders of pi..
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners and pi merchants stands in between the miners and the exchanges.
How can I sell my pi coins?
Selling pi coins is really easy, but first you need to migrate to mainnet wallet before you can do that. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
Tele-gram.
@Pi_vendor_247
Financial Assets: Debit vs Equity Securities.pptxWrito-Finance
financial assets represent claim for future benefit or cash. Financial assets are formed by establishing contracts between participants. These financial assets are used for collection of huge amounts of money for business purposes.
Two major Types: Debt Securities and Equity Securities.
Debt Securities are Also known as fixed-income securities or instruments. The type of assets is formed by establishing contracts between investor and issuer of the asset.
• The first type of Debit securities is BONDS. Bonds are issued by corporations and government (both local and national government).
• The second important type of Debit security is NOTES. Apart from similarities associated with notes and bonds, notes have shorter term maturity.
• The 3rd important type of Debit security is TRESURY BILLS. These securities have short-term ranging from three months, six months, and one year. Issuer of such securities are governments.
• Above discussed debit securities are mostly issued by governments and corporations. CERTIFICATE OF DEPOSITS CDs are issued by Banks and Financial Institutions. Risk factor associated with CDs gets reduced when issued by reputable institutions or Banks.
Following are the risk attached with debt securities: Credit risk, interest rate risk and currency risk
There are no fixed maturity dates in such securities, and asset’s value is determined by company’s performance. There are two major types of equity securities: common stock and preferred stock.
Common Stock: These are simple equity securities and bear no complexities which the preferred stock bears. Holders of such securities or instrument have the voting rights when it comes to select the company’s board of director or the business decisions to be made.
Preferred Stock: Preferred stocks are sometime referred to as hybrid securities, because it contains elements of both debit security and equity security. Preferred stock confers ownership rights to security holder that is why it is equity instrument
<a href="https://www.writofinance.com/equity-securities-features-types-risk/" >Equity securities </a> as a whole is used for capital funding for companies. Companies have multiple expenses to cover. Potential growth of company is required in competitive market. So, these securities are used for capital generation, and then uses it for company’s growth.
Concluding remarks
Both are employed in business. Businesses are often established through debit securities, then what is the need for equity securities. Companies have to cover multiple expenses and expansion of business. They can also use equity instruments for repayment of debits. So, there are multiple uses for securities. As an investor, you need tools for analysis. Investment decisions are made by carefully analyzing the market. For better analysis of the stock market, investors often employ financial analysis of companies.
how can i use my minded pi coins I need some funds.DOT TECH
If you are interested in selling your pi coins, i have a verified pi merchant, who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
Because the core team has announced that pi network will not be doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges like huobi, bitmart and hotbit can get pi is by buying from miners.
Now a merchant stands in between these exchanges and the miners. As a link to make transactions smooth. Because right now in the enclosed mainnet you can't sell pi coins your self. You need the help of a merchant,
i will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant below. 👇 I and my friends has traded more than 3000pi coins with him successfully.
@Pi_vendor_247
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024 - Ricerca sulle Startup e il Sistema dell'Innov...Quotidiano Piemontese
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024
Una ricerca de il Club degli Investitori, in collaborazione con ToTeM Torino Tech Map e con il supporto della ESCP Business School e di Growth Capital
More Related Content
Similar to Haider Ellalee & Walid Y Alali; GDP Growth and the US Debt Sustainability
FRB-Richmond_ unsustainable fiscal policy_ implications for monetary policyFred Kautz
Economic research suggests that high debt levels ultimately could overwhelm a central bank’s efforts to keep prices stable. This essay will argue that these outcomes should be avoided in the United States by putting fiscal policy on a sustainable path.
Rarely has there been more uncertainty regarding the course of the public finances over the next five years. In this note we aim to answer some of the big questions for the economy in light of the 2021 budget.
Rarely has there been more uncertainty regarding the course of the public finances over the next five years. In this note we aim to answer some of the big questions for the economy in light of the 2021 budget.
Fiscal PolicyAll the people in the United States are effected by.docxvoversbyobersby
Fiscal Policy
All the people in the United States are effected by the fiscal policies. Team C will address the how and why the U.S. budget deficits, budget surpluses and debt effect different individuals and institutions. There are a wide array of individuals effected by fiscal policy, which include tax payers, future Social Security and Medicaid users will be effected. The unemployed individuals and University of Phoenix students will be effected by fiscal policy. The U.S. financial reputation , an exporter, and importer, and effects of the GDP will also be covered about the effects of the U.S fiscal policy.
Effects on Tax Payers
The U.S. budget deficits can affect tax payers in a negative aspect by subjecting the tax payers to increased taxes within the country to offset the deficit. This increase could be aimed at the middle and lower class citizens, which may cause financial difficulties. Also the budget deficit does impose interest costs on tax payers, meaning that the national savings totals are lower and this decreases the amount of private investing (Ackerman 2004). This higher interest cost will have a direct affect on the trade deficit, which will cause Americans to become even more dependent on exports for their consumer needs.
The U.S. budget surpluses would affect tax payers in a positive aspect by refunding tax payers any previous overpayment of taxes. This could also decrease income taxes that are being paid by tax payers, since the surplus will increase national savings. Another benefit from a surplus is that it will stimulate investing by offering lower interest rates, which would increase tax payers savings when filing taxes (Hall 2012). For example: new mortgages would offer interest write-offs on personal tax returns.
The U.S. budget debt affects the tax payers in several different areas: higher taxes, reduced benefits & programs, and higher interest rates. The U.S government cannot sustain the economic level of owing more than they are receiving, meaning the taxes from tax payers would increase to pay down the debt. The other option for shortening the debt is to limit spending, which means the programs and benefits could be reduced. The interest rates may rise due to a decrease in the purchase of Treasury bonds from foreign investors (NDT 2012).
Effects on future Social Security and Medicare user
The United States Budget Deficit is only going to hurt the future Social Security and Medicare Users if the deficit does not reduce. Over spending is going to lead to no money in these accounts. The retirement age will continue to go up as long as there is no money to support the aging Americans. The Budget Surplus however would help Social Security and Medicare users as money increased and the deficit decreased.
Effects on Unemployed Individuals
The U.S. budget deficits affect unemployed individuals directly as the higher the deficit, the higher the unemployment. The reverse is also true, by lowering the deficit and inve ...
Growth-Debt Nexus: An Examination of Public Debt Levelsand Debt Crisis in Zim...iosrjce
Government debt is an indirect debt of the taxpayers, and can be classified as internal or external.
Debt crisis is the general term for a proliferation of massive public debt relative to tax revenues.Public debt
enables governments to invest in critical areas of the economy where the capacity of tax revenue to undertake
these projects may be limited or in situations where printing additional money will disrupt the stability of the
economy. Government borrows in order defer difficult but necessary reforms such as the imposition of taxes
which might be necessary to generate revenue for development. Countries with high public debt tend to grow
slowly. The study examines the origin of debt crisis in Zimbabwe, debt nature, causes, consequences and
possible ways of reducing the debt. The study uses 1980-2013 data to run an OLS model on economic growth
using STATA Econometric Software, in an effort to explore the effect of external debt. The regression results
shows that public debt has a negative effect on economic growth in Zimbabwe, which has varying theories
prevailing. The study concludes by encouraging the government not to borrow unnecessarily, and to use
borrowed funds for investment projects, rather than on consumption expenditure
This is a PPT that I created for a discussion of the US Federal Budget, the Deficit, and the Debt. Many of the slides are public domain items for Heritage Foundation and Concord Coalition. It led to some very good non-partisan discussions. There is hope!
Running hHead UNITED STATES NATIONAL DEBT1UNITED STATES N.docxrtodd599
Running hHead: UNITED STATES NATIONAL DEBT
1
UNITED STATES NATIONAL DEBT 4
UNITED STATES NATIONAL DEBT Comment by Writing Center: Not in all caps
Akhil Gadiparthi
BUS 505 Managerial Economics
Jun 30, 2019
Simin Hojat
Westcliff University
United States National Debt Comment by Writing Center: Great, just not bolded
Latest reports indicate that the United States nNational dDebt has now hit $22 tTrillion. This being is the highest point it has ever reached in the country’s history. Over the years, we have witnessed a drastic drop in tax revenue and a significant rise in federal spending. From the time President Trump assumed office in 2017, the nNational dDebt has increased by approximately $2 trillion in two years (Hallender, 2019). Despite the country being the most powerful country in the world, annual budget deficits keep on increasing, leaving the national dDebt to soaring. up. Comment by Writing Center: Where did you find this fact? Cite
(Author’s Last Name, year) Comment by Writing Center: Thesis statement? Remember: https://edpuzzle.com/media/5abe932cff173e40f02ef96d
History of the United States National Debt
The American Revolutionary War saw the first instance when the United Statescountry incurred national dDebt. This was undertaken by the first United States tTreasurer, Michael Hillegas. From this time, the Public Debt has been escalating significantly, although it did but decreased between 1835 and 1836. It is was during the periods of recessions and wars, that the country has seen high national debts. It has, therefore, been measured against the country’s GDP. Under these measurements, the National Debt had reached its highest during Truman’s pPresidential term, which was subsequently after World Wwar II 11 (Hall & Sargent, 2015). When Jimmy Carter and Bill Clinton came into power, there was seen a significantly low level of Public Debt. Comment by Writing Center: What is this? Specify Comment by Writing Center: Not capitalized Comment by Writing Center: Specify what ‘it’ refers to Comment by Writing Center: Not capitalized Comment by Writing Center: Not capitalized
Decreased military expenditure in the subsequent years made the dDebt to drop significantly (Hall & Sargent, 2015). Over those years, the public debt graph has been erratic with instances of high and low states. In the 1980s, there was an increase ind military spending, especially during the reign of President Reagan. Under President’s George W. Bush reign, the national debt went up by $5.9 trillion, which was the second largest. The 9/11 terrorist attacks dramatically reshaped the U.S. economy. Military spending surged to $600 billion/year, and thus, the wWar on terror attributed greatly to this the rise in national debt (Hall & Sargent, 2015). Further, Tax Relief and .
Similar to Haider Ellalee & Walid Y Alali; GDP Growth and the US Debt Sustainability (16)
What website can I sell pi coins securely.DOT TECH
Currently there are no website or exchange that allow buying or selling of pi coins..
But you can still easily sell pi coins, by reselling it to exchanges/crypto whales interested in holding thousands of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell to these crypto whales and holders of pi..
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners and pi merchants stands in between the miners and the exchanges.
How can I sell my pi coins?
Selling pi coins is really easy, but first you need to migrate to mainnet wallet before you can do that. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
Tele-gram.
@Pi_vendor_247
Financial Assets: Debit vs Equity Securities.pptxWrito-Finance
financial assets represent claim for future benefit or cash. Financial assets are formed by establishing contracts between participants. These financial assets are used for collection of huge amounts of money for business purposes.
Two major Types: Debt Securities and Equity Securities.
Debt Securities are Also known as fixed-income securities or instruments. The type of assets is formed by establishing contracts between investor and issuer of the asset.
• The first type of Debit securities is BONDS. Bonds are issued by corporations and government (both local and national government).
• The second important type of Debit security is NOTES. Apart from similarities associated with notes and bonds, notes have shorter term maturity.
• The 3rd important type of Debit security is TRESURY BILLS. These securities have short-term ranging from three months, six months, and one year. Issuer of such securities are governments.
• Above discussed debit securities are mostly issued by governments and corporations. CERTIFICATE OF DEPOSITS CDs are issued by Banks and Financial Institutions. Risk factor associated with CDs gets reduced when issued by reputable institutions or Banks.
Following are the risk attached with debt securities: Credit risk, interest rate risk and currency risk
There are no fixed maturity dates in such securities, and asset’s value is determined by company’s performance. There are two major types of equity securities: common stock and preferred stock.
Common Stock: These are simple equity securities and bear no complexities which the preferred stock bears. Holders of such securities or instrument have the voting rights when it comes to select the company’s board of director or the business decisions to be made.
Preferred Stock: Preferred stocks are sometime referred to as hybrid securities, because it contains elements of both debit security and equity security. Preferred stock confers ownership rights to security holder that is why it is equity instrument
<a href="https://www.writofinance.com/equity-securities-features-types-risk/" >Equity securities </a> as a whole is used for capital funding for companies. Companies have multiple expenses to cover. Potential growth of company is required in competitive market. So, these securities are used for capital generation, and then uses it for company’s growth.
Concluding remarks
Both are employed in business. Businesses are often established through debit securities, then what is the need for equity securities. Companies have to cover multiple expenses and expansion of business. They can also use equity instruments for repayment of debits. So, there are multiple uses for securities. As an investor, you need tools for analysis. Investment decisions are made by carefully analyzing the market. For better analysis of the stock market, investors often employ financial analysis of companies.
how can i use my minded pi coins I need some funds.DOT TECH
If you are interested in selling your pi coins, i have a verified pi merchant, who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
Because the core team has announced that pi network will not be doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges like huobi, bitmart and hotbit can get pi is by buying from miners.
Now a merchant stands in between these exchanges and the miners. As a link to make transactions smooth. Because right now in the enclosed mainnet you can't sell pi coins your self. You need the help of a merchant,
i will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant below. 👇 I and my friends has traded more than 3000pi coins with him successfully.
@Pi_vendor_247
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024 - Ricerca sulle Startup e il Sistema dell'Innov...Quotidiano Piemontese
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024
Una ricerca de il Club degli Investitori, in collaborazione con ToTeM Torino Tech Map e con il supporto della ESCP Business School e di Growth Capital
what is the future of Pi Network currency.DOT TECH
The future of the Pi cryptocurrency is uncertain, and its success will depend on several factors. Pi is a relatively new cryptocurrency that aims to be user-friendly and accessible to a wide audience. Here are a few key considerations for its future:
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram if u want to sell PI COINS.
1. Mainnet Launch: As of my last knowledge update in January 2022, Pi was still in the testnet phase. Its success will depend on a successful transition to a mainnet, where actual transactions can take place.
2. User Adoption: Pi's success will be closely tied to user adoption. The more users who join the network and actively participate, the stronger the ecosystem can become.
3. Utility and Use Cases: For a cryptocurrency to thrive, it must offer utility and practical use cases. The Pi team has talked about various applications, including peer-to-peer transactions, smart contracts, and more. The development and implementation of these features will be essential.
4. Regulatory Environment: The regulatory environment for cryptocurrencies is evolving globally. How Pi navigates and complies with regulations in various jurisdictions will significantly impact its future.
5. Technology Development: The Pi network must continue to develop and improve its technology, security, and scalability to compete with established cryptocurrencies.
6. Community Engagement: The Pi community plays a critical role in its future. Engaged users can help build trust and grow the network.
7. Monetization and Sustainability: The Pi team's monetization strategy, such as fees, partnerships, or other revenue sources, will affect its long-term sustainability.
It's essential to approach Pi or any new cryptocurrency with caution and conduct due diligence. Cryptocurrency investments involve risks, and potential rewards can be uncertain. The success and future of Pi will depend on the collective efforts of its team, community, and the broader cryptocurrency market dynamics. It's advisable to stay updated on Pi's development and follow any updates from the official Pi Network website or announcements from the team.
how to sell pi coins in all Africa Countries.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network for other cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, usdt , Ethereum and other currencies And this is done easily with the help from a pi merchant.
What is a pi merchant ?
Since pi is not launched yet in any exchange. The only way you can sell right now is through merchants.
A verified Pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins from miners and resell them to investors looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before mainnet launch in 2026.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank Introduce New Co-Branded Credit Cardnickysharmasucks
The unveiling of the IndusInd Bank Poonawalla Fincorp eLITE RuPay Platinum Credit Card marks a notable milestone in the Indian financial landscape, showcasing a successful partnership between two leading institutions, Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank. This co-branded credit card not only offers users a plethora of benefits but also reflects a commitment to innovation and adaptation. With a focus on providing value-driven and customer-centric solutions, this launch represents more than just a new product—it signifies a step towards redefining the banking experience for millions. Promising convenience, rewards, and a touch of luxury in everyday financial transactions, this collaboration aims to cater to the evolving needs of customers and set new standards in the industry.
when will pi network coin be available on crypto exchange.DOT TECH
There is no set date for when Pi coins will enter the market.
However, the developers are working hard to get them released as soon as possible.
Once they are available, users will be able to exchange other cryptocurrencies for Pi coins on designated exchanges.
But for now the only way to sell your pi coins is through verified pi vendor.
Here is the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor
@Pi_vendor_247
What price will pi network be listed on exchangesDOT TECH
The rate at which pi will be listed is practically unknown. But due to speculations surrounding it the predicted rate is tends to be from 30$ — 50$.
So if you are interested in selling your pi network coins at a high rate tho. Or you can't wait till the mainnet launch in 2026. You can easily trade your pi coins with a merchant.
A merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive quantities till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins at high rate quickly.DOT TECH
Where can I sell my pi coins at a high rate.
Pi is not launched yet on any exchange. But one can easily sell his or her pi coins to investors who want to hold pi till mainnet launch.
This means crypto whales want to hold pi. And you can get a good rate for selling pi to them. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor below.
A vendor is someone who buys from a miner and resell it to a holder or crypto whale.
Here is the telegram contact of my vendor:
@Pi_vendor_247
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview.pptxmarketing367770
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview
If you're dreaming of owning a home in California's rural or suburban areas, a USDA loan might be the perfect solution. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) offers these loans to help low-to-moderate-income individuals and families achieve homeownership.
Key Features of USDA Loans:
Zero Down Payment: USDA loans require no down payment, making homeownership more accessible.
Competitive Interest Rates: These loans often come with lower interest rates compared to conventional loans.
Flexible Credit Requirements: USDA loans have more lenient credit score requirements, helping those with less-than-perfect credit.
Guaranteed Loan Program: The USDA guarantees a portion of the loan, reducing risk for lenders and expanding borrowing options.
Eligibility Criteria:
Location: The property must be located in a USDA-designated rural or suburban area. Many areas in California qualify.
Income Limits: Applicants must meet income guidelines, which vary by region and household size.
Primary Residence: The home must be used as the borrower's primary residence.
Application Process:
Find a USDA-Approved Lender: Not all lenders offer USDA loans, so it's essential to choose one approved by the USDA.
Pre-Qualification: Determine your eligibility and the amount you can borrow.
Property Search: Look for properties in eligible rural or suburban areas.
Loan Application: Submit your application, including financial and personal information.
Processing and Approval: The lender and USDA will review your application. If approved, you can proceed to closing.
USDA loans are an excellent option for those looking to buy a home in California's rural and suburban areas. With no down payment and flexible requirements, these loans make homeownership more attainable for many families. Explore your eligibility today and take the first step toward owning your dream home.
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
Exploring Abhay Bhutada’s Views After Poonawalla Fincorp’s Collaboration With...beulahfernandes8
The financial landscape in India has witnessed a significant development with the recent collaboration between Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank.
The launch of the co-branded credit card, the IndusInd Bank Poonawalla Fincorp eLITE RuPay Platinum Credit Card, marks a major milestone for both entities.
This strategic move aims to redefine and elevate the banking experience for customers.
US Economic Outlook - Being Decided - M Capital Group August 2021.pdfpchutichetpong
The U.S. economy is continuing its impressive recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic and not slowing down despite re-occurring bumps. The U.S. savings rate reached its highest ever recorded level at 34% in April 2020 and Americans seem ready to spend. The sectors that had been hurt the most by the pandemic specifically reduced consumer spending, like retail, leisure, hospitality, and travel, are now experiencing massive growth in revenue and job openings.
Could this growth lead to a “Roaring Twenties”? As quickly as the U.S. economy contracted, experiencing a 9.1% drop in economic output relative to the business cycle in Q2 2020, the largest in recorded history, it has rebounded beyond expectations. This surprising growth seems to be fueled by the U.S. government’s aggressive fiscal and monetary policies, and an increase in consumer spending as mobility restrictions are lifted. Unemployment rates between June 2020 and June 2021 decreased by 5.2%, while the demand for labor is increasing, coupled with increasing wages to incentivize Americans to rejoin the labor force. Schools and businesses are expected to fully reopen soon. In parallel, vaccination rates across the country and the world continue to rise, with full vaccination rates of 50% and 14.8% respectively.
However, it is not completely smooth sailing from here. According to M Capital Group, the main risks that threaten the continued growth of the U.S. economy are inflation, unsettled trade relations, and another wave of Covid-19 mutations that could shut down the world again. Have we learned from the past year of COVID-19 and adapted our economy accordingly?
“In order for the U.S. economy to continue growing, whether there is another wave or not, the U.S. needs to focus on diversifying supply chains, supporting business investment, and maintaining consumer spending,” says Grace Feeley, a research analyst at M Capital Group.
While the economic indicators are positive, the risks are coming closer to manifesting and threatening such growth. The new variants spreading throughout the world, Delta, Lambda, and Gamma, are vaccine-resistant and muddy the predictions made about the economy and health of the country. These variants bring back the feeling of uncertainty that has wreaked havoc not only on the stock market but the mindset of people around the world. MCG provides unique insight on how to mitigate these risks to possibly ensure a bright economic future.
US Economic Outlook - Being Decided - M Capital Group August 2021.pdf
Haider Ellalee & Walid Y Alali; GDP Growth and the US Debt Sustainability
1. GDP Growth and the US Debt Sustainability
Haider Elallee; Walid Y Alali
Oxford Institute for Economic Studies, Oxenford House, 13-15 Magdalen St,
Oxford OX1 3AE, UK
.
Keywords: Neoclassical Growth Model, Default, Debt-To-GDP, Inflation, Real Interest- Rates,
Consumer Credit, Productivity
JEL Code: E23, E40, F11, H63
1. INTRODUCTION
The occupant of economists for the last decades has always been the impact of the rising
continuation of the US debt and whether any plan from the government to alter this rising by
implementing a new system, or leave the situation as it is.
Different conflicted thoughts and opinions, some of them see the government should reconsider
the unfunded obligation, unproductive spending, the hikes in the interest rate and inflation
raising and the fluctuations of the situation. On the other hand, others see the government
should reconsider the low-interest rate or the stability and strength of the government and the
dollar. We need to examine both opinions and analyse them deeply and structurally.
2. The USA is different from other countries, its government doesn't necessarily need to pay the
entire debts, while the government service the debts and keeps the creditors satisfied. The
government should be assured of having enough cash flow to maintain the debts by making the
payments on time annually, while the interest rate fluctuated and the stability of the GDP
growth with considering upcoming events such as COVID-19 and recession.
The US debt hit the highest number in history and the annual service of this debt approached
enormous figures. this is due to the last unproductive spending by president Trump the
historical three and a half trillion dollars(1)
(COVID-19 related) and the stimulus package by
President Biden for two trillion dollars is offset by uncertain income such like tax cuts which
was imposed by President Trump.
the perspective projection of the US debt to be increased reach 2030 over ten trillion dollars
($10.6), with more than eight hundred billion dollars ($829) on the annual payment for
maintaining the debt and satisfying the creditors (2)
, which mean increasing the annual payment
from the US budget by double of what is paid today regarding the interest rate payment. This
payment does not reduce the debt amount, or even reduction on the budgetary spending, on the
other hand, expectancy increases on average life, which means to increase in the spending
services such as pensions, healthcare and social security, with the accelerated benefit of
unemployment since the pandemic.. etc. the projection of Gini coefficient to reach 0.5 (3)
, which
means the disparity of income and that prevent the US government abilities to maximize the
collection efficient tax (4)
. Furthermore, the investments into productivity and growth to control
and reduce unemployment and decreased social security spending while increasing the
institutions' growth, while all these as a very small percentage contribution to the federal
government budget, represent a little amount to justify the debt. Meanwhile, investing in the
technology and science sector will not help to justify the debt as represents just 1% of the
federal budget, even investment in sectors such as training, employment, social services and
education also represent 4% of the federal budget (5)
.
Like such a structure of the budget will hinder the growth of the economy in the long run. this
is can be clear through seeing the growth model of neoclassical (6)
. The growth model of the
neoclassical relies on the concept that the growth of the economy is driven by (L) labour, (A)
technology and (K) capital.
While the investment in technology innovation, training and education which represents 5% of
the federal budget, unemployment was increased massively meanwhile the flow of FDI in
general reduced to 49% globally (7)
, therefore the innovation sector suffered from a lack of
funding, also damaged the openness to of the economics when implementing protectionist
3. policies, also resulted in hinder the growth. The expectation of a fall in personal income that
contributes to the GDP per capita to be below $18 thousand dollars (8)
, moreover harming
prospect of the growth and also the output can dramatically be affected unless taking a further
step by restructuring the budget
In general, the imbalance between outflows and inflows could lead the government to a
scenario to choose between reducing the outflows such as refusing to pay the income security
(social security) or Medicaid (medical benefits), while millions of families to be suffered, they
relied on the medical benefits to survive; or reducing the basic functions funding such as
national parks and defence.
If they chose instead to default or delay payments of the debt interest, the fallout on the
economy will be massive. With the falling of the credit rates, a crashing in the stock market
inevitably, hiking of the interest rate. On April 26, 1979, The US treasury inadvertently missed
payments and thus defaulted because the back office of the Treasury was on the fritz. The
mishap in part was due to the raising delay of the debt limit, also to a technic mistake of the
treasury equipment. The investors received their payment shortly after, but even so, the
volatility on the T-bill yields at that time jumped to 60 base points, which cost the taxpayer
multi tens of billions of dollars.
Source: Donald Marron (Musings on Economics, Finance, and Life)
Finally, the standard debt measurements which are less prevailing don't contain unfounded
obligations, such as the money promised by the federal government of the US, but will unlikely
be able to pay off (as medical benefits and retirement). Less than the current stock available
4. Medicare and social security funds, which predicted returns of 80 to 200 trillion, while Fannie
Mae and some other organisations of the government owe around 3 to 8 trillion in the obligation
that is not funded, total yielding 165 trillion.
2. JUSTIFYING THE DEBT RAISING
These data are alarming and rendering for action instantly, we should always consider the
values of forecasted brings bundles of uncertainties, while CBO predicted the values of the
Debt to GDP more the 77 points(9)
. Moreover, the economic growth is stable in the US.
Nevertheless, increasing the interest rate is a suicide move, could solve the inflation problem
for some time but will lead to a big recession in future.
The testimony is almost all consistent with the change of the structural propensities to invest
and save as the predominant cause of the real rates decline. (AAs Summers 2014), the factors
which affect to raise inequality increase, private savings include retirement with longer periods
and rising uncertainty.
Factors operating to reduce private investment include slowing labour force growth, greater
efficiency in the use of capital, for example through companies like Uber and Airbnb, and the
impact of information technology in reducing the need for large capital investments, for
example, law firms need much less office space per lawyer and dramatic reductions in the
relative price of capital goods. Increases in corporate market power and increased pressure on
corporations to pay out cash to shareholders may also contributed to reduced investment. This
along with inflation drastically affects the amount that can be borrowed. Simply put, real
interest rates compare the real interest being paid on debt to GDP, and therefore to compare
this to standard nominal interest rate measurements as a ratio of GDP, we use a simple formula:
The use of real interest rates shows us how inflation, which is projected to fluctuate around
2% until 2030, is gradually also wiping out US debt in large amounts bringing real interest
payments to almost 0% as a ratio of GDP. This makes large amounts of borrowing and debt
to GDP ratios sustainable and one can see that throughout the 2000s despite interest rates
being at 4.3%(11)
for US treasuries and inflation rates being at 2.46%, the FED was easily
able to pay off its debt(12)
. Nevertheless, the low-interest rates don't mean borrowing a luxury,
they make it mandatory. For example, the GDP contracted more than 30% in Q2 of 2020
5. (second quarter of 2020)(13)
due to the pandemic courtesy of both demand shocks and
interruptions in supply chains, leading to widespread job losses and sparse spending. Already
low-interest rates meant to revive the
enough. Therefore increased government spending in grants and other investments
(Approximately $150 billion more than FY19)(14)
through undertaking increased debt become
a necessity to help the economy recover. A more complicated model proposed by Furman
and Summers based on the measure of debt satisficing and can be compared to GDP growth
GDP or reduction in spending as a share of GDP would be sufficient to pay 21 off the entire
Alongside individual parameters, the situation in the US can also be analysed by comparing
it to other nations, specifically the G7 or even G20 nations since they provide the most
accurate socio-economic comparison to the US as in Figures 2 and 3. Although the US has
the fastest expected GDP growth rate, it also has the second-largest debt-to-GDP ratio behind
Japan and tax revenue as a percentage of GDP falls below even OECD levels at 31% as
compared to the average 37%. Nevertheless, payments of the real interest approximation
almost 0% ratio-wise with the GDP, thus making the US financial status more strongly than
most of the other nation of G7 nations in terms of capacity to satisfice debt.
Figure 2: Nominal interest rate as a percent of GDP
G7 Countries
Note: General government, including the United States.
6. Figure 3: Real interest rate as a percent of GDP
G7 Countries
Note: General government, including the United States.
Finally, the US dollar is also the reserve currency of the world, and US treasuries are widely
considered one of the safest investments. Therefore because it is the backbone of a large part
of international trade and transactions, the US dollar holds a strong and constant level of
demand, ensuring its value does not crash. The credit rating and reputation of the US
government along with the demand for the dollar ensure that government-issued bonds are
also always purchased by both international and national stakeholders, ensuring that debt can
continuously be sanctioned by the US government at low-interest rates.
3. FUTURE SPECULATION
Future effects of this continual borrowing can result in drastically varying conditions to those
which the government borrows now. This can be represented through the IS-LM model
Figure 4. Increased borrowing and money flow, along with average hourly earnings climbing
steadily due to post-pandemic labour market recoveries means inflation is bound to
accelerate. While this may be beneficial in terms of real interest rate payments it creates a
whole host of problems including absolute poverty and the depreciating value of the US
dollar. In order to counteract these problems, the FED has planned to double the pace of taper
to $30 billion a month. Along with this three interest rate hikes are planned by the end of
2022 to control the money supply and bring equilibrium to a prospective LM curve for the
US economy. The direct effect of this can be modelled using an IS curve, which shows that
GDP and output reduce as interest rates grow and firms reduce investment and consumers
7. prioritize saving. The Phillips curve can further be used to show the inverse relationship
between unemployment and inflation, and as the government aims to control inflation rates,
unemployment increases, resulting in an increased need for income security. All of these
direct effects show a worrying future prospect for the US budget.
However, even in the long-term market behaviour protects the US from defaulting on
excessive borrowing. Firstly, the IS-LM model as in Figure 4
Supply creates its own demand. As interest rates increase so does consumer saving and
therefore credit, resulting in increased spending. Historic precedent shows the same, as
saving rates rising in 2020 eventually resulted in US consumer credit reaching 10.96% and
spending consequently reaching an all-time high at 13723.73 USD Billion in the third quarter
of 2021(16)
. Consumer and producer confidence increasing as inflation is regulated also
results in long-term investments into productivity and education, allowing for GDP growth
to stay constant. This will eventually result in real economic growth and more people earning
higher incomes, therefore increasing tax revenue and hence the government's ability to satisfy
debts. Despite interest rate hikes, rates are still expected to be 2 and 3 percent, meaning
consumers will likely continue to spend and annual debt service can also still be sustained,
additionally these tax hikes will also result in less risky investments and prevention of any
further financial crises.
Figure 4: The IS-LM Diagram
Overall, solutions can simply be categorized into cutting borrowing or increasing revenue.
Since tax revenue is the primary source of income many suggest that Simpson-Bowles
commissions raising revenue to 21 percent of GDP, a step that would require a $9 trillion tax
increase over the next decade, (17)
is the kind of extremity that is required. However, while this
may be equitable it is not feasible in real life because of the level of tax evasion. The difficulty
and lack of efficiency are evident, with the fact that despite so many resources being already
allocated to identifying and persecuting tax evasion, an increase in every $1 of spending to
8. further this results in over $5 of return (18)
. Other steps include government projects, but PSUs
tend to be too inefficient and under-competitive to tackle private firms and actually make a
profit. Decreasing spending is as difficult, with social benefits becoming the primary target
eventually resulting in further income and disparity and the economy suffering anyways.
Therefore a slow restructure of the budget into investment into more productive assets, gradual
tax increases, and spending slashes become the only way to help the fiscal position recover
without a financial catastrophe
4. CONCLUDING REMARKS
US debt is a matter of debate worldwide, with contrasting opinions and no stringent conclusion.
The uncertainty that the future brings with it means that one cannot say for certain whether the
US has taken on more than what is sustainable. In the event that they do cut spending as well
there might be drastic effects, including interest rates falling further and more financial bubbles,
dangerous investments, and even lower spending and economic growth. However, what can be
said with certainty is that unless the budget is restructured to focus investment into growth and
productivity, eventually sustaining the interest payments on such large levels of debt will be
extremely onerous. Tax cuts and other cuts of revenue also need to be limited, because as
historic precedent has shown they have been unsuccessful, for example, Trump's tax cuts
resulted in the government receiving only 16% of GDP as tax (19)
, which was the lowest ever
amount, and instead of its purpose of increasing economic growth all it did was increase wealth
disparity and further focus high-income levels within a smaller part of the population. This
leaves only two solutions, accept the political consequences of restructuring debt and slashing
benefits, or slowly faze in higher marginal tax rates to increase income while simultaneously
cutting spending. Overall, stubbornly low-interest rates mean that debt is not an immediate
out of control
that you worry.
Increasing the interest rate is not the right solution for the long term, the market will react
positively for a short period, but will be disastrous in the future. Whereas today's prices of the
stocks are exaggerated; also failed to find other solutions to the supply energy supply shortage
after the ban on Russia, on the other hand, will increase the interest payment of the US debt.
9. 5. REFERENCES
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19?publicLaw=all
[2] Statista. (2021, December 1). Real GDP growth by a quarter in the U.S. 2011 2021.
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gdp-in- the-us/
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[4] Efficient Tax is when the government receives a higher level of return from an
individualtaxpayer than it pays out to that taxpayer in benefits
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[6] Neoclassical Growth model is a product of the function Y = AF (K, L)
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https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/furman-summers-fiscal-
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[10] Ibid .p.4
[11] TRADING ECONOMICS. (2021). United States Fed Funds Rate | 2021 Data | 2022
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gdp-in- the-us/
[14] Ibid .p.3
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[17] Ibid .p.5
[18] Ibid .p.5
[19] Ibid .p.5
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reconsideration- discussion-draft.pdf
- USAspending.gov. (2021). US Government.
https://www.usaspending.gov/disaster/covid-19?publicLaw=all
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https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/USA/united-states/inflation- rate-cpi
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gdp-in-the-us/ [31]
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https://tradingeconomics.com/united-states/disposable-personal-income
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December 2021)
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1990 2020.
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and-households/
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2022 Forecast. https://tradingeconomics.com/united-states/consumer-cred
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https://www.law.nyu.edu/sites/default/files/Furman%20Jason%20Summers%20and%20L
awrence_2019_whos%20afraid%20of%20budget%20deficits_foreign%20affairs.pdf