In 1967, Russell Ackoff presented a classical analysis of misinformation in management ((COPPIED AT THE BOTTOM)) Now, you need to fast-forward to the present. After reading the case, craft your own version of misinformation in management by developing five (5) key incorrect assumptions that management makes about its accounting information systems.
For this assignment, research the Internet for information related to improper assumptions concerning accounting information systems.
Write a five to seven (5-7) page paper in which you:
1.
Based on your research, assess how corporate leaders may make improper assumptions related to accounting information systems and the related information. Indicate the most negative potential impacts on business operations related to these assumptions. Provide support for your rationale.
2.
Suggest three to four (3-4) ways in which organizational performance may be improved when information is properly managed within a business system. Provide support for your rationale.
3.
Evaluate the level of system security (i.e., high, medium, low) needed to ensure information integrity within automated business systems. Provide support for your evaluation.
4.
Use at least three (3) quality resources in this assignment.
Note:
Wikipedia and similar Websites do not qualify as quality resources.
Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements:
·
Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; citations and references must follow APA or school-specific format. Check with your professor for any additional instructions.
1 REQUIRED: Read the five assumptions, contentions, and Ackoff’s explanation. For each of the five, decide if you agree or disagree with Ackoff’s contentions. Defend your stand by preparing a report to explain your beliefs. Be prepared to defend your beliefs in class. ASSUMPTION 1: MANAGEMENT NEEDS MORE INFORMATION Assumption 1. Most management information systems (MISs) are designed based on the assumption that the critical deficiency under which most managers operate is the lack of relevant information. Contention 1. I do not deny that most managers lack a good deal of information that they should have, but I do deny that this is the most important informational deficiency from which they suffer. It seems to me that they suffer more from an overabundance of irrelevant information. This is not a play on words. The consequences of changing the emphasis of an MIS from supplying relevant information to eliminating irrelevant information is considerable. If one is preoccupied with supplying relevant information, attention is almost exclusively given to the generation, storage, and retrieval of information; hence, emphasis is placed on constructing data banks, coding, indexing, updating files, using access languages, and so on. The ideal that has emerged from this orientation is an infinite pool of data into which managers can reach to pull out any i.
1REQUIREDRead the five assumptions, contentions, and.docxeugeniadean34240
1
REQUIRED:
Read the five assumptions, contentions, and
Ackoff’s explanation. For each of the five,
decide if you agree or disagree with Ackoff’s
contentions. Defend your stand by preparing a
report to explain your beliefs. Be prepared to
defend your beliefs in class.
ASSUMPTION 1: MANAGEMENT NEEDS
MORE INFORMATION
Assumption 1. Most management information
systems (MISs) are designed based on the as-
sumption that the critical deficiency under
which most managers operate is the lack of rele-
vant information.
Contention 1. I do not deny that most man-
agers lack a good deal of information that they
should have, but I do deny that this is the
most important informational deficiency from
which they suffer. It seems to me that they suf-
fer more from an overabundance of irrelevant
information.
This is not a play on words. The conse-
quences of changing the emphasis of an MIS
from supplying relevant information to elimi-
nating irrelevant information is considerable. If
one is preoccupied with supplying relevant
information, attention is almost exclusively
given to the generation, storage, and retrieval
of information; hence, emphasis is placed on
constructing data banks, coding, indexing,
updating files, using access languages, and so
on. The ideal that has emerged from this orien-
tation is an infinite pool of data into which
managers can reach to pull out any information
they want. If, however, one sees the manager’s
information problem primarily, but not exclu-
sively, as one that arises out of an overabun-
dance of irrelevant information, most of which
was not asked for, then the two most important
functions of an information system become fil-
tration (or evaluation) and condensation. The
literature on the MIS seldom refers to these
functions, let alone considers how to carry
them out.
My experience indicates that most man-
agers receive much more data (if not informa-
tion) than they can possibly absorb even if they
spend all of their time trying to do so. Hence
they already suffer from an information over-
load. They must spend a great deal of time sepa-
rating the relevant documents. For example, I
have found that I receive an average of 43 hours
of unsolicited reading material each week. The
solicited material is usually half again this
amount.
I have seen a daily stock status report that
consists of approximately 600 pages of com-
puter printout. The report is circulated daily
across managers’ desks. I’ve also seen requests
for major capital expenditures that come in
book size, several of which are distributed to
managers each week. It is not uncommon for
many managers to receive an average of one
journal a day or more. One could go on and on.
Unless the information overload to which
managers are subjected is reduced, any addi-
tional information made available by an MIS
cannot be expected to be used effectively.
Even relevant documents have too much
redundancy. Most documents can be consider-
ably condensed without loss of c.
1 _ Essay #1 List and briefly describe the three Leade.docxaryan532920
1
_
Essay #1:
List and briefly describe the three Leadership styles we discussed in class.
Style 1:___________________________________________
Description:
Style 2:___________________________________________
Description:
Style 3:___________________________________________
Description: 2
Essay #2:
What does DICEE represent? Give a BRIEF example for each.
1. D = ______________________________
Example:
2. I = ______________________________
Example:
3. C = ______________________________
Example:
4. E = ______________________________
Example:
5. E = ______________________________
No example necessary here 3
Essay #3
List, define, and briefly discuss the 4 P's of Marketing.
1. ______________________________
2. ______________________________
3. ______________________________
4. ______________________________ 4
Essay #4:
1. Draw and label the product life cycle. Briefly discuss & describe the sections of the
product life cycle.
2. List a product for each phase of the product life cycle. Justify why you believe each
selected product belongs in the particular phase of the life cycle. 5
Essay #5:
Draw and label the fraud triangle. Discuss, in detail, each of the elements. 6
Essay #6
1. Define and explain business ethics. Give a specific example.
2. Define and explain social responsibility. Give a specific example.
1
REQUIRED:
Read the five assumptions, contentions, and
Ackoff’s explanation. For each of the five,
decide if you agree or disagree with Ackoff’s
contentions. Defend your stand by preparing a
report to explain your beliefs. Be prepared to
defend your beliefs in class.
ASSUMPTION 1: MANAGEMENT NEEDS
MORE INFORMATION
Assumption 1. Most management information
systems (MISs) are designed based on the as-
sumption that the critical deficiency under
which most managers operate is the lack of rele-
vant information.
Contention 1. I do not deny that most man-
agers lack a good deal of information that they
should have, but I do deny that this is the
most important informational deficiency from
which they suffer. It seems to me that they suf-
fer more from an overabundance of irrelevant
information.
This is not a play on words. The conse-
quences of changing the emphasis of an MIS
from supplying relevant information to elimi-
nating irrelevant information is considerable. If
one is preoccupied with supplying relevant
information, attention is almost exclusively
given to the generation, storage, and retrieval
of information; hence, emphasis is placed on
constructing data banks, coding, indexing,
updating files, using access languages, and so
on. The ideal that has emerged from this orien-
tation is an infinite pool of data into which
managers can reach to pull out any information
they want. If, however, one sees the manager’s
information problem primarily, but not exclu-
sively, as one that arises out of an overabun-
dance of irrelevant information, most of which
was not asked for, then the two ...
9pts1. Give the products of each reaction A through I. .docxjoyjonna282
/ 9pts
1. Give the products of each reaction A through I.
CH3
HNO3
A.___________
KMnO4/HOH
B.______________
1. Fe/H3O
+
2. NaOH
C._____________
CH3
Ph
OCH3
O
1. 2 CH 3CH2MgBr
2. H 3O+
D._____________
CH3CH2-NH2
E. ________________
2 CH3Br
F. ________________
(give only para products.)
K2CO3
H2SO4
H2 / Ni
Problem Set 12 / Chapter 10 & 12 / Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives // Amines
Lectures R, S, & T Name:_________________________
1. CH3 Mg Br
2. H3O+
1. LiAlH4
2. H3O+
G ________________
H. ________________
H+ Catalyst
I. ________________
2. Give the reagents needed to carry out the following transformations (A through F)
A. B.
C.
D.
CH3
Br
CH3
CN
CH3
COOH
CH3
C
Cl
O
CH3
C O
O
E.F.
C H2
N(CH3)3
B r-
CH2
NH2
C
O NH2
/ 6pts
Problem Set 12 / Chapter 10 & 12 / Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives // Amines
Lectures R, S, & T
CH3 CH3
SO3H
SO 3H
OH
O
OH
OH
O
O
OH
O
CH3
O
OH
OCH3
O
CH2OH
OH
Aspirin
Wintergreen
3. Give the reagents needed to carry out the following transformations ( A though F)
A. B.
C.____________
F.____________
E.____________
D.
/ 6pts
Problem Set 12 / Chapter 10 & 12 / Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives // Amines
Lectures R, S, & T
CH3
CH3
KMnO4/HOH
SOCl2
1. LiAlH4
2. H3O+
4. Give the products of each reaction. (A-F)
NH2CH3
E.____________
D._______________
Assume Excess
CH3
COOH
F._____________
Heat
A._______________ B._______________
OCH3
O
H+(cat)
C._______________
/ 6pts
Problem Set 12 / Chapter 10 & 12 / Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives // Amines
Lectures R, S, & T
HOH
Assignment #1
Managing in a global, digital society requires accountants to pay close attention about information. One of the reasons accountants have to pay close attention to information is because the information presented by accountants will be used by management for making crucial decisions. Roughly 50 years ago, Russell Ackoff wrote about the importance, or lack of importance, of information that management needs in “Ackoff’s Management Information System” (see attachment). You will read this article and answer the following questions:
· Does each of the assumptions (individually) apply today? Whether you agree or disagree, you will need to explain why and provide examples to support your stance.
· Since this the article was written over 50 years ago, the assumptions should be updated to reflect today. Revise each of the 5 assumptions to reflect a global, digital society and provide a quick summary of each summary.
· Now, do some research on the CPA Vision Project of 2025 (http://www.aicpa.org/Research/CPAHorizons2025/CPAvisionProject/Pages/CPAVisionProject.aspx). Explain how the framework can help accountants to provide their managers with the right information at the right time in the right format.
· We know information systems have a huge impact in providing accountants with information. Identify the necessary skills that an accountant ...
Management Misinformation SystemsAuthor(s) Russell L. .docxgertrudebellgrove
Management Misinformation Systems
Author(s): Russell L. Ackoff
Source: Management Science, Vol. 14, No. 4, Application Series (Dec., 1967), pp. B147-B156
Published by: INFORMS
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2628680
Accessed: 22-05-2018 02:36 UTC
JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide
range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and
facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]
Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at
http://about.jstor.org/terms
INFORMS is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Management
Science
This content downloaded from 61.153.148.194 on Tue, 22 May 2018 02:36:41 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
MANAGEMENT SCIENCE
Vol. 14, No. 4, December, 1967
Printed in U.S.A.
MANAGEMENT MISINFORMATION SYSTEMS *
RUSSELL L. ACKOFF
University of Pennsylvania
Five assumptions commonly made by designers of management information
systems are identified. It is argued that these are not justified in many (if not
most) cases and hence lead to major deficiencies in the resulting systems.
These assumptions are: (1) the critical deficiency under which most managers
operate is the lack of relevant information, (2) the manager needs the infor-
mation he wants, (3) if a manager has the information he needs his decision
making will improve, (4) better communication between managers improves
organizational performance, and (5) a manager does not have to understand
how his information system works, only how to use it. To overcome these
assumptions and the deficiencies which result from them, a management
information system should be imbedded in a management control system.
A procedure for designing such a system is proposed and an example is given
of the type of control system which it produces.
The growing preoccupation of operations researchers and management scien-
tists with Management Information Systems (MIS's) is apparent. In fact, for
some the design of such systems has almost become synonymous with operations
research or management science. Enthusiasm for such systems is understand-
able: it involves the researcher in a romantic relationship with the most glamorous
instrument of our time, the computer. Such enthusiasm is understandable but,
nevertheless, some of the excesses to which it has led are not excusable.
Contrary to the impression produced by the growing literature, few com-
puterized management information systems have been put into operation. Of
those I've seen that have been implemented, most have not matched expectations
and some have been outright failures. I believe that these near- and far-misses
could have been avoided if certain false (and usually implicit) .
· Application 1 – Analysis and Synthesis of Prior ResearchAt pro.docxoswald1horne84988
· Application 1 – Analysis and Synthesis of Prior Research
At professional conferences, blocks of time may be set aside for what are termed "poster sessions." A hotel ballroom or large open area will be ringed with individuals who use displays such as posters or electronic presentations displayed via projectors. These sessions provide an opportunity to share one's research in an intimate setting, with a small group gathered around who share a similar interest. The seminar format of this course is very similar to this academic exchange. During one set of paired weeks, you will be appointed as a Group Leader. If you are one of the Group Leaders for this week, you are to prepare an academic presentation, much like a poster session.
Your presentation should present analysis and synthesis of prior research and will begin the interaction with your colleagues. You will prepare an academic paper of between 5–7 pages in APA format, as well as a PowerPoint presentation of 7–10 slides. This analysis will be an open-ended introduction to relevant topics of study regarding e-commerce management information systems. Your goal, as the presenter, should be to persuade your discussants that the approach(es) you have analyzed and synthesized is/are a sound means for discovering new methods to manage information systems. You should acknowledge that there are other models, or means to study MIS, but you should strive to be as persuasive as possible that the specific concepts you have reviewed are exciting research avenues and that they are potentially breakthrough areas for advancing the understanding of information systems, especially related to e-commerce.
Your paper and presentation should contain the following elements:
· An incorporation and analysis of at least 5 of the required resources from this pair of weeks
· The incorporation and analysis of 5 additional resources from the Walden Library
· An identification of principal schools of thought, tendencies in the academic literature, or commonalities that define the academic scholarship regarding your topic
· An evaluation of the main concepts with a focus on their application to management practice and their impact on positive social change
In addition to the above elements, the Group Leader(s) for this week will focus thematically on:
· Define each of the universally used acronyms, terms and concepts listed below. For each, give examples where appropriate, and compare and contrast related concepts (like structured and unstructured problems):
·
6. TPS
6. MIS
6. DSS
6. Structured problem
6. Unstructured problem
6. Problem-solving process
6. Decision-making process
. Evaluate the research regarding group decision-making systems and executive information systems. Be sure to demonstrate your ability to identify the purpose or goals of each type of system, the typical inputs, outputs and other components, and the typical users. Provide examples whenever relevant.
Post your 5-7 page paper and your PowerPoint.
1REQUIREDRead the five assumptions, contentions, and.docxeugeniadean34240
1
REQUIRED:
Read the five assumptions, contentions, and
Ackoff’s explanation. For each of the five,
decide if you agree or disagree with Ackoff’s
contentions. Defend your stand by preparing a
report to explain your beliefs. Be prepared to
defend your beliefs in class.
ASSUMPTION 1: MANAGEMENT NEEDS
MORE INFORMATION
Assumption 1. Most management information
systems (MISs) are designed based on the as-
sumption that the critical deficiency under
which most managers operate is the lack of rele-
vant information.
Contention 1. I do not deny that most man-
agers lack a good deal of information that they
should have, but I do deny that this is the
most important informational deficiency from
which they suffer. It seems to me that they suf-
fer more from an overabundance of irrelevant
information.
This is not a play on words. The conse-
quences of changing the emphasis of an MIS
from supplying relevant information to elimi-
nating irrelevant information is considerable. If
one is preoccupied with supplying relevant
information, attention is almost exclusively
given to the generation, storage, and retrieval
of information; hence, emphasis is placed on
constructing data banks, coding, indexing,
updating files, using access languages, and so
on. The ideal that has emerged from this orien-
tation is an infinite pool of data into which
managers can reach to pull out any information
they want. If, however, one sees the manager’s
information problem primarily, but not exclu-
sively, as one that arises out of an overabun-
dance of irrelevant information, most of which
was not asked for, then the two most important
functions of an information system become fil-
tration (or evaluation) and condensation. The
literature on the MIS seldom refers to these
functions, let alone considers how to carry
them out.
My experience indicates that most man-
agers receive much more data (if not informa-
tion) than they can possibly absorb even if they
spend all of their time trying to do so. Hence
they already suffer from an information over-
load. They must spend a great deal of time sepa-
rating the relevant documents. For example, I
have found that I receive an average of 43 hours
of unsolicited reading material each week. The
solicited material is usually half again this
amount.
I have seen a daily stock status report that
consists of approximately 600 pages of com-
puter printout. The report is circulated daily
across managers’ desks. I’ve also seen requests
for major capital expenditures that come in
book size, several of which are distributed to
managers each week. It is not uncommon for
many managers to receive an average of one
journal a day or more. One could go on and on.
Unless the information overload to which
managers are subjected is reduced, any addi-
tional information made available by an MIS
cannot be expected to be used effectively.
Even relevant documents have too much
redundancy. Most documents can be consider-
ably condensed without loss of c.
1 _ Essay #1 List and briefly describe the three Leade.docxaryan532920
1
_
Essay #1:
List and briefly describe the three Leadership styles we discussed in class.
Style 1:___________________________________________
Description:
Style 2:___________________________________________
Description:
Style 3:___________________________________________
Description: 2
Essay #2:
What does DICEE represent? Give a BRIEF example for each.
1. D = ______________________________
Example:
2. I = ______________________________
Example:
3. C = ______________________________
Example:
4. E = ______________________________
Example:
5. E = ______________________________
No example necessary here 3
Essay #3
List, define, and briefly discuss the 4 P's of Marketing.
1. ______________________________
2. ______________________________
3. ______________________________
4. ______________________________ 4
Essay #4:
1. Draw and label the product life cycle. Briefly discuss & describe the sections of the
product life cycle.
2. List a product for each phase of the product life cycle. Justify why you believe each
selected product belongs in the particular phase of the life cycle. 5
Essay #5:
Draw and label the fraud triangle. Discuss, in detail, each of the elements. 6
Essay #6
1. Define and explain business ethics. Give a specific example.
2. Define and explain social responsibility. Give a specific example.
1
REQUIRED:
Read the five assumptions, contentions, and
Ackoff’s explanation. For each of the five,
decide if you agree or disagree with Ackoff’s
contentions. Defend your stand by preparing a
report to explain your beliefs. Be prepared to
defend your beliefs in class.
ASSUMPTION 1: MANAGEMENT NEEDS
MORE INFORMATION
Assumption 1. Most management information
systems (MISs) are designed based on the as-
sumption that the critical deficiency under
which most managers operate is the lack of rele-
vant information.
Contention 1. I do not deny that most man-
agers lack a good deal of information that they
should have, but I do deny that this is the
most important informational deficiency from
which they suffer. It seems to me that they suf-
fer more from an overabundance of irrelevant
information.
This is not a play on words. The conse-
quences of changing the emphasis of an MIS
from supplying relevant information to elimi-
nating irrelevant information is considerable. If
one is preoccupied with supplying relevant
information, attention is almost exclusively
given to the generation, storage, and retrieval
of information; hence, emphasis is placed on
constructing data banks, coding, indexing,
updating files, using access languages, and so
on. The ideal that has emerged from this orien-
tation is an infinite pool of data into which
managers can reach to pull out any information
they want. If, however, one sees the manager’s
information problem primarily, but not exclu-
sively, as one that arises out of an overabun-
dance of irrelevant information, most of which
was not asked for, then the two ...
9pts1. Give the products of each reaction A through I. .docxjoyjonna282
/ 9pts
1. Give the products of each reaction A through I.
CH3
HNO3
A.___________
KMnO4/HOH
B.______________
1. Fe/H3O
+
2. NaOH
C._____________
CH3
Ph
OCH3
O
1. 2 CH 3CH2MgBr
2. H 3O+
D._____________
CH3CH2-NH2
E. ________________
2 CH3Br
F. ________________
(give only para products.)
K2CO3
H2SO4
H2 / Ni
Problem Set 12 / Chapter 10 & 12 / Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives // Amines
Lectures R, S, & T Name:_________________________
1. CH3 Mg Br
2. H3O+
1. LiAlH4
2. H3O+
G ________________
H. ________________
H+ Catalyst
I. ________________
2. Give the reagents needed to carry out the following transformations (A through F)
A. B.
C.
D.
CH3
Br
CH3
CN
CH3
COOH
CH3
C
Cl
O
CH3
C O
O
E.F.
C H2
N(CH3)3
B r-
CH2
NH2
C
O NH2
/ 6pts
Problem Set 12 / Chapter 10 & 12 / Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives // Amines
Lectures R, S, & T
CH3 CH3
SO3H
SO 3H
OH
O
OH
OH
O
O
OH
O
CH3
O
OH
OCH3
O
CH2OH
OH
Aspirin
Wintergreen
3. Give the reagents needed to carry out the following transformations ( A though F)
A. B.
C.____________
F.____________
E.____________
D.
/ 6pts
Problem Set 12 / Chapter 10 & 12 / Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives // Amines
Lectures R, S, & T
CH3
CH3
KMnO4/HOH
SOCl2
1. LiAlH4
2. H3O+
4. Give the products of each reaction. (A-F)
NH2CH3
E.____________
D._______________
Assume Excess
CH3
COOH
F._____________
Heat
A._______________ B._______________
OCH3
O
H+(cat)
C._______________
/ 6pts
Problem Set 12 / Chapter 10 & 12 / Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives // Amines
Lectures R, S, & T
HOH
Assignment #1
Managing in a global, digital society requires accountants to pay close attention about information. One of the reasons accountants have to pay close attention to information is because the information presented by accountants will be used by management for making crucial decisions. Roughly 50 years ago, Russell Ackoff wrote about the importance, or lack of importance, of information that management needs in “Ackoff’s Management Information System” (see attachment). You will read this article and answer the following questions:
· Does each of the assumptions (individually) apply today? Whether you agree or disagree, you will need to explain why and provide examples to support your stance.
· Since this the article was written over 50 years ago, the assumptions should be updated to reflect today. Revise each of the 5 assumptions to reflect a global, digital society and provide a quick summary of each summary.
· Now, do some research on the CPA Vision Project of 2025 (http://www.aicpa.org/Research/CPAHorizons2025/CPAvisionProject/Pages/CPAVisionProject.aspx). Explain how the framework can help accountants to provide their managers with the right information at the right time in the right format.
· We know information systems have a huge impact in providing accountants with information. Identify the necessary skills that an accountant ...
Management Misinformation SystemsAuthor(s) Russell L. .docxgertrudebellgrove
Management Misinformation Systems
Author(s): Russell L. Ackoff
Source: Management Science, Vol. 14, No. 4, Application Series (Dec., 1967), pp. B147-B156
Published by: INFORMS
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2628680
Accessed: 22-05-2018 02:36 UTC
JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide
range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and
facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]
Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at
http://about.jstor.org/terms
INFORMS is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Management
Science
This content downloaded from 61.153.148.194 on Tue, 22 May 2018 02:36:41 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
MANAGEMENT SCIENCE
Vol. 14, No. 4, December, 1967
Printed in U.S.A.
MANAGEMENT MISINFORMATION SYSTEMS *
RUSSELL L. ACKOFF
University of Pennsylvania
Five assumptions commonly made by designers of management information
systems are identified. It is argued that these are not justified in many (if not
most) cases and hence lead to major deficiencies in the resulting systems.
These assumptions are: (1) the critical deficiency under which most managers
operate is the lack of relevant information, (2) the manager needs the infor-
mation he wants, (3) if a manager has the information he needs his decision
making will improve, (4) better communication between managers improves
organizational performance, and (5) a manager does not have to understand
how his information system works, only how to use it. To overcome these
assumptions and the deficiencies which result from them, a management
information system should be imbedded in a management control system.
A procedure for designing such a system is proposed and an example is given
of the type of control system which it produces.
The growing preoccupation of operations researchers and management scien-
tists with Management Information Systems (MIS's) is apparent. In fact, for
some the design of such systems has almost become synonymous with operations
research or management science. Enthusiasm for such systems is understand-
able: it involves the researcher in a romantic relationship with the most glamorous
instrument of our time, the computer. Such enthusiasm is understandable but,
nevertheless, some of the excesses to which it has led are not excusable.
Contrary to the impression produced by the growing literature, few com-
puterized management information systems have been put into operation. Of
those I've seen that have been implemented, most have not matched expectations
and some have been outright failures. I believe that these near- and far-misses
could have been avoided if certain false (and usually implicit) .
· Application 1 – Analysis and Synthesis of Prior ResearchAt pro.docxoswald1horne84988
· Application 1 – Analysis and Synthesis of Prior Research
At professional conferences, blocks of time may be set aside for what are termed "poster sessions." A hotel ballroom or large open area will be ringed with individuals who use displays such as posters or electronic presentations displayed via projectors. These sessions provide an opportunity to share one's research in an intimate setting, with a small group gathered around who share a similar interest. The seminar format of this course is very similar to this academic exchange. During one set of paired weeks, you will be appointed as a Group Leader. If you are one of the Group Leaders for this week, you are to prepare an academic presentation, much like a poster session.
Your presentation should present analysis and synthesis of prior research and will begin the interaction with your colleagues. You will prepare an academic paper of between 5–7 pages in APA format, as well as a PowerPoint presentation of 7–10 slides. This analysis will be an open-ended introduction to relevant topics of study regarding e-commerce management information systems. Your goal, as the presenter, should be to persuade your discussants that the approach(es) you have analyzed and synthesized is/are a sound means for discovering new methods to manage information systems. You should acknowledge that there are other models, or means to study MIS, but you should strive to be as persuasive as possible that the specific concepts you have reviewed are exciting research avenues and that they are potentially breakthrough areas for advancing the understanding of information systems, especially related to e-commerce.
Your paper and presentation should contain the following elements:
· An incorporation and analysis of at least 5 of the required resources from this pair of weeks
· The incorporation and analysis of 5 additional resources from the Walden Library
· An identification of principal schools of thought, tendencies in the academic literature, or commonalities that define the academic scholarship regarding your topic
· An evaluation of the main concepts with a focus on their application to management practice and their impact on positive social change
In addition to the above elements, the Group Leader(s) for this week will focus thematically on:
· Define each of the universally used acronyms, terms and concepts listed below. For each, give examples where appropriate, and compare and contrast related concepts (like structured and unstructured problems):
·
6. TPS
6. MIS
6. DSS
6. Structured problem
6. Unstructured problem
6. Problem-solving process
6. Decision-making process
. Evaluate the research regarding group decision-making systems and executive information systems. Be sure to demonstrate your ability to identify the purpose or goals of each type of system, the typical inputs, outputs and other components, and the typical users. Provide examples whenever relevant.
Post your 5-7 page paper and your PowerPoint.
Note References should be 2015 or laterWrite 300 words on Dis.docxcurwenmichaela
Note: References should be 2015 or later
Write 300 words on Discussion Topic
Introduction to Management Information Systems
Read at least three (3) academically reviewed articles on Management Information Systems and complete the following activities:
(Wikipedia articles will not be accepted. Professor will check originality of all posts).
1. Summarize all three (3) articles in 300 words or more. Please use your own words. No copy-and-paste
2. Discuss at least 3 different concepts presented in the articles. As an IT professional, how would you apply the three (3) concepts you identified.
Please use APA throughout.
Read and respond to at least two (2) of your classmates' posts. In your response to your classmates, consider comparing your articles to those of your classmates. Below are additional suggestions on how to respond to your classmates’ discussions:
· Ask a probing question, substantiated with additional background information, evidence or research.
· Share an insight from having read your colleagues’ postings, synthesizing the information to provide new perspectives.
· Offer and support an alternative perspective using readings from the classroom or from your own research.
· Validate an idea with your own experience and additional research.
· Make a suggestion based on additional evidence drawn from readings or after synthesizing multiple postings.
· Expand on your colleagues’ postings by providing additional insights or contrasting perspectives based on readings and evidence.Respond for following 2 discussions
RESPOND TO THIS DISCUSSION 1 IN 150 WORDS
1)Module 1 Discussion
1 day ago
Read at least three (3) academically reviewed articles on Management Information Systems and complete the following activities:
(Wikipedia articles will not be accepted. Professor will check originality of all posts).
1. Summarize all three (3) articles in 300 words or more. Please use your own words. No copy-and-paste
2. Discuss at least 3 different concepts presented in the articles. As an IT professional, how would you apply the three (3) concepts you identified.
After reviewing these three articles in Management Information Systems, we can distribute MIS into different sections:
Data Science:
This is defined as the field of scientific methods/ functions, processes, algorithm as well as extraction of data. The major concepts involved are data analytics, machine learning, statistics. Multiple research, analysis is needed in this process because of which a statistic plays a vital role. The future of data science is Donohoe project which would use the academic publications which are meant to be accessible for researches. The use of predictive tools helps in expanding and extracting the data.
Health Care information system:
It is a system which helps to provide information about the communication system and technology which helps to enhance the quality of care for the patients, improve medical education, and make innovations to th ...
Which type of Expert System – Rule Base, Fuzzy or Neural is Most Suited for E...Waqas Tariq
The scope of expert systems in different areas and different domains are increasing. We are working on development of the expert system for evaluating motivational strategy on human resources. From the literature review, we found that mainly there are three approaches used for development of the expert system: Rule base, Fuzzy and Neural network. In the first half of the case study, we explored the pros and cons of each approach and provided the comparison of applicability of which approach is most suited and when. In the second half of the case study, we explored the feasibility of the approach for our domain area of motivational strategy on human resources. At the end, we found that Neural Network approach is the most suited for our domain because of the flexibility, adaptability to the changing environment and generalisation.
Management science , system theory, contingency theory (comparison)ErTARUNKASHNI
Definition of Management Science
History of Management science
Introduction to management science approach
Features of management science approach
Applications of management science approach
Process of management science approach
Advantages & disadvantages of management science approach
Introduction to system theory
History of system theory
Applications of system theory
Process of system theory
Types of system theory
Advantages & disadvantages of system theory
Introduction to contingency theory
History of contingency theory
Features of contingency theory
Advantages & disadvantages of contingency theory
Comparison of system vs contingency theory
Outline on HRISTitle Human Resource Information SystemsThesis.docxalfred4lewis58146
Outline on HRIS
Title: Human Resource Information Systems
Thesis: Role of training and development in any organization, effects of organizational change, why HR departments are necessary for an organization and the role of HR departments in an organization's growth are the reasons why Human Resource Information Systems (HRIS) have become one of the most important tools for many businesses.
I. INTRODUCTION
a. Organizations must treat information as any other resource or asset. It must be organized, managed and disseminated effectively for the information to exhibit quality.
b. Thesis: Role of training and development in any organization, effects of organizational change, why HR departments are necessary for an organization and the role of HR departments in an organization's growth are the reasons why Human Resource Information Systems (HRIS) have become one of the most important tools for many businesses.
II. BACKGROUND
a. The information systems field is arguably one of the fastest changing and dynamic of all the business processions because information technologies are among the most important tools for achieving business firms’ key objectives.
b. Until the mid-1950s, firms managed all their information flow with paper records.
c. During the past 60 years, more and more business information and the flow of information among key business actors in the environment has been computerized.
III. MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS (MIS)
a. It is important to coordinate and control major functions, departments and the business processes in an organization.
b. Management information system (MIS) is designed to assist managerial and professional workers by processing an disseminating vast amounts of information to managers’ organization-wide.
c. Management information system supplies information for strategic, tactical and operational decision making to all subsystems within the organization.
IV. HUMAN RESOURCES INFORMATION SYSTEMS (HRIS)
a. HRIS were primarily seen as MIS sub functions within HR areas intended to support the “planning, administration, decision-making, and control activites of human resource management.
b. Information technology in the past decade drastically changed the human resources function.
c. In HR planning process it is easier to follow workforce gaps, the quantity and quality of the labour force and to plan future workforce requirements with the help of HR knowledge systems.
d. HRIS is defined as an “integrated system used to gather, store and analyze information regarding an organization’s human resources’ comprising of databases, computer applications, hardware and software necessary to collect, record, store, manage, deliver, present and manipulate data for human resources function.”
V. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
a. The purpose of the study is to determine the relationship between the satisfaction of employees from HRIS and their perceptions of HRIS.
b. The questions about social demographic qualifications such.
Propose a Human Resource Management strategy and specific organiza.docxbriancrawford30935
Propose a Human Resource Management strategy and specific organizational behaviors that are best suited for global business organizations.
The due diligence analyses on the three countries chosen – Canada, South Africa and China - will wrap up in this assignment with the exploration of management decision making processes. For each of the countries, you will discuss:
· the benefits bringing the diversity of the workforce will have for your company.
· compare and contrast the various aspects of U.S. human resource management against those of each country, Cananda, South Africa and China.
· examine what motivates the local workforce and the style of leadership which is prevalent in each of the countries - contrast those against what our U.S. company would utilize.
A minimum of two pages per country is required and you will follow APA (6th edition) formatting (no abstract is required for this milestone) with title and reference pages, indented paragraphs and a minimum of four APA formatted references and associated in-text citations.
GO to TED.com; search for and watch the TED talk by Roselinde Torres, What it takes to be a great leader.
Discussion 2
Data Management
After studying this week’s assigned readings, discussion the following:
1. What are the business costs or risks of poof data quality? Support your discussion with at least 3 references.
2. What is data mining? Support your discussion with at least 3 references.
3. What is text mining? Support your discussion with at least 3 references.
Please use APA throughout.
Post your initial response no later than Friday of week 3. Please note that initial post not completed on the due date will receive zero grade. See class syllabus for late assignment policies. Review posting/discussion requirements.
Read and respond to at two (2) of your classmates no later than the last day of week 3. In your response to your classmates, consider comparing your articles to those of your classmates. Below are additional suggestions on how to respond to your classmates’ discussions:
· Ask a probing question, substantiated with additional background information, evidence or research.
· Share an insight from having read your colleagues’ postings, synthesizing the information to provide new perspectives.
· Offer and support an alternative perspective using readings from the classroom or from your own research.
· Validate an idea with your own experience and additional research.
· Make a suggestion based on additional evidence drawn from readings or after synthesizing multiple postings.
· Expand on your colleagues’ postings by providing additional insights or contrasting perspectives based on readings and evidence.
1) Respond to the below discussion with 150 words
Last 45 mins ago
1. What are the business costs or risks of poor data quality?
The individuals benefits of the business might make decided at the individuals majority of the data gathered besides poor info.
please just write the bulk of the paper with in text citations and.docxrandymartin91030
please just write the bulk of the paper with in text citations and a work cited page as well don’t worry about title page and header and footer I will edit that upon completion.
To access articles in the Library for this class and others, please refer to the instructions on the Syllabus and in Case 1.
For the session long project, choose one area within the health issue below as your research topic. You will focus on the same topic for your SLP throughout the session.
Traumatic brain injury
Before you begin, read the instructions and expectations carefully -- this is not a typical report-style assignment.
Narrow down the topic to a certain part of the population (i.e. an age group, gender, a certain race or ethnicity, or a particular geographic area). It will help to do some research before choosing your focus, so you can see what literature will be available to use throughout the session. Look at the SLP in Modules 2 - 5 so you can plan ahead as approporiate.
Use credible professional sources such as ProQuest or EBSCO articles, or Websites from a university, government, or nonprofit organization to search for information about the issue. Consumer sources such as e-magazines, newspapers, and .com sites are not appropriate.
1. Introduce the topic and write a brief background about the scope of the problem. What is the health effect? How many people does it affect? Is there a treatment or a cure? What kind of research is being conducted about the problem? This part of the paper should be approximately 1 page.
2. Now, based on what you learned about the topic, think about what the gaps in knowledge seem to be. They are often stated in the "conclusions" of research articles. Using that information, do the following:
State a properly phrased health-related research question that you would like to answer if you were a researcher. Review the information in the link provided on the Background Information page so you are clear as to what a research question is. This should not be a paragraph or an explanation, just a research question.
3. Now, formulate a specific hypothesis to investigate that research question. Again, this should not be a paragraph or an explanation, just a properly stated hypothesis. Review the information in the links provided on the Background Information page so you are clear as to what a hypothesis is.
ASSIGNMENT EXPECTATIONS: Please read before completing assignments.
· Copy the actual assignment from this page onto the cover page of your paper (do this for all papers in all courses).
· Assignment should be 2 pages in length (double-spaced).
· Please use major sections corresponding to the major points of the assignment, and where appropriate use sub-sections (with headings).
· Remember to write in a Scientific manner (try to avoid using the first person except when describing a relevant personal experience).
· Quoted material should not exceed 10% of the total paper (since the focus of these assignments is on independent t.
ERP integrates business of an organization through a centralized database. The organizational data and transaction data are stored in the database. This data is a rich source of information. There are many software tools that would process the data and discover useful patterns. These techniques are referred to as data mining. The data from an ERP system may not be directly usable by data mining tools. The data may have to be pre-processed and made ready for data mining. A data warehouse is created from the ERP data that makes the data ready for data mining. An organization needs to interact with their suppliers for obtaining the raw material or semi-finished goods. They also need to interact with their retailers and dealers. These interactions may happen using EDI technology. Supply chain management (SCM) refers to managing suppliers and retailers. Customers are the reason why a business exists. The focus has changed from providing customer a product to providing a service built around the product. Customer relationship management (CRM) is the technology that helps an organization to manage its customers. CRM and SCM both integrate with ERP system and are collectively referred to as ERP-II.
In a 250-300 word response, critically examine your personal level o.docxjoyjonna282
In a 250-300 word response, critically examine your personal level of intercultural communication competence. Is it important for you to achieve a certain level of intercultural communication competence? Would enhanced intercultural communication competence help you personally? Professionally? Academically? Include examples in your submission and use at least one resource to support your key points. Respond to at least two of your fellow students' posts.
.
In a 10 –12 page paper, identify and analyze the benefits and challe.docxjoyjonna282
In a 10 –12 page paper, identify and analyze the benefits and challenges that are associated with biometric evidence in the criminal justice system. Include at least 3 techniques in your paper, and use at least 2 case studies to support your position. Consider the following questions when drafting your paper:
How do courts determine if evidence is reliable and valid before allowing it into testimony?
What is the role of the Frye standard or Daubert standard in determining whether or not the courts will accept biometric evidence?
What rules does your state use in this regard?
How reliable is fingerprint evidence? Consider examples of its use in criminal courts.
How do other biometrics compare to the reliability and validity of fingerprint evidence?
What are some of the challenges associated with lower forms of biometrics, such as facial recognition, and acceptance as evidence in court?
What is the role of the expert witness related to biometric evidence in court?
Be sure to provide in-text citation and references
.
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Note References should be 2015 or laterWrite 300 words on Dis.docxcurwenmichaela
Note: References should be 2015 or later
Write 300 words on Discussion Topic
Introduction to Management Information Systems
Read at least three (3) academically reviewed articles on Management Information Systems and complete the following activities:
(Wikipedia articles will not be accepted. Professor will check originality of all posts).
1. Summarize all three (3) articles in 300 words or more. Please use your own words. No copy-and-paste
2. Discuss at least 3 different concepts presented in the articles. As an IT professional, how would you apply the three (3) concepts you identified.
Please use APA throughout.
Read and respond to at least two (2) of your classmates' posts. In your response to your classmates, consider comparing your articles to those of your classmates. Below are additional suggestions on how to respond to your classmates’ discussions:
· Ask a probing question, substantiated with additional background information, evidence or research.
· Share an insight from having read your colleagues’ postings, synthesizing the information to provide new perspectives.
· Offer and support an alternative perspective using readings from the classroom or from your own research.
· Validate an idea with your own experience and additional research.
· Make a suggestion based on additional evidence drawn from readings or after synthesizing multiple postings.
· Expand on your colleagues’ postings by providing additional insights or contrasting perspectives based on readings and evidence.Respond for following 2 discussions
RESPOND TO THIS DISCUSSION 1 IN 150 WORDS
1)Module 1 Discussion
1 day ago
Read at least three (3) academically reviewed articles on Management Information Systems and complete the following activities:
(Wikipedia articles will not be accepted. Professor will check originality of all posts).
1. Summarize all three (3) articles in 300 words or more. Please use your own words. No copy-and-paste
2. Discuss at least 3 different concepts presented in the articles. As an IT professional, how would you apply the three (3) concepts you identified.
After reviewing these three articles in Management Information Systems, we can distribute MIS into different sections:
Data Science:
This is defined as the field of scientific methods/ functions, processes, algorithm as well as extraction of data. The major concepts involved are data analytics, machine learning, statistics. Multiple research, analysis is needed in this process because of which a statistic plays a vital role. The future of data science is Donohoe project which would use the academic publications which are meant to be accessible for researches. The use of predictive tools helps in expanding and extracting the data.
Health Care information system:
It is a system which helps to provide information about the communication system and technology which helps to enhance the quality of care for the patients, improve medical education, and make innovations to th ...
Which type of Expert System – Rule Base, Fuzzy or Neural is Most Suited for E...Waqas Tariq
The scope of expert systems in different areas and different domains are increasing. We are working on development of the expert system for evaluating motivational strategy on human resources. From the literature review, we found that mainly there are three approaches used for development of the expert system: Rule base, Fuzzy and Neural network. In the first half of the case study, we explored the pros and cons of each approach and provided the comparison of applicability of which approach is most suited and when. In the second half of the case study, we explored the feasibility of the approach for our domain area of motivational strategy on human resources. At the end, we found that Neural Network approach is the most suited for our domain because of the flexibility, adaptability to the changing environment and generalisation.
Management science , system theory, contingency theory (comparison)ErTARUNKASHNI
Definition of Management Science
History of Management science
Introduction to management science approach
Features of management science approach
Applications of management science approach
Process of management science approach
Advantages & disadvantages of management science approach
Introduction to system theory
History of system theory
Applications of system theory
Process of system theory
Types of system theory
Advantages & disadvantages of system theory
Introduction to contingency theory
History of contingency theory
Features of contingency theory
Advantages & disadvantages of contingency theory
Comparison of system vs contingency theory
Outline on HRISTitle Human Resource Information SystemsThesis.docxalfred4lewis58146
Outline on HRIS
Title: Human Resource Information Systems
Thesis: Role of training and development in any organization, effects of organizational change, why HR departments are necessary for an organization and the role of HR departments in an organization's growth are the reasons why Human Resource Information Systems (HRIS) have become one of the most important tools for many businesses.
I. INTRODUCTION
a. Organizations must treat information as any other resource or asset. It must be organized, managed and disseminated effectively for the information to exhibit quality.
b. Thesis: Role of training and development in any organization, effects of organizational change, why HR departments are necessary for an organization and the role of HR departments in an organization's growth are the reasons why Human Resource Information Systems (HRIS) have become one of the most important tools for many businesses.
II. BACKGROUND
a. The information systems field is arguably one of the fastest changing and dynamic of all the business processions because information technologies are among the most important tools for achieving business firms’ key objectives.
b. Until the mid-1950s, firms managed all their information flow with paper records.
c. During the past 60 years, more and more business information and the flow of information among key business actors in the environment has been computerized.
III. MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS (MIS)
a. It is important to coordinate and control major functions, departments and the business processes in an organization.
b. Management information system (MIS) is designed to assist managerial and professional workers by processing an disseminating vast amounts of information to managers’ organization-wide.
c. Management information system supplies information for strategic, tactical and operational decision making to all subsystems within the organization.
IV. HUMAN RESOURCES INFORMATION SYSTEMS (HRIS)
a. HRIS were primarily seen as MIS sub functions within HR areas intended to support the “planning, administration, decision-making, and control activites of human resource management.
b. Information technology in the past decade drastically changed the human resources function.
c. In HR planning process it is easier to follow workforce gaps, the quantity and quality of the labour force and to plan future workforce requirements with the help of HR knowledge systems.
d. HRIS is defined as an “integrated system used to gather, store and analyze information regarding an organization’s human resources’ comprising of databases, computer applications, hardware and software necessary to collect, record, store, manage, deliver, present and manipulate data for human resources function.”
V. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
a. The purpose of the study is to determine the relationship between the satisfaction of employees from HRIS and their perceptions of HRIS.
b. The questions about social demographic qualifications such.
Propose a Human Resource Management strategy and specific organiza.docxbriancrawford30935
Propose a Human Resource Management strategy and specific organizational behaviors that are best suited for global business organizations.
The due diligence analyses on the three countries chosen – Canada, South Africa and China - will wrap up in this assignment with the exploration of management decision making processes. For each of the countries, you will discuss:
· the benefits bringing the diversity of the workforce will have for your company.
· compare and contrast the various aspects of U.S. human resource management against those of each country, Cananda, South Africa and China.
· examine what motivates the local workforce and the style of leadership which is prevalent in each of the countries - contrast those against what our U.S. company would utilize.
A minimum of two pages per country is required and you will follow APA (6th edition) formatting (no abstract is required for this milestone) with title and reference pages, indented paragraphs and a minimum of four APA formatted references and associated in-text citations.
GO to TED.com; search for and watch the TED talk by Roselinde Torres, What it takes to be a great leader.
Discussion 2
Data Management
After studying this week’s assigned readings, discussion the following:
1. What are the business costs or risks of poof data quality? Support your discussion with at least 3 references.
2. What is data mining? Support your discussion with at least 3 references.
3. What is text mining? Support your discussion with at least 3 references.
Please use APA throughout.
Post your initial response no later than Friday of week 3. Please note that initial post not completed on the due date will receive zero grade. See class syllabus for late assignment policies. Review posting/discussion requirements.
Read and respond to at two (2) of your classmates no later than the last day of week 3. In your response to your classmates, consider comparing your articles to those of your classmates. Below are additional suggestions on how to respond to your classmates’ discussions:
· Ask a probing question, substantiated with additional background information, evidence or research.
· Share an insight from having read your colleagues’ postings, synthesizing the information to provide new perspectives.
· Offer and support an alternative perspective using readings from the classroom or from your own research.
· Validate an idea with your own experience and additional research.
· Make a suggestion based on additional evidence drawn from readings or after synthesizing multiple postings.
· Expand on your colleagues’ postings by providing additional insights or contrasting perspectives based on readings and evidence.
1) Respond to the below discussion with 150 words
Last 45 mins ago
1. What are the business costs or risks of poor data quality?
The individuals benefits of the business might make decided at the individuals majority of the data gathered besides poor info.
please just write the bulk of the paper with in text citations and.docxrandymartin91030
please just write the bulk of the paper with in text citations and a work cited page as well don’t worry about title page and header and footer I will edit that upon completion.
To access articles in the Library for this class and others, please refer to the instructions on the Syllabus and in Case 1.
For the session long project, choose one area within the health issue below as your research topic. You will focus on the same topic for your SLP throughout the session.
Traumatic brain injury
Before you begin, read the instructions and expectations carefully -- this is not a typical report-style assignment.
Narrow down the topic to a certain part of the population (i.e. an age group, gender, a certain race or ethnicity, or a particular geographic area). It will help to do some research before choosing your focus, so you can see what literature will be available to use throughout the session. Look at the SLP in Modules 2 - 5 so you can plan ahead as approporiate.
Use credible professional sources such as ProQuest or EBSCO articles, or Websites from a university, government, or nonprofit organization to search for information about the issue. Consumer sources such as e-magazines, newspapers, and .com sites are not appropriate.
1. Introduce the topic and write a brief background about the scope of the problem. What is the health effect? How many people does it affect? Is there a treatment or a cure? What kind of research is being conducted about the problem? This part of the paper should be approximately 1 page.
2. Now, based on what you learned about the topic, think about what the gaps in knowledge seem to be. They are often stated in the "conclusions" of research articles. Using that information, do the following:
State a properly phrased health-related research question that you would like to answer if you were a researcher. Review the information in the link provided on the Background Information page so you are clear as to what a research question is. This should not be a paragraph or an explanation, just a research question.
3. Now, formulate a specific hypothesis to investigate that research question. Again, this should not be a paragraph or an explanation, just a properly stated hypothesis. Review the information in the links provided on the Background Information page so you are clear as to what a hypothesis is.
ASSIGNMENT EXPECTATIONS: Please read before completing assignments.
· Copy the actual assignment from this page onto the cover page of your paper (do this for all papers in all courses).
· Assignment should be 2 pages in length (double-spaced).
· Please use major sections corresponding to the major points of the assignment, and where appropriate use sub-sections (with headings).
· Remember to write in a Scientific manner (try to avoid using the first person except when describing a relevant personal experience).
· Quoted material should not exceed 10% of the total paper (since the focus of these assignments is on independent t.
ERP integrates business of an organization through a centralized database. The organizational data and transaction data are stored in the database. This data is a rich source of information. There are many software tools that would process the data and discover useful patterns. These techniques are referred to as data mining. The data from an ERP system may not be directly usable by data mining tools. The data may have to be pre-processed and made ready for data mining. A data warehouse is created from the ERP data that makes the data ready for data mining. An organization needs to interact with their suppliers for obtaining the raw material or semi-finished goods. They also need to interact with their retailers and dealers. These interactions may happen using EDI technology. Supply chain management (SCM) refers to managing suppliers and retailers. Customers are the reason why a business exists. The focus has changed from providing customer a product to providing a service built around the product. Customer relationship management (CRM) is the technology that helps an organization to manage its customers. CRM and SCM both integrate with ERP system and are collectively referred to as ERP-II.
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In a 250-300 word response, critically examine your personal level of intercultural communication competence. Is it important for you to achieve a certain level of intercultural communication competence? Would enhanced intercultural communication competence help you personally? Professionally? Academically? Include examples in your submission and use at least one resource to support your key points. Respond to at least two of your fellow students' posts.
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How do courts determine if evidence is reliable and valid before allowing it into testimony?
What is the role of the Frye standard or Daubert standard in determining whether or not the courts will accept biometric evidence?
What rules does your state use in this regard?
How reliable is fingerprint evidence? Consider examples of its use in criminal courts.
How do other biometrics compare to the reliability and validity of fingerprint evidence?
What are some of the challenges associated with lower forms of biometrics, such as facial recognition, and acceptance as evidence in court?
What is the role of the expert witness related to biometric evidence in court?
Be sure to provide in-text citation and references
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Discuss the likelihood of success on the bank's claims against the properties.
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Organizational culture
Behavioral theory
Planning
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Your presentation should include, at a minimum, 4 slides, with speaker notes, for each topic.
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In a 1-2 page Microsoft Word document, using APA, discuss the following case study:
When Alexander and Deborah married, Alexander owned a duplex in a community property state. They lived in one side of the duplex. They saved their money and bought a lake lot as tenants by the entirety. Deborah failed to pay the loans she took out from Savings Bank prior to her marriage to pay for college. The bank claimed the duplex, the lake lot and their savings.
Discuss the likelihood of success on the bank's claims against the properties.
.
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In a 1-2 page paper, discuss how the government, the media, and the public affect a health care organization's integration of data. Give specific examples of all three entities influencing the integration of data.
Include at least two research sources in your paper and cite them in a References page at the end in APA format. As in all writing assignments, follow standard mechanics in writing, grammar, punctuation, and spelling.
Submit your completed assignment to the drop box below. Please check the
Course Calendar
for specific due dates.
.
In 2010, plans were announced for the construction of an Islamic cul.docxjoyjonna282
In 2010, plans were announced for the construction of an Islamic cultural center, named Cordoba House, in lower Manhattan in the vicinity of where the September 11, 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center occurred. This announcement stirred up a storm of activity by groups and individuals supporting and opposing the proposal, and in early 2011, a plea by the American Center for Law and Justice was entered in the New York State Supreme Court to stop the construction. In this Discussion Board please respond to the following questions:
In 5–6 paragraphs, address the following:
What are the complaints and concerns of those who oppose construction of this building in its proposed location?
Do you agree? Why, or why not?
What are the counter-claims being made by those who support construction of this building in its present location?
Do you agree? Why, or why not?
What is the specific issue in the court case?
What activities (protests, letters to the editor, blog posts, petitions, opinion polls, etc.) are underway related to this issue? Explain.
Do you think these activities are likely to have an impact on the Court’s decision? Why, or why not?
.
In 2011, John Jones, a middle school social science teacher began .docxjoyjonna282
In 2011, John Jones, a middle school social science teacher began a unit on the American election process. He began with an introduction of political parties from the revolution to present day. At the end of the politically-balanced unit, students participated in mock debates as candidates from each party and ultimately held a mock presidential election in his classroom.
After the votes were counted and a winner determined, one of his students asked Mr. Jones who he was planning to vote for in the “real” election. He answered the question in age-appropriate language and, when prompted, explained why. He reminded his students that voting was not only a reflection of personal beliefs, but a responsibility as a citizen of the United States.
When Janie Johnson got home from school that day, she noticed – for the first time – signs in her neighbor's front yards supporting one of the presidential candidates. At dinner she asked her parents who they planned to vote for. Their choice differed significantly from her teacher’s. Janie’s father was quite upset at Janie’s explanation of the other candidate. To him, it was not Mr. Jones’ job as her teacher her to “put those kinds of ideas in her head.” The next day he called the principal demanding that Mr. Jones be removed from the classroom.
You are the principal.
1. What do you tell the father? Why?
2. What, if anything, do you say to Mr. Jones, the teacher? Why?
You are Mr. Jones.
1. Have you done anything wrong?
2. What court case(s) would you cite in your behalf? Be specific. Cite the case name, court ruling, or law.
Answer the following questions:
1. Who was Pickering and why is he important?
2. A teacher speaks out at a rally against FCAT. This is not the first “FIRE FCAT” rally held in this community. Can her statement be protected by the First Amendment? Under what circumstances?
3. A student sees a picture of math teacher James Johnson in his KKK garb that Johnson posts on his facebook page. Can Johnson be fired because of his KKK membership? Why or why not?
4. After their honeymoon Jane Jones and her new husband Jason return to their teaching jobs at JFK Middle School. At lunch that day the principal informs them that one of them must transfer to a new school. Can the principal do this? Why or why not?
Chapter 10 covers several topics, chief among which is teachers’ rights. There are three main court cases which address free speech:
· Pickering v. Board of Education
· Connick v. Myers
· Garcetti v. Ceballos
In order to respond to the questions, you will have to do some research on your own.Ask yourself this question: “Is the employee speaking as a private citizen or as an employee?”
Question 1 : What is the main difference between the Pickering decisions and the Garcetti decision? Where does the Connick decision fit in?
Question 2: A special education teacher complains to his principal that the school is violating federal law in trying to meet the n.
In 5-7 pages (double-spaced,) provide a narrative explaining the org.docxjoyjonna282
In 5-7 pages (double-spaced,) provide a narrative explaining the organization’s origins, ideology, goals & objectives. Include a discussion on the leadership, funding, and capabilities such as physical bases or operating/support location(s), personnel strengths, training programs, and communications methods. Lastly, it would be helpful to provide a description of known and suspected weapons/lethal agents and delivery methods, procedures used in prior attacks, propaganda, surveillance methods, and significant events/dates that may be used in attack planning
.
In 2004 the Bush Administration enacted changes to the FLSA and the .docxjoyjonna282
In 2004 the Bush Administration enacted changes to the FLSA and the way overtime is paid. These changes are said to have impacted millions of working Americans. The Act addresses who and how overtime is paid. It is also felt that more changes are still needed.
Using an Internet search, find the enactment highlights of 2004 and future proposed changes. Who is impacted, positively or negatively? How do you feel this impacts you? Were these changes long overdue, or do you think this is just a way for workers to work more hours without the employer being responsible for premium pay?
.
In 200-250 wordsGiven the rate of technological chang.docxjoyjonna282
*****In 200-250 words****
Given the rate of technological change and global market pressures, there is considerable change and uncertainty in many organizations. Organizational value is determined more by knowledge (intellectual capital) rather than the traditional factors of productions (land, labor and capital).
1.
Review the concept of knowledge management and how human resources can create the conditions for the effective sharing of knowledge within and throughout the organization.
****Please use one reference which includes in-text citation****
.
in 200 words or more..1 do you use twitter if so , how often do.docxjoyjonna282
in 200 words or more..
1/ do you use twitter ?if so , how often do you tweet , and what do you tweet about ? if not , explain why you chose not to participate in this social medium
2/ when you post something online , do you think carefully about what you are about to post and how it might sound to others ? do you and react to your post ? or do you shoot from the hip , writeing whatever comes to mind ? explain
.
In 200 words or more, answer the following questionsAfter reading .docxjoyjonna282
In 200 words or more, answer the following questions
After reading David Mitchel's "Branding in Pop Culture" discuss how pop culture "brand" certain products. Do you find that you gravitate toward one product over another, similar one because of the pop culture branding associated with it? Explain.
.
In 2005, serial killer Dennis Rader, also known as BTK, was arrested.docxjoyjonna282
In 2005, serial killer Dennis Rader, also known as BTK, was arrested and convicted of murdering 10 people in Kansas between the years of 1974 and 1991. Further research this incident using quality and reputable resources.
Write a two to three (2-3) page paper in which you:
Explicate how digital forensics was used to identify Rader as a suspect and lead to more concrete physical evidence.
Describe in detail the digital evidence that was uncovered from the floppy disk obtained from Rader. Discuss why you believe it took so many years to find concrete evidence in order to build a case against Rader.
Explain how the acquisition of digital evidence aided the investigation and whether or not you believe Rader would’ve been a person of interest if the floppy disk evidence wasn’t sent.
Identify the software that was used by the authorities to uncover the evidence and summarize how this software can be used for digital forensics and evidence collection.
Use at least two (2) quality resources in this assignment. Note: Wikipedia and similar Websites do not qualify as quality resources.
Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements:
Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; citations and references must follow APA or school-specific format. Check with your professor for any additional instructions.
Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required assignment page length.
.
In 2003, China sent a person into space. China became just the third.docxjoyjonna282
In 2003, China sent a person into space. China became just the third country to do so. It sent a spaceship to go around Earth 14 times. It took less than a day. It was very important. China had never tried this before. Most countries do not send people into space. It costs a lot of money. China wanted to show the world that it could do it. China was proud to send people into space.
The trip to space was _________ for them.
.
In 250 words briefly describe the adverse effects caused by exposure.docxjoyjonna282
In 250 words briefly describe the adverse effects caused by exposure to radiation. Include some specific exposure levels associated with these significant health effects. Lastly, give some examples of measured radiation levels associated with the Three Mile Island incident in the U.S. and in the Chernobyl incident in the Soviet Union. Provide your reference source(s). (Wikipedia is not an accepted reference source.)
.
In 2.5 pages, compare and contrast health care reform in two differe.docxjoyjonna282
In 2.5 pages, compare and contrast health care reform in two different states. Your paper should include a minimum of three specific examples of similarities or differences in health care reform in the two states.
Example:
One possibility would be to compare Maine's health care reform in 2003 to Tennessee's 1994 health care reform known as "TennCare."
APA FORMAT
APA REFERENCES
.
In 2014 Virginia scientist Eric Betzig won a Nobel Prize for his res.docxjoyjonna282
In 2014 Virginia scientist Eric Betzig won a Nobel Prize for his research in microscope technology. Since receiving the award, Betzig has improved the technology so that cell functions, growth and even movements can now be seen in real time while minimizing the damage caused by prior methods. This allows the direct study of living nerve cells forming synapses in the brain, cells undergoing mitosis and internal cell functions like protein translation and mitochondrial movements.
Your assignment is to write a Python program that
graphically
simulates viewing cellular organisms, as they might be observed using Betzig’s technology. These simulated cells will be shown in a graphics window (representing the field of view through Betzig’s microscope) and must be animated, exhibiting behaviors based on the
“Project Specifications” below
. The simulation will terminate based on user input (a mouse click) and will include two (2) types of cells,
Crete
and
Laelaps
, (
pronounced
KREET
and
LEE
-
laps
).
Crete
cells should be represented in this simulation as three (3) small green circles with a radius of 8 pixels. These cells move nonlinearly in steps of 1-4 graphics window pixels. This makes their movement appear jerky and random.
Crete
cells cannot move outside the microscope slide, (the ‘
field
’), so they may bump along the borders or even wander out into the middle of the field at times. These cells have the ability to pass “through” each other.
A single red circle with a radius of 16 pixels will represent a
Laelaps
cell in this simulation.
Laelaps
cells move across the field straight lines, appearing to ‘bounce’ off the field boundaries.
Laelaps
sometimes appear to pass through other cells, however this is an optical illusion as they are very thin and tend to slide over or under the other cells in the field of view.
Project Specifications: ====================
Graphics Window
500 x 500 pixel window
White background
0,0 (x,y) coordinate should be set to the lower left-hand corner
Crete
Cells
Three (3) green filled circles with radius of 8 pixels
Move in random increments between -4 and 4 pixels per step
Movements are not in straight lines, but appear wander aimlessly
Laelaps
Cells
One (1) red filled circle with a radius of 16 pixels
Move more quickly than Crete cells and in straight lines
The Laelaps cell should advance in either -10 or 10 pixels per step
TODO #1: Initialize the simulation environment ========================================
Import any libraries needed for the simulation
Display a welcome message in the Python Shell. Describe the program’s functionality
Create the 500 x 500 graphics window named “
Field
”
Set the
Field
window parameters as specified
TODO #2: Create the
Crete
cells –
makeCrete()
========================================
Write a function that creates three green circle objects (radius 8) and stores them in a list
Each entry of the list represents one
Crete
cell
The.
In 200-300 words - How is predation different from parasitism What.docxjoyjonna282
In 200-300 words - How is predation different from parasitism? What structures and behavior aid the predaceous insect to be successful? Please give an example.
In 200-300 words-
Why is an understanding of metamorphosis crucial to identifying adult insects? Provide examples where knowing development patterns can prevent incorrect identification.
.
In 3 and half pages, including a title page and a reference page, di.docxjoyjonna282
In 3 and half pages, including a title page and a reference page, discuss various methods of establishing the identity of a murder victim.
In your discussion include an explanation of methods used to identify the dead when only teeth and bones of the victim are available for examination.
Use materials from the text and/or any outside resources to support your response.
.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Adversarial Attention Modeling for Multi-dimensional Emotion Regression.pdf
In 1967, Russell Ackoff presented a classical analysis of misinforma.docx
1. In 1967, Russell Ackoff presented a classical analysis of
misinformation in management ((COPPIED AT THE
BOTTOM)) Now, you need to fast-forward to the present. After
reading the case, craft your own version of misinformation in
management by developing five (5) key incorrect assumptions
that management makes about its accounting information
systems.
For this assignment, research the Internet for information
related to improper assumptions concerning accounting
information systems.
Write a five to seven (5-7) page paper in which you:
1.
Based on your research, assess how corporate leaders may make
improper assumptions related to accounting information systems
and the related information. Indicate the most negative potential
impacts on business operations related to these assumptions.
Provide support for your rationale.
2.
Suggest three to four (3-4) ways in which organizational
performance may be improved when information is properly
managed within a business system. Provide support for your
rationale.
3.
Evaluate the level of system security (i.e., high, medium, low)
needed to ensure information integrity within automated
business systems. Provide support for your evaluation.
4.
Use at least three (3) quality resources in this assignment.
Note:
Wikipedia and similar Websites do not qualify as quality
resources.
2. Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements:
·
Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size
12), with one-inch margins on all sides; citations and references
must follow APA or school-specific format. Check with your
professor for any additional instructions.
1 REQUIRED: Read the five assumptions, contentions, and
Ackoff’s explanation. For each of the five, decide if you agree
or disagree with Ackoff’s contentions. Defend your stand by
preparing a report to explain your beliefs. Be prepared to defend
your beliefs in class. ASSUMPTION 1: MANAGEMENT
NEEDS MORE INFORMATION Assumption 1. Most
management information systems (MISs) are designed based on
the assumption that the critical deficiency under which most
managers operate is the lack of relevant information. Contention
1. I do not deny that most managers lack a good deal of
information that they should have, but I do deny that this is the
most important informational deficiency from which they suffer.
It seems to me that they suffer more from an overabundance of
irrelevant information. This is not a play on words. The
consequences of changing the emphasis of an MIS from
supplying relevant information to eliminating irrelevant
information is considerable. If one is preoccupied with
supplying relevant information, attention is almost exclusively
given to the generation, storage, and retrieval of information;
hence, emphasis is placed on constructing data banks, coding,
indexing, updating files, using access languages, and so on. The
ideal that has emerged from this orientation is an infinite pool
of data into which managers can reach to pull out any
information they want. If, however, one sees the manager’s
information problem primarily, but not exclusively, as one that
arises out of an overabundance of irrelevant information, most
of which was not asked for, then the two most important
3. functions of an information system become filtration (or
evaluation) and condensation. The literature on the MIS seldom
refers to these functions, let alone considers how to carry them
out. My experience indicates that most managers receive much
more data (if not information) than they can possibly absorb
even if they spend all of their time trying to do so. Hence they
already suffer from an information overload. They must spend a
great deal of time separating the relevant documents. For
example, I have found that I receive an average of 43 hours of
unsolicited reading material each week. The solicited material is
usually half again this amount. I have seen a daily stock status
report that consists of approximately 600 pages of computer
printout. The report is circulated daily across managers’ desks.
I’ve also seen requests for major capital expenditures that come
in book size, several of which are distributed to managers each
week. It is not uncommon for many managers to receive an
average of one journal a day or more. One could go on and on.
Unless the information overload to which managers are
subjected is reduced, any additional information made available
by an MIS cannot be expected to be used effectively. Even
relevant documents have too much redundancy. Most documents
can be considerably condensed without loss of content. My
point here is best made, perhaps, by describing This case is
adapted from a classic article entitled “Management
Misinformation Systems.” It was written by Russell L. Ackoff
and appeared in Management Sciences. In the article, Ackoff
identified five common assumptions about information systems
and then explained why he disagreed with them. Case 1-2
Ackoff’s Management Misinformation Systems 2 CASE 1-2
briefly an experiment that a few of my colleagues and I
conducted on the operations research (OR) literature several
years ago. By using a panel of well-known experts, we
identified four OR articles that all members of the panel
considered to be “above average” and four articles that were
considered to be “below average.” The authors of the eight
articles were asked to prepare “objective” examinations
4. (duration 30 minutes) plus answers for graduate students who
were to be assigned the articles for reading. (The authors were
not informed about the experiment.) Then several experienced
writers were asked to reduce each article to two-thirds and one-
third of its original length only by eliminating words. They also
prepared a brief abstract of each article. Those who did the
condensing did not see the examinations to be given to the
students. A group of graduate students who had not previously
read the articles was then selected. Each one was given four
articles randomly selected, each of which was in one of its four
versions: 100 percent, 67 percent, 33 percent, or abstract. Each
version of each article was read by two students. All were given
the same examinations. The average scores on the examinations
were compared. For the above-average articles there was no
significant difference between average test scores for the 100
percent, 67 percent, and 33 percent versions, but there was a
significant decrease in average test scores for those who had
read only the abstract. For the below-average articles there was
no difference in average test scores among those who had read
the 100 percent, 67 percent, and 33 percent versions, but there
was a significant increase in average test scores of those who
had read only the abstract. The sample used was obviously too
small for general conclusions, but the results strongly indicate
the extent to which even good writing can be condensed without
loss of information. I refrain from drawing the obvious
conclusions about bad writing. It seems clear that condensation
as well as filtration, performed mechanically or otherwise,
should be an essential part of an MIS, and that such a system
should be capable of handling much, if not all, of the
unsolicited as well as solicited information that a manager
receives. ASSUMPTION 2: MANAGERS NEED THE
INFORMATION THEY WANT Assumption 2. Most MIS
designers “determine” what information is needed by asking
managers what information they would like to have. This is
based on the assumption that managers know what information
they need and want. Contention 2. For a manager to know what
5. information he needs, he must be aware of each type of decision
he should (as well as does) make and he must have an adequate
model of each. These conditions are seldom satisfied. Most
managers have some conception of at least some of the types of
decisions they must make. Their conceptions, however, are
likely to be deficient in a very critical way, a way that follows
from an important principle of scientific economy: The less we
understand a phenomenon, the more variables we require to
explain it. Hence managers who do not understand the
phenomena they control play it “safe” and, with respect to
information, want “everything.” The MIS designer, who has
even less understanding of the relevant phenomena than the
manager, tries to provide even more than everything. She
thereby increases what is already an overload of irrelevant
information. For example, market researchers in a major oil
company once asked their marketing managers what variables
they thought were relevant in estimating the sales volume of
future service stations. Almost 70 variables were identified. The
market researchers then added about half again this many
variables and performed a large multiple linear regression
analysis of sales of existing stations against these variables and
found about 35 to be statistically significant. A forecasting
equation was based on this analysis. An OR team subsequently
constructed a model based on only one of these variables, traffic
flow, CASE 1-2 3 which predicted sales better than the 35-
variable regression equation. The team went on to explain sales
at service stations in terms of the customers’ perception of the
amount of time lost by stopping for service. The relevance of all
but a few of the variables used by the market researchers could
be explained by their effect on such a perception. The moral is
simple: One cannot specify what information is required for
decision making until an explanatory model of the decision
process and the system involved has been constructed and
tested. Information systems are subsystems of control systems.
They cannot be designed adequately without taking control into
account. Furthermore, whatever else regression analyses can
6. yield, they cannot yield understanding and explanation of
phenomena. They describe and, at best, predict. ASSUMPTION
3: GIVING MANAGERS THE INFORMATION THEY NEED
IMPROVES THEIR DECISION MAKING Assumption 3. It is
frequently assumed that if managers are provided with the
information they need, they will then have no problem in using
it effectively. Contention 3. Operations research (an academic
subject area dealing with the application of mathematical
models and techniques to business decisions) stands to the
contrary. Give most managers an initial tableau of a typical
“real” mathematical programming, sequencing, or network
problem and see how close they come to an optimal solution. If
their experience and judgment have any value, they may not do
badly, but they will seldom do very well. In most management
problems there are too many possibilities to expect experience,
judgment, or intuition to provide good guesses, even with
perfect information. Furthermore, when several probabilities are
involved in a problem, the unguided mind of even a manager
has difficulty in aggregating them in a valid way. We all know
many simple problems in probability in which untutored
intuition usually does very badly (e.g., What are the correct
odds that 2 of 25 people selected at random will have their
birthdays on the same day of the year?). For example, very few
of the results obtained by queuing theory, when arrivals and
service are probabilistic, are obvious to managers; nor are the
results of risk analysis where the managers’ own subjective
estimates of probabilities are used. The moral: It is necessary to
determine how well managers can use needed information.
When, because of the complexity of the decision process, they
cannot use it well, they should be provided with either decision
rules or performance feedback so that they can identify and
learn from their mistakes. ASSUMPTION 4: MORE
COMMUNICATION MEANS BETTER PERFORMANCE
Assumption 4. The characteristic of most MISs is that they
provide managers with better current information about what
other managers and their departments are doing. Underlying this
7. provision is the belief that better interdepartmental
communication enables managers to coordinate their decisions
more effectively and hence improves the organization’s overall
performance. Contention 4. Not only is this not necessarily so,
but it seldom is so. One would hardly expect two competing
companies to become more cooperative because the information
each acquires about the other is improved. For example,
consider the following very much simplified version of a
situation I once ran into. The simplification of the case does not
affect any of its essential characteristics. A department store
has two “line” operations: buying and selling. Each function is
performed by a separate department. The Purchasing
Department primarily controls one variable: how much of each
item is bought. The Merchandising Department controls the
price at which it is sold. Typically, the measure of performance
applied to the Purchasing Department was the turnover rate of
inventory. The measure applied to the Merchandising
Department was gross sales; this department sought to maximize
the number of items sold times their price. Now by examining a
single item, let us consider what happens in this system. The
merchandising manager, using his knowledge of competition
and consumption, set a price that he judged would maximize
gross sales. In doing so, he utilized price-demand curves for
each type of item. For each price the curves show the expected
sales and values on an upper and lower confidence band as well
(see Figure 1). When instructing the Purchasing Department
about how many items to make available, the merchandising
manager quite naturally used the value on the upper confidence
curve. This minimized the chances of his running short, which,
if it occurred, would hurt his performance. It also maximized
the chances of being overstocked, but this was not his concern,
only the purchasing manager’s. Say, therefore, that the
merchandising manager initially selected price P1 and requested
that amount Q1 be made available by the Purchasing
Department. In this company the purchasing manager also had
access to the price-demand curves. She knew that the
8. merchandising manager always ordered optimistically.
Therefore, using the same curve, she read over from Q1 to the
upper limit and down to the expected value, from which she
obtained Q2, the quantity she actually intended to make
available. She did not intend to pay for the merchandising
manager’s optimism. If merchandising ran out of stock, it was
not her worry. Now the merchandising manager was informed
about what the purchasing manager had done, so he adjusted his
price to P2. The purchasing manager in turn was told that the
merchandising manager had made this readjustment, so she
planned to make only Q3 available. If this process (made
possible only by perfect communication between departments)
had been allowed to continue, nothing would have been bought
and nothing would have been sold. This outcome was avoided
by prohibiting communication between the two departments and
forcing each to guess what the other was doing. I have
obviously caricatured the situation in order to make the point
clear: When organizational units have inappropriate measures of
performance that put them in conflict with each other, as is
often the case, communication between them may hurt
organizational performance, not help it. Organizational
structure and performance measurement must be taken into
account before opening the floodgates and permitting the free
flow of information between parts of the organization.
ASSUMPTION 5: MANAGERS NEED ONLY TO
UNDERSTAND HOW TO USE AN INFORMATION SYSTEM
Assumption 5. A manager does not have to understand how an
information system works, only how to use it. Contention 5.
Managers must understand their MIS or they are handicapped
and cannot properly operate and control their company. Most
MIS designers seek to make their systems as innocuous and
unobtrusive as possible to managers, lest they become
frightened. The designers try to provide managers with very
easy 4 CASE 1-2 Optimistic Expected Pessimistic P1 P2 P3 Q1
Q2 Q3Demand Price Figure 1 access to the system and assure
them that they need to know nothing more about it. The
9. designers usually succeed in keeping managers ignorant in this
regard. This leaves managers unable to evaluate the MIS as a
whole. It often makes them afraid to even try to do so, lest they
display their ignorance publicly. In failing to evaluate their
MIS, managers delegate much of the control of the organization
to the system’s designers and operators—who may have many
virtues, but managerial competence is seldom among them. Let
me cite a case in point. A chairman of the board of a midsize
company asked for help on the following problem. One of his
larger (decentralized) divisions had installed a computerized
production inventory control and manufacturing manager
information system about a year earlier. It had acquired about
$2 million worth of equipment to do so. The board chairman had
just received a request from the division for permission to
replace the original equipment with newly announced equipment
that would cost several times the original amount. An extensive
“justification” for so doing was provided with the request. The
chairman wanted to know whether the request was justified. He
admitted to complete incompetence in this connection. A
meeting was arranged at the division, at which I was subjected
to an extended and detailed briefing. The system was large but
relatively simple. At the heart of it was a reorder point for each
item and a maximum allowable stock level. Reorder quantities
took lead time as well as the allowable maximum into account.
The computer kept track of stock, ordered items when required,
and generated numerous reports on both the state of the system
it controlled and its own “actions.” When the briefing was over,
I was asked if I had any questions. I did. First I asked if, when
the system had been installed, there had been many parts whose
stock level exceeded the maximum amount possible under the
new system. I was told there were many. I asked for a list of
about 30 and for some graph paper. Both were provided. With
the help of the system designer and volumes of old daily reports
I began to plot the stock level of the first listed item over time.
When this item reached the maximum “allowable” stock level, it
had been reordered. The system designer was surprised and said
10. that by sheer “luck” I had found one of the few errors made by
the system. Continued plotting showed that because of repeated
premature reordering the item had never gone much below the
maximum stock level. Clearly, the program was confusing the
maximum allowable stock level and the reorder point. This
turned out to be the case in more than half of the items on the
list. Next I asked if they had many paired parts, ones that were
only used with each other, for example, matched nuts and bolts.
They had many. A list was produced and we began checking the
previous day’s withdrawals. For more than half of the pairs the
differences in the numbers recorded as withdrawn were very
large. No explanation was provided. Before the day was out it
was possible to show by some quick and dirty calculations that
the new computerized system was costing the company almost
$150,000 per month more than the hand system that it had
replaced, most of this in excess inventories. The
recommendation was that the system be redesigned as quickly
as possible and that the new equipment not be authorized for the
time being. The questions asked of the system had been obvious
and simple ones. Managers should have been able to ask them,
but—and this is the point—they felt themselves incompetent to
do so. They would not have allowed a hand-operated system to
get so far out of their control. No MIS should ever be installed
unless the managers for whom it is intended are trained to
evaluate and hence control it rather than be controlled by it.
Source: Reprinted by permission of Russell L. Ackoff,
“Management Misinformation Systems,” Management Sciences
14, no. 4 (December 1967). The Institute of Management
Sciences, 290 Westminster Street, Providence, R.I. 02903.
CASE 1-2 5