Antisolvents play a significant role in obtaining high-quality perovskite films during the fabrication process. This
paper reports a novel mixture of two antisolvents (methyl acetate and chloroform) that proves effective for
fabricating high-quality perovskite films in a high humidity ambient. The results show that the use of methyl
acetate alone as the antisolvent enables the fabrication of dense perovskite films (MAPbI3) in a high humidity
ambient, but with a rough surface, while mixing methyl acetate with an appropriate amount of chloroform
produces not only dense perovskite films but also smooth surfaces. As a result, the power conversion efficiency
(PCE) is increased from 17.1% of the devices treated with methyl acetate alone to 18.6% of the devices treated
with the mixed antisolvent of methyl acetate (70%) and chloroform (30%). The stability of the devices was also
improved significantly for the devices treated with the mixed antisolvent of methyl acetate (85%) and chloroform
(15%), which exhibit a slow degradation of 7% in PCE after 552 h of storage, compared to 22% for the
devices treated with methyl acetate alone.
Photoinduced Grafting of Methyl Methacrylate onto Dehydrochlorinated poly (Vi...IJRES Journal
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) has been dehydrochlorinated in alkaline medium followed by photo-induced graft copolymerization of methyl methacrylate. The grafting has been achieved using a combination of dimethyl amine and benzoyl peroxide, as radical initiator system. The effects of various parameters such as concentrations of monomer, initiator, substrate, and solvent as well as time of light irradiation on the grafting yield, expressed as grafting percentage and grafting efficiency, have been investigated, and the optimum grafting conditions were determined. The dehydrochlorinated PVC and graft products were characterized using FTIR, TGA, DTA, XRD and SEM and the mechanism of grafting was proposed.
A new generation of cable grade poly(vinyl chloride) containing heavy metal f...Ali I. Al-Mosawi
Many additives are used to improve the performance of cables in terms of increasing their flame retardancy, thermal stability, thermal conductivity, and other characteristics. Unfortunately, most of these additives contain heavy metals. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to introduce a material representing a new generation of environmentally friendly heavy metal-free stabilizers for cable grade poly(vinyl chloride) that can compete with traditional materials in terms of performance and distinctive properties. This unique additive is Oxydtron, a synthetic silicate or simply nanocement. The tests performed are rheological properties represented by a capillary rheometry analysis, limiting oxygen index, and volume resistivity. The most significant improvement in Bagley correction measurements was 14.61%; 18.13%; and 27.20% more than poly(vinyl chloride) basic formulation when using 5wt.% Oxydtron at 160°C, 170°C, and 180°C, respectively. Also, the mean increases in relaxation time were 3.200 times, 8.825 times, and 12.458 times more than poly(vinyl chloride) basic formulation with 1wt.%, 3wt.%, and 5wt.% of Oxydtron, respectively. Furthermore, the Oxydtron lowered the value of the accompanying thermal gradient of the L.O.I test, reducing the heat-affected zone. The best result was with the extrusion processing method due to the uniformity of the processing conditions. However, the thermal gradient analysis showed residual heat stress in the test samples after cutting the burning layer and re-testing the samples again; this causes them to burn faster. This situation requires caution for designs that are exposed to high temperatures without burning. The optimum improvement in volume resistivity value was 14.71% and 38.24% more than poly(vinyl chloride) basic formulation after adding 5wt.% and 7wt.% of Oxydtron, respectively.
Degradation and Microbiological Validation of Meropenem Antibiotic in Aqueous...IJERA Editor
Aqueous UV, UV/H2O2, UV/TiO2 and UV/TiO2/H2O2mediateddegradation/oxidation of the carbapenem antibiotic, meropenem (MERO) was experimentally studied. Degussa P-25 titanium dioxide was used as photocatalyst and UV-light source was used for activation of TiO2.The nanosized titanium dioxide was immobilized on the glass support for improving the efficiency and economics of the photocatalytic processes. The immobilized film of titanium dioxide has been characterized, using X-ray diffraction (XRD) andscanning electron microscopy (SEM).The study of antibiotic degradation was conducted in the specific Batch Photocatalytic Reactor. MERO standard solution was used at 500 μg/ml concentration, which degraded up to 99% of antibiotics. Microbiological assay showed that the loss of antibacterial activity is directly proportional to the time of UV-irradiation. The experiment also showed that the UV-irradiation itself causes the degradation of antibiotics, but in very slow manner in comparison to the photocatalysis process. The experimental study showed that UV/TiO2/H2O2 system is effective and efficient for the treatment of antibiotic waste.
Photoinduced Grafting of Methyl Methacrylate onto Dehydrochlorinated poly (Vi...IJRES Journal
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) has been dehydrochlorinated in alkaline medium followed by photo-induced graft copolymerization of methyl methacrylate. The grafting has been achieved using a combination of dimethyl amine and benzoyl peroxide, as radical initiator system. The effects of various parameters such as concentrations of monomer, initiator, substrate, and solvent as well as time of light irradiation on the grafting yield, expressed as grafting percentage and grafting efficiency, have been investigated, and the optimum grafting conditions were determined. The dehydrochlorinated PVC and graft products were characterized using FTIR, TGA, DTA, XRD and SEM and the mechanism of grafting was proposed.
A new generation of cable grade poly(vinyl chloride) containing heavy metal f...Ali I. Al-Mosawi
Many additives are used to improve the performance of cables in terms of increasing their flame retardancy, thermal stability, thermal conductivity, and other characteristics. Unfortunately, most of these additives contain heavy metals. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to introduce a material representing a new generation of environmentally friendly heavy metal-free stabilizers for cable grade poly(vinyl chloride) that can compete with traditional materials in terms of performance and distinctive properties. This unique additive is Oxydtron, a synthetic silicate or simply nanocement. The tests performed are rheological properties represented by a capillary rheometry analysis, limiting oxygen index, and volume resistivity. The most significant improvement in Bagley correction measurements was 14.61%; 18.13%; and 27.20% more than poly(vinyl chloride) basic formulation when using 5wt.% Oxydtron at 160°C, 170°C, and 180°C, respectively. Also, the mean increases in relaxation time were 3.200 times, 8.825 times, and 12.458 times more than poly(vinyl chloride) basic formulation with 1wt.%, 3wt.%, and 5wt.% of Oxydtron, respectively. Furthermore, the Oxydtron lowered the value of the accompanying thermal gradient of the L.O.I test, reducing the heat-affected zone. The best result was with the extrusion processing method due to the uniformity of the processing conditions. However, the thermal gradient analysis showed residual heat stress in the test samples after cutting the burning layer and re-testing the samples again; this causes them to burn faster. This situation requires caution for designs that are exposed to high temperatures without burning. The optimum improvement in volume resistivity value was 14.71% and 38.24% more than poly(vinyl chloride) basic formulation after adding 5wt.% and 7wt.% of Oxydtron, respectively.
Degradation and Microbiological Validation of Meropenem Antibiotic in Aqueous...IJERA Editor
Aqueous UV, UV/H2O2, UV/TiO2 and UV/TiO2/H2O2mediateddegradation/oxidation of the carbapenem antibiotic, meropenem (MERO) was experimentally studied. Degussa P-25 titanium dioxide was used as photocatalyst and UV-light source was used for activation of TiO2.The nanosized titanium dioxide was immobilized on the glass support for improving the efficiency and economics of the photocatalytic processes. The immobilized film of titanium dioxide has been characterized, using X-ray diffraction (XRD) andscanning electron microscopy (SEM).The study of antibiotic degradation was conducted in the specific Batch Photocatalytic Reactor. MERO standard solution was used at 500 μg/ml concentration, which degraded up to 99% of antibiotics. Microbiological assay showed that the loss of antibacterial activity is directly proportional to the time of UV-irradiation. The experiment also showed that the UV-irradiation itself causes the degradation of antibiotics, but in very slow manner in comparison to the photocatalysis process. The experimental study showed that UV/TiO2/H2O2 system is effective and efficient for the treatment of antibiotic waste.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Rh/CeO2 Thin Catalytic Layer Deposition on Alumina Foams: Catalytic Performan...CarmenMoncada10
The application of ceramic foams as structured catalyst supports is clearly expanding due to faster mass/heat transfer and higher contact efficiency than honeycomb monoliths and, mainly, packed beds. In this paper, alumina open-cell foams (OCFs) with different pore density (20, 30 and 40 ppi) were coated with Rh/CeO2 catalyst via a two steps synthesis method involving: (i) the solution combustion synthesis (SCS) to in-situ deposit the CeO2 carrier and (ii) the wet impregnation (WI) of the Rh active phase. The catalytic coatings were characterized in terms of morphology and adhesion properties by SEM/EDX analysis and ultrasounds test. Permeability and form coefficient were derived from pressure drop data. Catalytic performance was evaluated towards biogas Steam Reforming (SR) and Oxy-Steam Reforming (OSR) processes at atmospheric pressure by varying temperature (800–900 °C) and space velocity (35,000–140,000 NmL·g−1·h−1). Characteristics time analysis and dimensionless numbers were calculated to identify the controlling regime. Stability tests were performed for both SR and OSR over 200 h of time-on-stream (TOS) through consecutive start-up and shut-down cycles. As a result, homogenous, thin and high-resistance catalytic layers were in situ deposited on foam struts. All structured catalysts showed high activity, following the order 20 ppi < 30 ppi ≈ 40 ppi. External interphase (gas-solid) and external diffusion can be improved by reducing the pore diameter of the OCF structures. Anderson criterion revealed the absence of internal heat transfer resistances, as well as Damköhler and Weisz-Prater numbers excluded any internal mass transfer controlling regime, mainly due to thin coating thickness provided by the SCS method. Good stability was observed over 200 h of TOS for both SR and OSR processes.
NANOTECHNOLOGY IN HIGH YIELD STRESS SMART FLUIDS- A REVIEW.ijiert bestjournal
Electrorheological (ER) and Magnetorheological (MR) nano-fluids show dramatic and tunable changes in their rheological properties und er external magnetic or electric field strength respectively. These nano-fluids can be eff ectively incorporated in various engineering applications like shock absorber,dampe rs,clutches etc. The major problem to use these nano-fluids practically is their low y ield strength and problem of sedimentation. In this paper various smart nano-flu ids (ER & MR) have been studied. Special attention is given on development of stable,re-dispersible,durable,high yield stress smart nano-fluids with low sedimentation rat e. In this paper these nano-fluids are reviewed along with their rheological characteristi cs under external fields.
Optimization of ZLD in Distillery Industry by Reverse Osmosis Process for Pre...ijceronline
In this study, the effects of Operating Pressure, Potential Hydrogen, Oxidation Reduction Potential and Anti Scaling Agent on multi responses like Permeate, COD, Total Solids, Conductivity and Hardness in the Reverse Osmosis Process were experimentally investigated on RO 8100 ST8 PT44 400Wl machine. The settings of RO parameters were determined by using Taguchi’s experimental design method. Orthogonal arrays of Taguchi, the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) are employed to find the optimal levels and to analyze the effect of the RO parameters. Results show that potential of hydrogen, operating pressure, oxidation reduction potential and anti scaling agent are the four Parameters that influence the Permit more effectively and COD, Total Solids, Conductivity and Hardness respectively. Finally, the ranges for best RO conditions are proposed for ZLD process.
DISINFECTION OF WATER CONTAINING E. COLI BY PHOTOCATALYTIC ROUTE USING TIO2/...Michael George
Disinfection of water containing E. coli is a major concern. The objective of this research is to disinfect the water containing E. coli by photocatalytic route using TiO2 and Carbon doped TiO2 and comparison of the two. The photocatalytic disinfection was tested under UV light and visible light irradiation. The experiments were carried out using different culture concentrations and different catalyst concentrations. It was examined that 99.94% disinfection occurs at 0.2 grams C-doped TiO2 concentration per 200 ml of solution.
Performance of a two Chambers Reactor for the Treatment of an Oily Effluent b...IJAEMSJORNAL
This work had as objective the development and analysis of a continuum flow reactor and measure its efficiency in the treatment of residual water of the biodiesel purification process using electro flocculation. The reactor was designed with two interconnected chambers with an 0.2 cm opening between then and reaction volume was 0.883 L and an electrolytic area of 351 cm². The electrodes were all aluminum, which were arranged in parallel and with 0.5 cm spacing, whose power was supplied by a DC source. As design variables, the influence of electrical potential (U) and residence time (τ) on: current density, final pH, removal of oils and greases, COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand), turbidity and total solids, in addition to quantification of the sludge mass obtained and the energy cost of the reactor. The best performance was for a potential of 6.0 volts and a τ of 29.43 min, with 90% removal of oils and greases, 53% COD and 4.38 g of sludge, culminating in an energy consumption ranging from 0.708 kWhm-3 to 4.73 kWhm-3. In addition, by visual analysis of the formation of bubbles and the removal of turbidity (94%), it was concluded that the division of the reactor in two chambers reduced the secondary contamination of the treated effluent.
Academic Journal Writing and Types of Journals.pdfssuser793b4e
Academic journal writing serves as the lifeblood of scholarly communication, fostering the
dissemination of knowledge and innovation within various academic disciplines. This
seminar paper provides a comprehensive exploration of the significance of academic journal
writing and an in-depth analysis of the diverse types of scholarly journals available. The
paper delves into the fundamental structure and components of academic journal articles,
emphasizing their pivotal role in presenting original research, conducting literature reviews,
and fostering academic discourse. Additionally, it outlines the distinct characteristics of
various types of journals, including research journals, review journals, scholarly versus trade
journals, open access journals, and interdisciplinary journals. Furthermore, the seminar
paper offers crucial insights into the selection criteria for appropriate journals, highlighting
considerations such as scope, audience, impact factor, and adherence to submission
guidelines. Understanding these factors aids researchers, scholars, and academics in
effectively navigating the complex landscape of academic publishing, ensuring the
successful dissemination of their work within their respective fields. This seminar paper
serves as a valuable guide for individuals involved in academic research, offering a
comprehensive understanding of academic journal writing and equipping them with the
knowledge necessary to navigate the scholarly publishing landscape effectively. This
abstract encapsulates the key points and objectives covered in the seminar paper on
academic journal writing and types of journals, providing a concise overview of its contents
and significance within the academic community
The Differences between Single Diode Model and Double Diode Models of a Solar...ssuser793b4e
This research paper systematically reviewed and investigated single
diode model and double diode model of a solar photovoltaic systems in terms
of accuracy, differences under major unknown PV parameters, different
optimization and fabrication. This research paper reviewed the differences and
the similarities between the single diode model and double diode model. From
the review, it was clear that single diode model has less computation time and
number of unknown parameters compared to double diode model. The double
diode model on its own superiority is more accurate under solar shading
condition effect than single diode model but single diode model performs
better under high insolation levels. None of the two models is superior than
the other but the solar photovoltaic modelers/installers should bear the solar
irradiance of the environment before installation
More Related Content
Similar to Improving-the-efficiency-and-stability-of-in-air-fabricated-pe_2022_Organic-.pdf
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Rh/CeO2 Thin Catalytic Layer Deposition on Alumina Foams: Catalytic Performan...CarmenMoncada10
The application of ceramic foams as structured catalyst supports is clearly expanding due to faster mass/heat transfer and higher contact efficiency than honeycomb monoliths and, mainly, packed beds. In this paper, alumina open-cell foams (OCFs) with different pore density (20, 30 and 40 ppi) were coated with Rh/CeO2 catalyst via a two steps synthesis method involving: (i) the solution combustion synthesis (SCS) to in-situ deposit the CeO2 carrier and (ii) the wet impregnation (WI) of the Rh active phase. The catalytic coatings were characterized in terms of morphology and adhesion properties by SEM/EDX analysis and ultrasounds test. Permeability and form coefficient were derived from pressure drop data. Catalytic performance was evaluated towards biogas Steam Reforming (SR) and Oxy-Steam Reforming (OSR) processes at atmospheric pressure by varying temperature (800–900 °C) and space velocity (35,000–140,000 NmL·g−1·h−1). Characteristics time analysis and dimensionless numbers were calculated to identify the controlling regime. Stability tests were performed for both SR and OSR over 200 h of time-on-stream (TOS) through consecutive start-up and shut-down cycles. As a result, homogenous, thin and high-resistance catalytic layers were in situ deposited on foam struts. All structured catalysts showed high activity, following the order 20 ppi < 30 ppi ≈ 40 ppi. External interphase (gas-solid) and external diffusion can be improved by reducing the pore diameter of the OCF structures. Anderson criterion revealed the absence of internal heat transfer resistances, as well as Damköhler and Weisz-Prater numbers excluded any internal mass transfer controlling regime, mainly due to thin coating thickness provided by the SCS method. Good stability was observed over 200 h of TOS for both SR and OSR processes.
NANOTECHNOLOGY IN HIGH YIELD STRESS SMART FLUIDS- A REVIEW.ijiert bestjournal
Electrorheological (ER) and Magnetorheological (MR) nano-fluids show dramatic and tunable changes in their rheological properties und er external magnetic or electric field strength respectively. These nano-fluids can be eff ectively incorporated in various engineering applications like shock absorber,dampe rs,clutches etc. The major problem to use these nano-fluids practically is their low y ield strength and problem of sedimentation. In this paper various smart nano-flu ids (ER & MR) have been studied. Special attention is given on development of stable,re-dispersible,durable,high yield stress smart nano-fluids with low sedimentation rat e. In this paper these nano-fluids are reviewed along with their rheological characteristi cs under external fields.
Optimization of ZLD in Distillery Industry by Reverse Osmosis Process for Pre...ijceronline
In this study, the effects of Operating Pressure, Potential Hydrogen, Oxidation Reduction Potential and Anti Scaling Agent on multi responses like Permeate, COD, Total Solids, Conductivity and Hardness in the Reverse Osmosis Process were experimentally investigated on RO 8100 ST8 PT44 400Wl machine. The settings of RO parameters were determined by using Taguchi’s experimental design method. Orthogonal arrays of Taguchi, the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) are employed to find the optimal levels and to analyze the effect of the RO parameters. Results show that potential of hydrogen, operating pressure, oxidation reduction potential and anti scaling agent are the four Parameters that influence the Permit more effectively and COD, Total Solids, Conductivity and Hardness respectively. Finally, the ranges for best RO conditions are proposed for ZLD process.
DISINFECTION OF WATER CONTAINING E. COLI BY PHOTOCATALYTIC ROUTE USING TIO2/...Michael George
Disinfection of water containing E. coli is a major concern. The objective of this research is to disinfect the water containing E. coli by photocatalytic route using TiO2 and Carbon doped TiO2 and comparison of the two. The photocatalytic disinfection was tested under UV light and visible light irradiation. The experiments were carried out using different culture concentrations and different catalyst concentrations. It was examined that 99.94% disinfection occurs at 0.2 grams C-doped TiO2 concentration per 200 ml of solution.
Performance of a two Chambers Reactor for the Treatment of an Oily Effluent b...IJAEMSJORNAL
This work had as objective the development and analysis of a continuum flow reactor and measure its efficiency in the treatment of residual water of the biodiesel purification process using electro flocculation. The reactor was designed with two interconnected chambers with an 0.2 cm opening between then and reaction volume was 0.883 L and an electrolytic area of 351 cm². The electrodes were all aluminum, which were arranged in parallel and with 0.5 cm spacing, whose power was supplied by a DC source. As design variables, the influence of electrical potential (U) and residence time (τ) on: current density, final pH, removal of oils and greases, COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand), turbidity and total solids, in addition to quantification of the sludge mass obtained and the energy cost of the reactor. The best performance was for a potential of 6.0 volts and a τ of 29.43 min, with 90% removal of oils and greases, 53% COD and 4.38 g of sludge, culminating in an energy consumption ranging from 0.708 kWhm-3 to 4.73 kWhm-3. In addition, by visual analysis of the formation of bubbles and the removal of turbidity (94%), it was concluded that the division of the reactor in two chambers reduced the secondary contamination of the treated effluent.
Academic Journal Writing and Types of Journals.pdfssuser793b4e
Academic journal writing serves as the lifeblood of scholarly communication, fostering the
dissemination of knowledge and innovation within various academic disciplines. This
seminar paper provides a comprehensive exploration of the significance of academic journal
writing and an in-depth analysis of the diverse types of scholarly journals available. The
paper delves into the fundamental structure and components of academic journal articles,
emphasizing their pivotal role in presenting original research, conducting literature reviews,
and fostering academic discourse. Additionally, it outlines the distinct characteristics of
various types of journals, including research journals, review journals, scholarly versus trade
journals, open access journals, and interdisciplinary journals. Furthermore, the seminar
paper offers crucial insights into the selection criteria for appropriate journals, highlighting
considerations such as scope, audience, impact factor, and adherence to submission
guidelines. Understanding these factors aids researchers, scholars, and academics in
effectively navigating the complex landscape of academic publishing, ensuring the
successful dissemination of their work within their respective fields. This seminar paper
serves as a valuable guide for individuals involved in academic research, offering a
comprehensive understanding of academic journal writing and equipping them with the
knowledge necessary to navigate the scholarly publishing landscape effectively. This
abstract encapsulates the key points and objectives covered in the seminar paper on
academic journal writing and types of journals, providing a concise overview of its contents
and significance within the academic community
The Differences between Single Diode Model and Double Diode Models of a Solar...ssuser793b4e
This research paper systematically reviewed and investigated single
diode model and double diode model of a solar photovoltaic systems in terms
of accuracy, differences under major unknown PV parameters, different
optimization and fabrication. This research paper reviewed the differences and
the similarities between the single diode model and double diode model. From
the review, it was clear that single diode model has less computation time and
number of unknown parameters compared to double diode model. The double
diode model on its own superiority is more accurate under solar shading
condition effect than single diode model but single diode model performs
better under high insolation levels. None of the two models is superior than
the other but the solar photovoltaic modelers/installers should bear the solar
irradiance of the environment before installation
Redefining Academic Performance Metrics Evaluating the Excellence of Research...ssuser793b4e
The Redefining Academic Performance Metrics: Evaluating the Excellence of Researchers, Academics, and Scholars
explores the evolving landscape of academia, focusing on the shift from traditional metrics like publication and
citation counts to a more inclusive, open, and equitable approach. The study acknowledges the limitations of
traditional metrics and celebrates pioneers in shaping the future of scholarly endeavors, highlighting the importance
of inclusivity, openness, and equitable evaluations in assessing academic excellence.
Qualities and Characteristics of a Good Scientific Research.pdfssuser793b4e
Many young researchers find it difficult to write a good and quality research thesis/article
because they are not prone to article writing ethics and training. Yet, a thesis/publication is
often vital and paramount for career advancement, grants, academic qualifications and
others. This research work described the basics and systematic steps to follow in writing a
good scientific thesis/article. This research also outlined the main sections that an average
thesis/article should contain, the elements that should appear in each section, the systematic
approaches in writing research, the characteristics of a good thesis/article, the attributes of
a good research thesis/article, qualities of a good researcher and finally the ethics guiding
research
Maximizing Journal Article Impact Strategies for Enhanced Visibility in Today...ssuser793b4e
In the dynamic realm of academia, researchers face the dual challenge of generating
groundbreaking insights and ensuring widespread visibility for their contributions. This
article explores the evolving strategies employed by researchers to enhance the visibility of
their journal articles in the changing landscape of academic technology. Online publishing
platforms have transformed scholarly communication, democratizing knowledge through
open-access journals, preprint servers, and institutional repositories. Beyond traditional
metrics, we delve into innovative methods, collaboration, and technology-driven solutions
that amplify the reach and impact of scholarly articles. Visibility extends beyond
dissemination, encapsulating the art of captivating diverse audiences and transcending
disciplinary boundaries. This research article illuminates the path towards heightened
visibility, empowering researchers to contribute to the collective tapestry of knowledge
through means such as Academia.edu, ISSUU, Scribd, ResearchGate, social media, Search
Engine Optimization (SEO), and ORCID. Enhanced visibility offers multifaceted advantages,
including increased citations, higher impact factors, knowledge dissemination, international
collaboration, career advancement, public engagement, and job opportunities within the
scholarly community. Researchers are equipped with the insights needed to thrive in the
evolving landscape of journal article visibility in the digital cosmos.
Impact of Urban Planning on Household Poverty Reduction in Uganda A Review.pdfssuser793b4e
The study analyzed the impact of urban planning on reducing household poverty in
Uganda. It found that both negative and positive factors significantly influence household
poverty. The study also identified five key factors that contribute to household poverty:
social services, research and development, employment, and investment. The findings
suggest that urban planners should align their policies with government policies when
allocating resources to reduce poverty caused by unplanned urbanization. The study
recommends that urban planners work to improve the quality of life for households in
Uganda
Government Interventions and Household Poverty in Uganda A Comprehensive Revi...ssuser793b4e
This comprehensive review explores the multifaceted impact of government interventions
on household poverty in Uganda, a nation grappling with socio-economic challenges.
Through an in-depth analysis of diverse policies and programs implemented by the
Ugandan government, this study examines their efficacy in alleviating poverty and
enhancing the overall well-being of households. Drawing upon a wide array of scholarly
articles, policy documents, and empirical studies, the research assesses the effectiveness
of interventions such as social welfare programs, economic programs, pro-poor programs
and educational reforms. The review delves into the intricate interplay between these
government interventions and household poverty dynamics, considering factors like
income disparity, access to education, healthcare services, and employment opportunities.
By synthesizing existing literature, this study elucidates the successes and shortcomings of
various strategies, shedding light on the key determinants of their effectiveness.
Additionally, it analyzes the role of governance, accountability mechanisms, and resource
allocation in shaping the outcomes of poverty-alleviation initiatives. Hence, this review
critically examines the challenges faced by marginalized households in accessing and
benefiting from government interventions, highlighting areas that require targeted policy
reforms and targeted interventions. By identifying gaps in existing research and policy
frameworks, this study provides valuable insights for policymakers, researchers, and
development practitioners, aiming to inform evidence-based decision-making processes.
Ultimately, this review contributes to the ongoing discourse on poverty reduction
strategies in Uganda and offers recommendations for enhancing the impact of government
interventions on vulnerable households, thereby fostering sustainable socio-economic
development in the region.
The Effect of Financial Management on the Learning Ability of Students in.pdfssuser793b4e
This review explores the crucial nexus between financial
management and the learning environment within government-aided primary
schools in Ibanda Municipality, Uganda. Education in developing nations
heavily depends on the efficient allocation and utilization of funds, directly
impacting the quality of education and overall learning experience for
students. Drawing upon a comprehensive analysis of selected schools in
Ibanda Municipality, this review investigates the diverse financial
management strategies employed and their subsequent influence on essential
educational components, including infrastructure, teaching resources, and
student welfare. This review research revealed that there is a direct correlation
between effective financial management and the overall enhancement of the
learning environment. Schools with robust financial planning mechanisms
demonstrate improved infrastructure, better teacher-student ratios, and
enhanced availability of educational resources whereas those schools facing
financial constraints struggle to survive financially which affects the quality
of education. Moreover, this review sheds light on the challenges faced by
schools in resource allocation and highlights potential solutions to enhance
financial sustainability. It emphasizes the need for strategic financial
planning, transparent budgeting, and community involvement to ensure the
effective utilization of limited resources.
Quantification of Earth Material for Sustainable Road Works in Southeast Nige...ssuser793b4e
This paper examines the use of earth materials in sustainable road
construction in South East, Nigeria. The study aims to determine factors
associated with the use of earth materials, identify limiting factors, and
examine strategies to improve their use. The study population comprised 60
engineers and craftsmen using local materials. The results show limitations in
the use of earth materials in sustainable road works. The study recommends
contracting firms to develop better storage facilities for earth materials to
prevent damage and wastage. It also suggests incorporating earth materials
into construction education curriculums to sensitize students to their potential
benefits. The government should adopt a policy of adapting earth materials
that require minimal capital and foreign exchange and utilizing available raw
materials and skills in small-scale operations. The study's findings highlight
the importance of sustainable road construction in Nigeria's socio-economic
growth.
Navigating Challenges and Maximizing Benefits in the Integration of Informati...ssuser793b4e
The integration of Information and Communication Technology
(ICT) in the educational systems of both public and private primary schools in
Africa has become a crucial factor in enhancing teaching and learning. This
paper explores the role of ICT tools in education, including computers,
interactive whiteboards, learning management systems, educational apps,
online collaboration tools, television, and online assessment tools. It discusses
their applications and the advantages they offer, such as fostering creativity,
improving academic performance, increasing motivation and responsibility,
and promoting teamwork. However, it also acknowledges the challenges
associated with ICT integration, including distractions, excessive usage,
exposure to false information, data theft, reduced human contact, and
cyberbullying. Moreover, the paper highlights key challenges in African
education, such as the lack of computer literacy among instructors, low
teledensity, unstable power supply, inadequate financing, and the absence of a
comprehensive ICT curriculum. It concludes by emphasizing the need for a
holistic approach to ICT integration, addressing infrastructure, teacher
training, curriculum development, and organizational support to realize the
full potential of ICT in education especially at the Primary school level.
Mobile Disinfectant Spraying Robot and its Implementation Components for Viru...ssuser793b4e
The virus pandemic COVID-19 outbreak brought a huge pressure
to the public healthcare system worldwide, especially in developing African
countries like Uganda. The Educational system and institutions were put on a
standstill due to no quick countermeasures to make the environment clean and
safe for normal activities to continue. This paper successfully and
comprehensively reviewed the Bluetooth and smart disinfectant spraying
robot that successfully controlled the spread of the deadly virus. It also
detailed different components that made up the complete spraying robot
systems and from this it was observed that spraying robot systems are made
up of almost the same components for implementations but differs on
program that is embedded on the microcontroller due to different functions.
This programing differs based on the functions that the designer/programmer
wants the robot to do despite using almost the same components. This
research review paper will act as guide for future researchers when designing
and implementing a mobile spraying robot.
Assessing Energy Policies, Legislation and Socio-Economic Impacts in the Ques...ssuser793b4e
The energy sector in Africa, particularly in countries like Uganda,
plays a pivotal role in shaping economic development, social progress, and
environmental sustainability. This study delves into the nuanced interplay
between energy policies, legislation, and their real-world consequences in
Uganda. By employing a case study approach, this research investigates the
multifaceted impact of Uganda's energy policies and legislation on various
stakeholders, including government institutions, businesses, and local
communities. This study provides an overview of Uganda's energy landscape,
highlighting the challenges faced by the nation in ensuring a stable and
sustainable energy supply. It then meticulously examines the evolution of
energy policies and legislation over the past few decades, analysing their
formulation, implementation, and effectiveness. Through qualitative and
quantitative analyses, this research assesses the socio-economic consequences
of these policies and legislations. It explores how regulatory decisions have
influenced energy accessibility, affordability, and reliability for urban and
rural populations. Additionally, the environmental impact of energy policies
is scrutinized, focusing on their contributions to climate change mitigation,
natural resource conservation, and the promotion of sustainable practices. The
study also evaluates the social repercussions, including the empowerment of
local communities, employment generation, and overall improvements in the
quality of life resulting from energy policy interventions. This research
critically examines the challenges faced during policy implementation, such
as bureaucratic hurdles, financial constraints, and political influences, which
often hinder the desired outcomes. It identifies key lessons from Uganda's
experiences, offering valuable insights for other African nations grappling
with similar energy challenges.
A Review of Cross-Platform Document File Reader Using Speech Synthesis.pdfssuser793b4e
Document files are files used to store documents on storage
devices primarily for computer use. Software is used to view these files,
displaying their text content in a legible way. However, it is essential to have
programs for transforming electronic files into versions usable by those who
suffer from specific disabilities. This paper reviewed fifteen published articles
in the field of document file reading. It was observed from the review that
various attempts have been made by different researchers in order to develop
a software cable for converting document files that consist of text to an audio
format. Text may now be easily translated into natural-sounding voice across
many platforms using different software. It was observed from the systematic
review that the use of AI such as the GPT-3.5 and GPT-4 Turbo Large
Language Model (LLM) technologies has the best performance because it
does not end at producing a vocal sound that is similar to human own, but it
also translates different languages. In conclusion, cross-platform document
file reader (text-to-speech) synthesis has improved user experiences in a
variety of applications such as language learning, audiobooks and virtual
assistants.
A Critical Assessment of Data Loggers for Farm Monitoring Addressing Limitati...ssuser793b4e
This comprehensive review examines thirty-nine data loggers and
their associated literature, systematically critiquing their design and
implementation. The integration of data loggers in farm monitoring proves
cost-effective, enabling the simultaneous monitoring of multiple parameters
without human intervention. The accrued data, when logged over time,
contributes to more accurate weather predictions, empowering farmers to
strategically plan for upcoming seasons. However, the review reveals a
prevalent issue among existing data loggers: many cannot read and record
various weather parameters concurrently, coupled with insufficient storage
capacity. This limitation hinders their suitability for prolonged, unattended
data storage. Additionally, a significant number of the reviewed data loggers
lack long-range wireless data transmission capabilities, restricting effective
weather monitoring from a distance. The findings underscore the need for
researchers to focus on developing advanced long-range data logger systems
with enhanced memory storage capacities to address these identified
shortcomings.
A Comparative Analysis of Renewable Energy Policies and its Impact on Economi...ssuser793b4e
Renewable energy has been identified as a critical component of
global efforts to address climate change, enhance energy security, and foster
sustainable economic growth. As a result, many countries have implemented
renewable energy policies to promote the development and deployment of
renewable energy technologies. However, the impact of these policies on
economic growth remains a subject of debate. This article provides a
comparative analysis of renewable energy policies and their impact on
economic growth. The study employs a systematic review of the literature and
utilizes qualitative and quantitative methods to compare renewable energy
policies and their economic impacts across different countries. The findings
suggest that the impact of renewable energy policies on economic growth
varies across countries and is influenced by factors such as policy design,
institutional context, and economic structure. This research article finally,
examined the challenges associated with implementing renewable energy
policies, analyzed the implications of the findings for policymakers and
further gave some potential solutions that will help the policymakers and
future researchers
The study investigated principals’ administrative strategies as correlates of teachers’ job
performance in public secondary schools in Obollo-Afor Education Zone of Enugu State. Four
research questions and four null hypotheses guided the study. The study adopted a
correlational survey design. The population of the study was 1,854 principals and teachers in
48 secondary schools in the Zone. A sample of 605 teachers was drawn using proportionate
stratified random sampling technique. Questionnaire was used as the instrument for data
collection and was subjected to face-validation by three experts. The internal consistency of
the instrument was obtained using Cronbach Alpha, which yielded an index of 0.72. Data
collected were analyzed using regression analysis while regression ANOVA was used in testing
the formulated hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. The result of the study revealed that,
open communication, carrying teachers’ along and providing for teachers’ welfare among
others are principals’ administrative strategies for enhancing teachers’ job performance in
secondary schools. The result also, revealed a high positive significant relationship existing
between principals’ administrative strategies in decision making, delegation of duties, open
communication and management of staff welfare and teachers’ job performance in secondary
schools. The study recommended among others that principals in public secondary schools
should adopt positive administrative strategies as identified in this study to promote
teachers’ job performance.
A Systematic Review of Renewable Energy Trend.pdfssuser793b4e
This paper systematically and successfully reviewed the renewable energy trend from 2010 to 2023. This review
detailed the difference renewable energy and conclusion was drawn that solar photovoltaic (PV) energy has the
leading trend in power generation growth and innovation. This research work explained in detail the most recent
solar photovoltaic optimization techniques and it was observed from the review that hybridization of intelligent and
non-intelligent maximum power point tracking technique has the best tracking power conversion efficiency. The
advantages and disadvantage of solar PV together with the solar optimization and innovational growth trends were
examined. This research showed that clean and renewable energy sources will continue to grow and the solar energy
industry is expected to experience significant growth and rapid innovation in the next 10 years. From the observed
rapid growth and innovation trend in solar energy, the world will have a very cheap, abundant and clean energy
before 2050.
Automated Hybrid Smart Door Control System.pdfssuser793b4e
This research paper successfully designed, developed and implemented an automated hybrid smart door control system which has the ability to secure a home up to 92% electronically. This smart door system is designed and implemented by building a hardware made up of the Bluetooth module and fingerprint scanner which are interfaced with the Microcontroller system that uses +5V power supply. The written programs were interfaced into the microcontroller chips by plugging the Arduino USB cable into the laptop and upload the codes. The microcontroller chips helped in enrolling the users fingerprint into the fingerprint scanner and it automatically administers and saves the users fingerprint after enrollment. Furthermore, after all the processes the user places the enrolled or registered finger into the fingerprint scanner which either accepts or denies the user by triggering the solenoid lock to either unlock, lock or deny access. This process of unlocking and locking requires using Bluetooth and fingerprint to either lock or unlock the door smartly without stress and it can be done within one second that is why the Solenoid lock is used in building this security system. This automated hybrid smart door control system developed has curbed the problem of door breaking theft for about 92%, strengthened security and as well made it so easy for the physically challenged people to have access to their homes without third party assistance.
Design and Implementation of a Smart Surveillance Security System.pdfssuser793b4e
Home security is essential for occupant’s conveniences and protection. This research project designed and implemented a comparatively inexpensive smart surveillance security system that automatically captures an intruder’s image through a raspberry pi camera module and PIR sensor and sends mail to the user via Wi-Fi using the users registered email address. This system operates by triggering the Pi Camera through Raspberry Pi whenever an intruder comes in range using PIR sensor. The Pi camera will capture the image, save it and send the image of the intruder via mail to the user through the help of the command codes embedded in the Raspberry pi microcontroller. This research project will enable home/supermarket and office owners to secure their facilities and monitor the activities of their employers at any location at cheaper cost which is the earnest desire of an Engineer. Proteus 2022 was used as the simulation tool.
Review of the Implications of Uploading Unverified Dataset in A Data Banking ...ssuser793b4e
This review paper comprehensively detailed the methodologies involved in data analysis and theevaluation steps. It showed that steps and phases are the two main methodological parameters to be considered during data assessment for data of high qualities to be obtained.It is reviewed from this research that poor data quality is always caused by incompleteness, inconsistency, integrity and time-related dimensions and the four major factors that causes error in a dataset are duplication, commutative entries, incorrect values and black entries which always leads to catastrophe. This paper also reviewed the types of datasets, adopted techniques to ensure good data quality, types of data measurement and its classifications.Furthermore, the Kaggle site was used as a case study to show the trend of data growth and its consequences to the world and the data bankers. It is then deduced that low data quality which is caused as a result of errors during primary data mining and entries leads to wrong results which bring about the wrong conclusions. It was advised that critical data quality measures should be adopted by the data bankers such as Kaggle before uploading the data into their site to avoid catastrophe and harm to humans.Finally, the outlined solutions as reviewed in this paper will serve as a guide to data bankers and miners to obtain data of high quality, fit for use and devoid of a defect.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
2. Organic Electronics 107 (2022) 106552
2
of the antisolvents [24]. Ideally, a suitable antisolvent should exhibit all
preferred properties for a given fabrication environment. In practice, it
is very difficult to find a single antisolvent that meets all criteria because
there are several properties to be considered as shown in Table 1.
Consequently, mixing two or more antisolvents to obtain the preferred
properties has been employed as a possible approach [23].
A convenient method to adjust the dipole moment of antisolvents is
by mixing two antisolvents of different dipole moments [23]. This
approach has been applied to the fabrication of PSCs to achieve
improved performances [33–36]. The first study on the effect of anti
solvent mixing on PSC performance was conducted by Wang et al. in
2017. They demonstrated that the PCE of 17.8% was obtained for de
vices treated with a mixture of chlorobenzene and isopropanol
compared to 16.1% for devices treated with chlorobenzene alone [33].
Yu et al. reported that the devices treated using the mixed chloroform
and n-hexane exhibited a PCE of 17.1% compared to 15.8% for the
devices treated with either chloroform or n-hexane [37]. In 2018, Chen
et al. reported improved performance for the devices treated with a
mixture of 2-butanol (Sec-butyl alcohol) and chlorobenzene or a mixture
of 2-butanol and dimethyl ether antisolvents [23]. Since 2018, several
other mixtures have been reported to show improved performance,
including toluene and chlorobenzene [34], dimethyl and dichloroben
zene [34], and petroleum ether and ethyl acetate [35]. Although these
studies contributed immensely to the development of antisolvent mixing
techniques for PSC fabrication, they were performed in a glovebox of
exceptionally low humidity (0.1 ppm–1.0 ppm or 0.00001%–0.0001%).
Very recently, Jung et al. reported a strategy of combining mixed cations
and mixed antisolvent treatment to fabricate PSCs in ambient air of
relative humidity >40% and obtained improved stability and PCE of
20.55% using dibutyl ether and diethyl ether antisolvents [38]. Our
work here focused on the effect of the mixed antisolvents for fabrication
in ambient air at higher humidity range (50–55%). The objective of this
paper is to investigate the influence of mixing methyl acetate with
chloroform on the efficiency and stability of PSCs fabricated in the air at
high humidity. The methyl acetate was chosen as the base antisolvent
for this study because it has high vapour pressure and high-water sol
ubility, which are suitable for high humidity fabrication. The chloroform
was chosen to optimise the dipole moment of the resultant antisolvent
mixture because of its relatively low dipole moment. The development
of simple and effective mixed antisolvent process is crucial to low-cost
and air-fabrication routes for preparing PSCs with enhanced efficiency
and stability. This study aims to identify the most suitable mixture of
methyl acetate and chloroform antisolvents for PSC fabrication in high
humidity air.
2. Materials and methods
2.1. Materials
Fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO, TEC-15, 15mm × 20 mm) glasses
were purchased from Pingdingshan Mingshuo Technology Co. Ltd. The
2,2′
,7,7′
-Tetrakis (N, N -di-p-methoxyphenylamino)-9,9′
-
Table 1
The relevant physical properties of commonly used antisolvents [31,32].
Antisolvent Vapour
pressure
(mmHg) at
23 ◦
C
Water
solubility (%)
at 23 ◦
C
Boiling
point (◦
C)
Dipole
moment
(D)
Chlorobenzene 9 0.05 131.00 1.55
Chloroform 160 0.50 61.15 1.04
Methyl acetate 173 25.00 56.90 1.71
Ethyl acetate 73 10.00 77.22 1.78
Diethyl ether 440 8.00 34.44 1.28
Propyl acetate 25 2.00 101.67 1.86
Butyl acetate 10 1.00 125.56 1.87
Toluene 21 0.07 110.00 0.38
Trifluorotoluene 39 0.10 103.46 2.86
2-Butanol 12 16.00 99.44 1.62
Diisopropyl
ether
119 0.20 69.00 1.30
Fig. 1. (a) Dimensions of FTO glasses used in this work, (b) The structure of the perovskite solar cell, (c) The photograph of the perovskite film on FTO/SnO2
substrate, and (d) The photograph of the silver electrodes on the fabricated device.
M.C. Eze et al.
3. Organic Electronics 107 (2022) 106552
3
spirobifluorene (Spiro-OMETAD, 99.8%) was bought from Borun New
Materials. Lead (II) iodide (PbI2, 99.999%), lithium bis(tri
fluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (Li-TFSI, 98%), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO,
99.8%) and methyl acetate (MA, 99%) were bought from Alfa Aesar. Tris
(2-(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-a4-tert-butylpyridine) cobalt (III) tris(bis(tri
fluoromethylsulfonyl)imide) (FK209, 98%), Methylammonium iodide
(MAI, 99%), tin (II) chloride dihydrate (SnCl2.2H2O, 99.995%) and 4-
tert-Butylpyridine (TBP, 96%) were procured from Sigma Aldrich.
Chlorobenzene (CB, 99.6%) and dimethylformamide (DMF, 99.8%)
were obtained from Across Organics while acetonitrile (99.8%), chlo
roform, isopropanol, ethanol, and acetone were sourced from fisher
scientific. Silver (Ag) target (99.99%, 2-inch diameter × 0.125-inch
thick) was obtained from Kurt J. Lesker Company Ltd while a 0.45 μm
hydrophilic nylon filter was procured from Ossila LTD.
2.2. Precursor solution preparation
MAPbI3 solution was prepared by dissolving 722 mg of lead iodide
(PbI2) and 240 mg of methylammonium iodide (MAI) in 1 ml of a solvent
mixture containing 200 μl of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and 800 μl of
dimethylformamide (DMF). The solution was stirred at 300 rpm and
50 ◦
C for 11 min before being filtered using a 0.45 μm syringe filter. Tin
(IV) oxide precursor solution was prepared by dissolving 15 mg of tin (II)
chloride dihydrate (SnCl2.2H2O) in 1 ml of ethanol and the solution was
stirred at 300 RPM and 50 ◦
C for 4 h before being filtered using a 0.45
μm syringe filter. The hole transport layer (HTL) solution was prepared
by dissolving 90 mg of 2,2′
,7,7′
-Tetrakis(N, N -di-p -methox
yphenylamino)-9,9′
- spirobifluorene (Spiro-OMeTAD) in 1 ml of chlo
robenzene and then added with 38 μl of tris(2-(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-4-tert-
butylpyridine) cobalt(III) tri[bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide]
(FK209) solution (300 gm/ml in acetonitrile), 36 μl of 4-tert-
Fig. 2. Images of MAPbI3 films treated with methyl acetate only and treated using the mixture of methyl acetate with chloroform before and after annealing. The
films were deposited at 4000 rpm for 30 s and annealed at 110 ◦
C for 15 min under 50–55% RH.
M.C. Eze et al.
4. Organic Electronics 107 (2022) 106552
4
butylpyridine (BTP) and 22 μl of Lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)
imide (Li-TFSI) solution (520 mg/ml in acetonitrile). The solution was
stirred at 30 ◦
C and 300 rpm for 30 min.
2.3. Device fabrication
Hellmanex (III) solution was applied to thoroughly clean FTO glasses
(20 mm × 15 mm) before the substrates were rinsed three times with
deionized water. Then, the FTO glasses were successively cleaned in an
ultrasonic bath at 50 ◦
C for 10 min using deionized water, acetone, and
isopropanol. Afterwards, the FTO glasses were dried using nitrogen gas
and then, treated in the ultraviolet (UV)-ozone cleaner for 10 min. SnO2
layers (electron transport layers, ETL) were prepared by spin coating 90
μl of SnCl2.2H2O solution on FTO glasses at 4000 rpm for 30 s and the
films were annealed at 180 ◦
C for 60 min. The FTO glasses with the SnO2
layers were treated for 10 min in a UV-Ozone cleaner. MAPbI3 layers
(perovskite layers) were prepared by spin-coating 90 μl of perovskite
precursor on SnO2 layers at 4000 rpm for 30 s. The films were then
treated with 150 μl of antisolvents for 15 s, which contain methyl acetate
mixed with 0%, 15%, 30% and 45% of chloroform, respectively. Dark
MAPbI3 films were obtained after annealing the films for 15 min at
110 ◦
C. To ensure excellent film qualities, the MAPbI3 films were
deposited using the procedures reported in Ref 6. Subsequently, the
Spiro-OMETAD layers were prepared by spin-coating 90 μl of Spiro-
OMETAD solution on the MAPbI3 layers at 4000 rpm for 30 s. Up to
this point, all the films were prepared in the air at a relative humidity of
50–55%. Finally, the top electrode of 0.15 cm2
was deposited on HTL
using Ag by magnetron sputtering. The sputtering chamber was evacu
ated to 10 μTorr and refilled with argon gas before the Ag films depo
sition. The sputtering condition was set at 1.0 W, 15.0 standard cubic
centimetres per minute (sccm), 5.0 mTorr and substrate temperature of
20 ◦
C for 60 min.
2.4. Characterisation
The chemical composition of the films was characterised using an X-
ray Diffractometer (XRD, Siemens D5000). Ultraviolet–Visible Spectro
photometer (UV-VIS, Hitachi U-1900) was used to study the optical
properties of films. The perovskite film surface morphology was exam
ined using an Atomic Force Microscope (AFM, dimension 3100) and
Field emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FE-SEM, Carl Zeiss
1540XB system). A solar simulator (Oriel LCS-100, Class ABB) in
conjunction with an AUTOLAB (Metrohm, PGSTAT302 N) was used for
J-V measurement at standard test conditions (100 mW/cm2
, AM1.5G
and 25 ◦
C). The AUTOLAB equipped with a FRA32 M module was used
for impedance spectroscopy measurement (IS) at 1.0 V and 100 mW/
cm2
illumination. The chemical capacitance of the devices was extracted
from the IS data using Zsimdemo 3.2 software. A mask was placed above
the PSC to ensure that the photocurrent is generated from a well-defined
active area of the PSC.
3. Results and discussion
3.1. Properties of MAPbI3 films
Fig. 1(a) and (b) present the layout of the FTO glass and the structure
of fabricated devices (FTO/SnO2/MAPbI3/Spiro-OMETAD/Ag), respec
tively. Fig. 1(c) shows the fabricated perovskite film and Fig. 1(d) is a
photograph of the complete device.
Fig. 2(a) shows the image of MAPbI3 film before the application of
antisolvent and annealing. Fig. 2(b)–2(e) show the image of MAPbI3
films after the antisolvent treatment before annealing. The images show
that the colour of the unannealed films becomes less dark as the pro
portion of chloroform increases from 0% to 45%. This suggests that films
treated with only methyl acetate tend to form the perovskite phase (dark
Fig. 3. SEM images of MAPbI3 films treated with methyl acetate mixed with (a) 0% chloroform (b) 15% chloroform (c) 30% chloroform and (d) 45% chloroform. The
films were deposited at 4000 rpm for 30 s and annealed at 110 ◦
C for 15 min under 50–55% RH.
M.C. Eze et al.
5. Organic Electronics 107 (2022) 106552
5
brown) directly because more DMSO was removed from the MAPbI3/
DMSO. When methyl acetate is mixed with chloroform, the rate of
DMSO removal was reduced, leading to the formation of an intermediate
perovskite phase of MAPbI3/DMSO, which becomes more transparent
[39]. Fig. 2(f)–2(i) present the images of the MAPbI3 films after anti
solvent treatment and annealing. All the images appear dark, suggesting
that they have reasonably good qualities of light absorption [22].
Fig. 3(a)–3(d) show the surface morphology of the MAPbI3 films
examined using FE-SEM for different percentages of chloroform in a
mixed antisolvent of methyl acetate and chloroform. The SEM images
show that all the films have reasonable crystallinity, morphology, and
compactness. Furthermore, a detailed inspection shows that the film
treated using the mixed antisolvent with 15% chloroform is smoother
than that without chloroform. This can be attributed to a decrease in the
dipole moment by mixing methyl acetate with chloroform, leading to a
reduced rate of DMSO removal from perovskite precursor solution and
producing the optimum MAPbI3/DMSO adduct. As the chloroform
proportion rose from 15% to 30%, the grain size is further increased.
This is because the dipole moment of the mixed antisolvents was further
reduced, leaving slightly more DMSO in the MAPbI3/DMSO adduct. This
slowed slightly the speed of the nucleation process and resulted in larger
crystals, which are beneficial to improving the power conversion effi
ciency. However, the slow nucleation process in the MAPbI3/DMSO
adduct with excess DMSO may result in pinholes and defects between
larger grains, which open pathways for moisture penetration and
degradation in the stability. When the chloroform percentage was
increased from 30% to 45%, the grain size and surface smoothness were
degraded. This is because the dipole moment in the mixed antisolvents
was further reduced, leading to drift from the optimum MAPbI3/DMSO
adduct due to excess DMSO and consequently a degradation in the film
quality [23,24,40]. It can be estimated from SEM images that the
average grain size is approximately 170 nm, 200 nm, 230 nm and 190
nm for films treated with methyl acetate mixed with 0%, 15%, 30% and
45% chloroform, respectively. These results show clearly that the
perovskite films treated using a mixed antisolvent with the chloroform
percentage between 15% and 30% appear to produce the best quality in
terms of surface smoothness, grain size and compactness as shown in
Fig. 3(b) and (c).
The morphology of the fabricated MAPbI3 films was also examined
using AFM and the results are shown in Fig. 4(a)–4(d) for the films
treated using the methyl acetate mixed with 0%, 15%, 30% and 45% of
chloroform, respectively. The AFM images indicate that the films exhibit
good morphology of typical perovskite films for all films. However, the
films treated with methyl acetate mixed 15% and 30% of chloroform
appear to show better quality in terms of surface smoothness and grain
size compared to the films treated with methyl acetate only or methyl
acetate with mixed with 45% of chloroform. AFM image analysis using
WSxM software confirms this observation. As shown in Fig. 5(a), the
Root-Mean-Square (RMS) roughness is reduced significantly in the films
treated using the mixed antisolvent with 15% and 30% chloroform. The
RMS roughness for the films treated with methyl acetate mixed with 0%,
15%, 30% and 45% of chloroform are 25.60 ± 1.78 nm, 14.78 ± 1.67
nm, 13.53 ± 0.82 nm and 22.86 ± 2.11 nm, respectively. The
improvement in the film smoothness is likely related to a decrease in the
dipole moment of the mixed antisolvent as shown in Fig. 5(b), which
was calculated using the method reported [41–44]. The net dipole
moment for mixed antisolvent containing methyl acetate mixed with
0%, 15%, 30% and 45% of chloroform is estimated to be 1.706 D, 1.6061
D, 1.5062 D and 1.4063 D, respectively.
Fig. 5(c) and (d) show the XRD data of the FTO/MAPbI3 films taken
at 0 h and after 384 h of storage, respectively. The results obtained at 0 h
show that MAPbI3 peaks occurred at 2θ = 14.1◦
, 28.4◦
and 31.8◦
while
the FTO peaks appeared at 37.9◦
and 26.6◦
, regardless of the addition of
chloroform or not. These peaks agree with the peaks reported elsewhere
Fig. 4. AFM images of MAPbI3 films treated with methyl acetate mixed with (a) 0% chloroform (b) 15% chloroform (c) 30% chloroform and (d) 45% chloroform. The
films were deposited at 4000 rpm for 30 s and annealed at 110 ◦
C for 15 min under 50–55% RH.
M.C. Eze et al.
6. Organic Electronics 107 (2022) 106552
6
[45]. The peak at 14.02◦
(110) is the preferred crystal growth direction
for the MAPbI3 films while the peak at 37.9◦
is the preferred crystal
direction for the FTO layer. The XRD measurements show that the ratio
of the MAPbI3 peak intensity at 14.02◦
to the FTO peak intensity at 37.9◦
increases with an increase in the chloroform percentage. Since the peak
intensity of MAPbI3 films is strongly affected by the thickness of the
films, the observed increase in the peak intensity suggests that an in
crease in the chloroform percentage of the mixed antisolvent results in
an increase in the thickness of MAPbI3 films. It has been reported that
the film thickness increases as the amount of MAPbI3/DMSO washed off
by the antisolvent was reduced due to an increase in the chloroform
percentage [28–30].
In addition, the XRD spectra measured after 384 h (Fig. 5(d)) show
that the peak intensity at 14.02◦
(MAPbI3) relative to the peak intensity
at 37.9◦
(FTO peak) degraded by about 9% for the films treated with the
methyl acetate only, while the degradation is 0%, 0% and 15% for the
films treated using the mixed antisolvents with 15%, 30% and 45%
chloroform, respectively. This result indicates that the thickness of the
MAPbI3 films remains unchanged for the films treated using the mixed
antisolvents with 15% and 30% chloroform while the thickness of the
MAPbI3 films was reduced for the films treated by methyl acetate only or
by the mixed antisolvent with 45% chloroform. It can also be seen from
Fig. 5(d) that the PbI2 phase emerges for all devices after 384 h of
storage, which is an indication of the decomposition of MAPbI3 due to
moisture penetration and protonation [46]. Furthermore, a careful in
spection of the peak intensity of the PbI2 phase reveals that the devices
treated using the antisolvent with 15% chloroform produced the least
amount of PbI2 phase after 384 h, indicating better device stability.
The MAPbI3 films were characterised using the UV-VIS technique.
Fig. 6(a)–6(d) show the measured absorbance spectra and correspond
ing Tauc plots at 0 h and after 360 h of storage, respectively. The results
show that the absorbance of MAPbI3 films over the wavelength range of
400 nm–500 nm was increased for the films treated using the mixed
antisolvent compared to that treated with methyl acetate only. This
indicates that the light absorption by the MAPbI3 films was also
improved slightly in addition to the improvement in the surface
roughness. The UV-VIS measurements after 360 h show that the absor
bance of the films treated with the mixed antisolvent remains higher
than those treated with only methyl acetate. Comparing the absorbance
data obtained at 0 h and after 360 h, the average absorbance of the films
treated using only the methyl acetate degraded by about 5%, while it is
0%, 2% and 2% for the films treated with the mixed antisolvent of 15%,
30% and 45% of chloroform, respectively. The films treated with methyl
acetate mixed with 15% of chloroform suffered the least degradation as
the films have improved grain compactness as indicated by the SEM
image in Fig. 3(b). It is anticipated that the improvement in the grain
compactness of the MAPbI3 will be beneficial to improving the stability
and efficiency of the PSC.
The Tauc plots derived from the measured absorbance show that the
energy bandgap (Eg) is about 1.59 eV for all MAPbI3 films investigated,
indicating that mixing chloroform with methyl acetate has a negligible
effect on the Eg of the MAPbI3 films.
3.2. Photovoltaic performances
Fig. 7(a) presents the current density-voltage (J-V) curves of the best
devices treated using the mixed antisolvent of different chloroform
percentages. The key electrical parameters for these devices, together
with the average values of all devices in a batch are listed in Table 2. The
results show that the average Jsc, FF and PCE of the devices increase
slightly with increasing the chloroform percentage from 0% to 30%. An
increase in Jsc is due to the improved photon absorption (Fig. 6(a)). An
increase in the fill factor (FF) indicates an improved carrier extraction,
which is supported by EIS measurement. Fig. 7(b) shows the chemical
Fig. 5. The effect of chloroform in the mixed antisolvent on (a) RMS roughness of MAPbI3 films (b) Dipole moment of antisolvent (c) XRD spectra of MAPbI3 films at
0 h and (d) XRD spectra of MAPbI3 films after 384 h storage. The films were deposited at 4000 rpm for 30 s and annealed at 110 ◦
C for 15 min under 50–55% RH.
M.C. Eze et al.
7. Organic Electronics 107 (2022) 106552
7
capacitance as a function of the chloroform percentage of the mixed
antisolvent. It has been established that the chemical capacitance
derived from EIS measurement is proportional to the carrier density of
PSCs [6,47–49]. The results show that the chemical capacitance reaches
a peak at 30% of chloroform, indicating that the best charge extraction
was obtained using a mixed antisolvent with 30% of chloroform. When
the chloroform percentage is increased to 45%, a decrease in the
chemical capacitance implies a less effective charge carrier extraction.
Consequently, the Jsc, FF, and PCE are reduced. Although the devices
treated with 15% of chloroform exhibit similar surface smoothness to
those treated with 30% of chloroform, their PCE is slightly lower than
those treated with 30% of chloroform. This is probably because the
devices treated with 30% chloroform have slightly larger grains.
3.3. Device stability
The effect of the mixed antisolvent on the stability of the solar cells
was also investigated. The J-V characteristics of the devices were ob
tained after 0, 216, 360 and 552 h of storage in a desiccator. The Voc, Jsc,
FF and PCE of the devices were determined from the measured J-V
characteristics and the results are shown in Fig. 8(a)–8(d). It can be seen
from Fig. 8(a) that the Voc are remarkably similar and remains virtually
unchanged after 552 h for all devices treated with different percentages
of chloroform. On the other hand, the Jsc shows a general trend of
Fig. 6. The optical properties of the MAPbI3 films treated by the mixed antisolvents with different percentages of chloroform (CF). (a) the absorbance of MAPbI3
films after 0 h, (b) Tauc plots of MAPbI3 films after 0 h, (c) absorbance of MAPbI3 films after 360 h, and (d) Tauc plots of MAPbI3 films after 360 h. The films were
deposited at 4000 rpm for 30 s and annealed at 110 ◦
C for 15 min under 50–55% RH.
Fig. 7. (a) J-V curves of the devices and (b) Chemical capacitance of the devices as a function of chloroform percentage. The films were deposited at 4000 rpm for 30
s, annealed at 110 ◦
C for 15 min and the devices were fabricated under 50–55% RH.
M.C. Eze et al.
8. Organic Electronics 107 (2022) 106552
8
decrease with time for all devices. However, the degradation in the
devices treated with the mixed antisolvent is less significant than the
degradation in the device treated with the methyl acetate only. The Jsc of
the devices treated with only methyl acetate degraded by about 10%
after 552 h, while they are 3%, 6% and 4% for the devices treated with
the mixed antisolvent of 15%, 30% and 45% of chloroform, respectively.
Fig. 8 (c) shows that the fill factor (FF) exhibits the least degradation
of 3% for the device treated using the mixed antisolvent with 15%
chloroform compared to degradation of 13% for the devices treated with
methyl acetate alone. The devices treated using the mixed antisolvents
with 30% and 45% chloroform show degradation of 10% and 14%,
respectively. Fig. 8(d) shows that the devices treated with methyl ace
tate only have the worst stability in terms of the PCE, which degraded by
about 22%, compared to only 7% for the devices treated using the mixed
antisolvent with 15% chloroform after 552 h. The results also show that
the PCE of the devices treated using the mixed antisolvent with 30% and
45% of chloroform degraded by 15% and 17%, respectively. These re
sults show clearly that all the devices treated using the mixed antisolvent
of different percentages of chloroform show a reasonable degree of
stability improvement. Among them, the mixed antisolvent with 15%
chloroform exhibits the most significant improvement. The results
demonstrate a clear correlation between the stability and surface
smoothness and the degradation is associated with the decomposition of
MAPbI3 films, which can be mitigated by antisolvent treatment using
appropriate mixtures. It is interesting to note that the Jsc, FF and PCE of
some devices are increased slightly after a period of 150 h of storage
before starting to decrease with further increase in storage time. This is
likely due to an increase in the conductivity of HTL because of the
further oxidation of the Spiro-OMETAD films during storage period
[50]. This trend has also been reported in Refs. [13,51,52].
4. Conclusion
A new mixed antisolvent, consisting of methyl acetate and chloro
form, was developed for the fabrication of high-quality perovskite films
in high humidity (>50%) ambient. The methyl acetate was chosen
because of its high-water solubility that facilitates the extraction of DMF
in a high humidity environment. The chloroform was chosen because of
its relatively low dipole moment that enables adjustment of the dipole
Table 2
Electrical parameters of the perovskite solar cells treated by the mixed methyl
acetate-chloroform antisolvent of different chloroform percentages (the rows
denoted “Best” represent the data obtained from the best solar cells of the batch;
the rows denoted “Av” represent the average of all cells in a batch).
CF
Proportion
(%)
Voc
(V)
Jsc
(mA/
cm2
)
Rs
(Ω)
Rp (kΩ) FF (%) PCE
(%)
0 Best 1.10 23.49 57 13.9 66.08 17.13
Av. 1.09
±
0.02
21.99
± 1.02
64.72
± 1.37
15.48
± 0.92
15 Best 1.08 23.62 57 19.5 67.70 17.34
Av. 1.09
±
0.02
22.66
± 1.10
65.92
± 3.38
16.21
± 1.15
30 Best 1.10 23.26 42 20.0 72.76 18.55
Av. 1.09
±
0.02
22.70
± 0.93
69.59
± 2.05
17.16
± 0.94
45 Best 1.09 23.27 55 13.0 69.66 17.59
Av. 1.09
±
0.01
22.33
± 1.36
68.20
± 1.77
16.55
± 1.06
Fig. 8. (a) Open-circuit voltage (Voc), (b) short current density (Jsc), (c) fill factor (FF), and (d) power conversion efficiency (PCE) as a function of storage duration for
the devices treated with different percentages of chloroform in the mixed antisolvent.
M.C. Eze et al.
9. Organic Electronics 107 (2022) 106552
9
moment of the mixed antisolvent when it is mixed with methyl acetate.
The results show that the surface roughness of the perovskite films was
significantly improved using a mixed antisolvent of methyl acetate and
chloroform with an appropriate percentage. As a result, the efficiency
and stability of the perovskite solar cells can be improved for these
fabricated in high humidity ambient and treated using this new mixed
antisolvent. The devices treated with methyl acetate mixed with 30%
chloroform exhibit the best PCE of 18.55% compared to 17.13% for the
devices treated with methyl acetate only. In addition, slow degradation
of only 7% in the PCE after 552 h of storage was observed in the devices
treated with the methyl acetate mixed with 15% chloroform, compared
to 22% for the devices treated with methyl acetate only. Although the
best improvement for the efficiency and stability corresponds to
different percentages of chloroform addition, both the efficiency and
stability are increased compared to the films treated with only one
antisolvent. These results demonstrate the usefulness and benefits of this
new mixed antisolvent for the fabrication of high-quality perovskite
films in high humidity ambient. Compared to the methods of employing
an additional passivation layer, this mixed antisolvent process provides
a simple and low-cost manufacturing route towards the improvement of
both stability and efficiency.
Declaration of competing interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial
interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence
the work reported in this paper.
Acknowledgement
Martin Eze wishes to thank the Federal Government of Nigeria for
the financial support of his PhD study under the Petroleum Technology
Development Fund PTDF/ED/PHD/EMC/1091/17. A special thanks go
to Mr J Rowland for assistance in XRD and UV–Visible spectroscopy. Dr
Daniel Zabek is thanked for his assistance in SEM measurement. EPSRC
is acknowledged for partial support of facilities for the fabrication and
characterisation of solar cells under the projects EP/K029142/1, and
EPK022156/1.
References
[1] S. Wang, et al., Titanium-defected undoped anatase TiO2with p-type conductivity,
room-temperature ferromagnetism, and remarkable photocatalytic performance,
J. Am. Chem. Soc. 137 (2015) 2975–2983.
[2] N. Zhang, et al., Highly reproducible organometallic halide perovskite
microdevices based on top-down lithography, Adv. Mater. 29 (2017) 9–10.
[3] G.E. Eperon, et al., Formamidinium lead trihalide: a broadly tunable perovskite for
efficient planar heterojunction solar cells, Energy Environ. Sci. 7 (2014) 982.
[4] D. Li, F. Sun, C. Liang, Z. He, Effective approach for reducing the migration of ions
and improving the stability of organic-inorganic perovskite solar cells, J. Alloys
Compd. 741 (2018) 489–494.
[5] M. Alidaei, M. Izadifard, M.E. Ghazi, V. Ahmadi, Efficiency enhancement of
perovskite solar cells using structural and morphological improvement of
CH3NH3PbI3 absorber layers, Mater. Res. Express 5 (2018).
[6] Eze, et al., Optimum silver contact sputtering parameters for efficient perovskite
solar cell fabrication, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cell. 230 (2021), 111185.
[7] A. Kojima, K. Teshima, Y. Shirai, T. Miyasaka, Organometal halide perovskites as
visible-light sensitizers for photovoltaic cells, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131 (2009)
6050–6051.
[8] M. Jeong, et al., Stable perovskite solar cells with efficiency exceeding 24.8% and
0.3-V voltage loss, Science 369 (2020) 1615–1620.
[9] J.J. Yoo, et al., Efficient perovskite solar cells via improved carrier management,
Nature 590 (2021) 587–593.
[10] B. Conings, et al., Intrinsic thermal instability of methylammonium lead trihalide
perovskite, Adv. Energy Mater. 5 (2015) 1–8.
[11] Q. Tai, et al., Efficient and stable perovskite solar cells prepared in ambient air
irrespective of the humidity, Nat. Commun. 7 (2016) 1–8.
[12] Q. Wang, et al., Stabilizing the α-phase of CsPbI3Perovskite by sulfobetaine
zwitterions in one-step spin-coating films, Joule 1 (2017) 371–382.
[13] C. Yi, et al., Entropic stabilization of mixed A-cation ABX 3 metal halide
perovskites for high performance perovskite solar cells, Energy Environ. Sci. 9
(2016) 656–662.
[14] X. Qin, et al., Recent progress in stability of perovskite solar cells, J. Semiconduct.
38 (2017) 1–8.
[15] C.C. Stoumpos, C.D. Malliakas, M.G. Kanatzidis, Semiconducting tin and lead
iodide perovskites with organic cations: phase transitions, high mobilities, and
near-infrared photoluminescent properties, Inorg. Chem. 52 (2013) 9019–9038.
[16] F. Gao, et al., Enhanced performance of tin halide perovskite solar cell by addition
of lead thiocyanate, RSC Adv. 8 (2018) 14025–14030.
[17] J. Xiang, K. Wang, B. Xiang, X. Cui, Sn 2+ —stabilization in MASnI 3 perovskites
by superhalide incorporation, J. Chem. Phys. 148 (2018), 124111.
[18] C. Ran, et al., Bilateral interface engineering toward efficient 2D-3D bulk
heterojunction tin halide lead-free perovskite solar cells, ACS Energy Lett. 3 (2018)
713–721.
[19] Q. Fu, et al., Recent progress on the long-term stability of perovskite solar cells,
Adv. Sci. 5 (2018).
[20] Y. Wang, et al., Largely enhanced V OC and stability in perovskite solar cells with
modified energy match by coupled 2D interlayers, J. Mater. Chem. 6 (2018)
4860–4867.
[21] F. Yang, et al., Dependence of acetate-based antisolvents for high humidity
fabrication of CH3NH3PbI3Perovskite devices in ambient atmosphere, ACS Appl.
Mater. Interfaces 10 (2018) 16482–16489.
[22] J. Troughton, K. Hooper, T.M. Watson, Humidity resistant fabrication of
CH3NH3PbI3perovskite solar cells and modules, Nano Energy 39 (2017) 60–68.
[23] J. Chen, J. Ren, Z. Li, H. Wang, Y. Hao, Mixed antisolvents assisted treatment of
perovskite for photovoltaic device efficiency enhancement, Org. Electron.: physics,
materials, applications 56 (2018) 59–67.
[24] Y. Tu, et al., Controlled growth of CH3NH3PbI3films towards efficient perovskite
solar cells by varied-stoichiometric intermediate adduct, Appl. Surf. Sci. 403
(2017) 572–577.
[25] Y. Rahaq, M. Moussa, A. Mohammad, H. Wang, A. Hassan, Highly reproducible
perovskite solar cells via controlling the morphologies of the perovskite thin films
by the solution-processed two-step method, J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron. 29
(2018) 16426–16436.
[26] Y. Chen, W. Wu, R. Ma, C. Wang, Perovskites fabricated with volatile anti-solvents
for more efficient solar cells, J. Mol. Struct. 1175 (2018) 632–637.
[27] Z. Huang, D. Wang, S. Wang, T. Zhang, Highly efficient and stable
MAPbI3perovskite solar cell induced by regulated nucleation and ostwald
recrystallization, Materials 11 (2018) 20–30.
[28] M. Xiao, et al., Selection of an anti-solvent for efficient and stable cesium-
containing triple cation planar perovskite solar cells, Nanoscale 10 (2018)
12141–12148.
[29] A.D. Taylor, et al., A general approach to high-efficiency perovskite solar cells by
any antisolvent, Nat. Commun. 12 (2021) 1–11.
[30] L. Wang, et al., The mechanism of universal green antisolvents for intermediate
phase controlled high-efficiency formamidinium-based perovskite solar cells,
Mater. Horiz. 7 (2020) 934–942.
[31] NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication 2005-149,
(2007).
[32] Solvent Miscibility Table. Available at: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/chemistry/
solvents/solvent-miscibility-table.html. (Accessed: 29th November 2020).
[33] Y. Wang, et al., Stitching triple cation perovskite by a mixed anti-solvent process
for high performance perovskite solar cells, Nano Energy 39 (2017) 616–625.
[34] K.M. Lee, et al., Effect of anti-solvent mixture on the performance of perovskite
solar cells and suppression hysteresis behavior, Org. Electron. 65 (2019) 266–274.
[35] J. Yi, et al., Regulated perovskite crystallinity via green mixed antisolvent for
efficient perovskite solar cells, Org. Electron. 69 (2019) 69–76.
[36] Y. Wang, et al., Stitching triple cation perovskite by a mixed anti-solvent process
for high performance perovskite solar cells, Nano Energy 39 (2017) 616–625.
[37] Y. Yu, et al., Ultrasmooth perovskite film via mixed anti-solvent strategy with
improved efficiency, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 9 (2017) 3667–3676.
[38] K. Jung, et al., Ambient-air fabrication of stable mixed cation perovskite planar
solar cells with efficiencies exceeding 22% using a synergistic mixed antisolvent
with complementary properties, Nano Energy 89 (2021), 106387.
[39] N. Ahn, et al., Highly reproducible perovskite solar cells with average efficiency of
18.3% and best efficiency of 19.7% fabricated via lewis base adduct of lead(II)
iodide, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 137 (2015) 8696–8699.
[40] H. Liu, et al., π-Conjugated small molecules enable efficient perovskite growth and
charge-extraction for high-performance photovoltaic devices, J. Power Sources 448
(2020), 227420.
[41] H.A. Rizk, I.M. Elanwar, Dipole moments of glycerol, isopropyl alcohol, and
isobutyl alcohol, Can. J. Chem. 46 (1968) 507–513.
[42] A.V. Gubskaya, P.G. Kusalik, The total molecular dipole moment for liquid water,
J. Chem. Phys. 117 (2002) 5290–5302.
[43] T. Vasiltsova, A. Heintz, New statistical mechanical model for calculating
Kirkwood factors in self-associating liquid systems and its application to alkanol+
cyclohexane mixtures, J. Chem. Phys. 127 (2007).
[44] J.C.R. Reis, T.P. Iglesias, Kirkwood correlation factors in liquid mixtures from an
extended Onsager-Kirkwood-Fröhlich equation, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 13
(2011) 10670–10680.
[45] Q. Sun, et al., Efficiency enhancement of perovskite solar cells via electrospun CuO
nanowires as buffer layers, ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces acsami (2018),
7b19335, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b19335.
[46] C.C. Boyd, R. Cheacharoen, T. Leijtens, M.D. McGehee, Understanding degradation
mechanisms and improving stability of perovskite photovoltaics, Chem. Rev. 119
(2019) 3418–3451.
M.C. Eze et al.
10. Organic Electronics 107 (2022) 106552
10
[47] I. Mora-Seró, G. Garcia-Belmonte, P.P. Boix, M.A. Vázquez, J. Bisquert, Impedance
spectroscopy characterisation of highly efficient silicon solar cells under different
light illumination intensities, Energy Environ. Sci. 2 (2009) 678–686.
[48] J. Bisquert, Chemical capacitance of nanostructured semiconductors: its origin and
significance for nanocomposite solar cells, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 5 (2003)
5360–5364.
[49] J. Bisquert, L. Bertoluzzi, I. Mora-Sero, G. Garcia-Belmonte, Theory of impedance
and capacitance spectroscopy of solar cells with dielectric relaxation, drift-
diffusion transport, and recombination, J. Phys. Chem. C 118 (2014)
18983–18991.
[50] Y. Wang, H. Qu, C. Zhang, Q. Chen, Rapid oxidation of the hole transport layer in
perovskite solar cells by A low-temperature plasma, Sci. Rep. 9 (2019) 1–9.
[51] Z. Li, et al., Stabilizing perovskite structures by tuning tolerance factor: formation
of formamidinium and cesium lead iodide solid-state alloys, Chem. Mater. 28
(2016) 284–292.
[52] G.W. Kim, G. Kang, M. Malekshahi Byranvand, G.Y. Lee, T. Park, Gradated mixed
hole transport layer in a perovskite solar cell: improving moisture stability and
efficiency, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 9 (2017) 27720–27726.
M.C. Eze et al.