Improving QoE via Next-Generation Congestion Control
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Compira co-founder Michael Schapira's presentation about next generation congestion control for improved Quality of Experience, at the Streaming Video Alliance Meeting. He talks about why TCP is suboptimal, and various newer forms of congestion control such as Google's BBR and PCC.
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Source: [Maoetal., SIGCOMM2017]
Bad Qualityof Experience (QoE)
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Budapest icc 2013_presentation
Jose Saldana, Luigi Iannone, Diego R. Lopez, Julian Fernandez-Navajas, Jose Ruiz-Mas, "Enhancing Throughput Efficiency via Multiplexing and Header Compression over LISP Tunnels" . In Proc. Second IEEE Workshop on Telecommunication Standards: From Research to Standards, Collocated with IEEE ICC 2013, Budapest, Hungary. ISBN 9781467357524
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Networking research — A reflection in the middle years
Henning Schulzrinne Professor at Columbia University, ex-CTO of the FCC
Networking is no longer a new area of computer science and engineering – it has matured as a discipline and the major infrastructure it supports, the Internet, is long past being primarily a research artifact.
I believe that we should consider ourselves as the civil engineers of the Internet, primarily helping to understand and improve a vast and critical infrastructure. This implies that implementing changes takes decades, not conference cycles, and that implementation is largely driven by compatibility with existing infrastructure and considerations of cost effectiveness, where resources that research focuses on, such as bandwidth and compute cycles, often play a much smaller role than limited organizational capacity for change.
Telecommunications carriers, in particular, have become akin to airlines, largely operating equipment designed by others, with emphasis on marketing, not innovation. Even more than in other engineering disciplines, standards matter, whether set by standards bodies or dominant players.
Given the multi-year time frames of standards and the limited willingness of national funding bodies to support standardization work, this makes research impact harder, as does the increasing complexity of cellular networks and barriers to entry that shut out most researchers from contributing to large parts of commercial mobile networks.
liaison-2019-09-30-itu-t-tsag-ietf-iab-ls-on-new-ip-shaping-future-network-at...
Huawei proposes the New IP to shape the future network and address its challenges and requirements. The New IP enhances traditional IP with user-definable priorities, ultra-high throughput to connect heterogeneous networks, intrinsic security, and deterministic forwarding. It also supports flexible addressing, space-terrestrial networks, and service-oriented routing to interconnect diverse devices and applications. Huawei suggests ITU-T focus research efforts on the New IP to guide global network evolution in the coming decades.
AN ADVANCED QOS ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION METHOD FOR MOBILE INTERNET ACCESS
The paper proposes a new method for the analysis and evaluation of the Quality of Service (QoS) in a
mobile Internet access scenario. In particular, the paper proposes a throughput evaluation method based
on PathChirp algorithm. The end-to-end bandwidth was estimated by means of the Self Loading of Periodic
Streams (SloPS) technique. The obtained measurements were then analyzed by estimating the degree of
correlation with other parameters that characterize the data transmission such as power, round trip time,
etc. Finally, in order to have greater spatial resolution performance guaranteed by an Internet service
provider, a 3D reconstruction method based on using drones is proposed and some preliminary results are
discussed.
AN ADVANCED QOS ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION METHOD FOR MOBILE INTERNET ACCESS
The paper proposes a new method for the analysis and evaluation of the Quality of Service (QoS) in a
mobile Internet access scenario. In particular, the paper proposes a throughput evaluation method based
on PathChirp algorithm. The end-to-end bandwidth was estimated by means of the Self Loading of Periodic
Streams (SloPS) technique. The obtained measurements were then analyzed by estimating the degree of
correlation with other parameters that characterize the data transmission such as power, round trip time,
etc. Finally, in order to have greater spatial resolution performance guaranteed by an Internet service
provider, a 3D reconstruction method based on using drones is proposed and some preliminary results are
discussed.
QoS of VOIP Over Broadband Network
This document evaluates the quality of service (QoS) of Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) over different broadband networks using the G.729A codec. Simulations were conducted using OPNET Modeler to compare QoS parameters such as mean opinion score, end-to-end delay, jitter, and throughput for VoIP over wired, wireless LAN, UMTS, and WiMAX networks. The results found that wired and WiMAX networks provided the best VoIP quality with high mean opinion scores and low delay and jitter. UMTS had the worst performance with high delay and packet loss affecting voice quality.
IRJET- DOE to Minimize the Energy Consumption of RPL Routing Protocol in IoT ...
This document discusses minimizing the energy consumption of the RPL routing protocol in IoT networks to support green wireless communication. It first uses the Taguchi method to determine that network size is the most influential factor on energy consumption. It then simulates RPL under different network sizes (10-50 nodes) and mobility scenarios. The results show that energy consumption decreases by 22.11% and throughput increases by 2.82% for smaller networks compared to larger networks. Therefore, optimizing network size can help reduce energy usage and carbon footprint to achieve more sustainable green wireless communication.
Urban Dynamics Monitoring: Innovative Density and Centrality Indicators of Ec...
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This document presents a new method for monitoring urban dynamics called Network Kernel Density Estimation (NetKDE). NetKDE creates density indicators for economic activities and transportation networks that respect the constraints of urban networks. It was tested in Barcelona, Spain using data on over 166,000 economic activities and the city's road network. The results showed that NetKDE distributions differed from traditional KDE by capturing how densities are influenced by the underlying street network. Current projects aim to apply NetKDE over time and to additional cities to support urban monitoring and planning.IRJET- GMPLS based Multilayer Service Network Architecture
1) GMPLS is an advanced protocol that automates provisioning of connections in multilayer networks including optical networks to improve efficiency.
2) GMPLS extends MPLS to support not just packet switching but also time-division multiplexing, fiber switching, and wavelength switching in optical networks.
3) The paper discusses applications of GMPLS technology for traffic engineering and provisioning connections to balance loads in multilayer networks including WDM optical networks.
Comparative Analysis of Green Algorithm within Active Queue Management for Mo...
The Queue Management Techniques play an important role in improving the Quality of Service in Mobile Ad hoc Networks. The need of congestion control and Queue management is inevitable in Mobile Ad hoc Network. Understanding and analyzing the latest AQM Techniques give an insight to improving throughput, packet loss rate, average end to end delay and other parameters that severely affect the performance. The performance of mobile ad hoc networks is evaluated by varying the Channel Error Rate, Bandwidth and Delay at different fragment sizes of different traffic flows. The proposed method performs the network analysis of new Routing protocols. The work proposes to evaluate various Active Queue Management Techniques in a multi traffic environment i.e., sources generating both TCP and UDP traffic classes. The UDP is propagated via CBR and TCP is propagated via FTP. The implementation of the proposed queue management technique has been done in NS 2. In the proposed work we have make NS 2 compatible with GREEN by integrating source code into the ns 2 installation files and using various AQMs in comparison with GREEN to calculate the throughput at various Bandwidths across network. Using various AQMs in comparison with GREEN we have calculated the throughput at various Delays across the network and we have also calculated the throughput at various channels Error Rate across the network. The proposed method has been compared with other primitive AQM techniques so that a repository of best available results can be obtained for design and research purposes. The proposed method has outperformed the existing queue management techniques in number of scenarios. Zulai Khan | Rashmi Raj ""Comparative Analysis of Green Algorithm within Active Queue Management for Mobile Ad Hoc Network"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23950.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/23950/comparative-analysis-of-green-algorithm-within-active-queue-management-for-mobile-ad-hoc-network/zulai-khan
Dagiuklas collaborate 2019
The document discusses challenges and opportunities in 5G and beyond networks. It covers expectations of 5G including being open, mobile, programmable, agile, sustainable, scalable, secure and reliable. Virtualization technologies including network functions virtualization, software defined networking, and network slicing are described. Edge and fog computing are discussed as are use cases like augmented reality, smart cities and more. Automation approaches including monitoring, fault detection and security are outlined. The role of edge computing in applications like IoT analytics, video analytics and distributed artificial intelligence is also covered.
Trends and evolution of optical networks and technologies
The document discusses trends and research in optical networks and technologies. Key points include:
- Optical networks are becoming more important due to increasing bandwidth demands from services like the internet. Research aims to increase network capacity and intelligence while lowering costs.
- 40Gbit/s transmission systems are being developed to provide multi-terabit capacities over long distances. All-optical networking components like optical cross-connects and regenerators are also a focus.
- Optical networks are evolving from simple transmission to include wavelength routing, network protection at the optical layer, and potentially full IP-over-optics implementation.
- Components research focuses on higher performance devices for functions like switching, modulation, and amplification,
Geostationary Satellite Essay
The document discusses optimizing different bands used in geostationary satellite internet, including the Ka band, Ku band, and L band. It explains that these bands can be optimized by utilizing bandwidth more efficiently, increasing the power of signals, and improving data transmission quality. It also discusses the current speeds of geostationary satellite internet provided on airlines and how portability has increased for users through technological advances.
Broadband forum mmbi lte_wp
The document is a marketing report from the Broadband Forum that discusses:
1) The growing demand for mobile data and the need for service providers to adopt new technologies like LTE and Ethernet backhaul to handle this traffic growth in a more cost efficient way.
2) How MPLS can be used in mobile backhaul networks to provide Ethernet services with quality of service while allowing a gradual migration from older technologies to a pure IP packet-based network.
3) The Broadband Forum's MPLS in Mobile Backhaul Initiative which aims to define reference architectures and specifications for MPLS in mobile backhaul to help with interoperability between vendor products and reduce risks for service providers.
Abundant Bandwidth and how it affects us
Abundant Bandwidth
Optical core bandwidth is growing in an order of magnitude every 2 years, 4 orders of magnitude in 9 years
1992 – 100Mbs (100FX, OC-3)
2001 – 1.6Tbs (160 DWDM of OC-192)
OC-768 (40Gbs) on single is commercial (80Gbs in lab)
2-3 orders of magnitude bandwidth growth in many dimensions
Core – Optical bandwidth - (155mb/s 1Tb/s)
Core Metro – DWDM optical aggregation – (2.4Gb/s N*10Gb/s)
Metro – Access for businesses (T1 OC3, 100FX, 1-Gb/s)
Access – Cable, DSL, 3G – (28kb/s10mb/s, 1.5mb/s, 384kb/s)
LAN – (10mbp/s 10Gbp/s)
ANALYSIS OF LINK STATE RESOURCE RESERVATION PROTOCOL FOR CONGESTION MANAGEMEN...
With the wide spread of WiFi hotspots, concentrated traffic workload on Smart Web (SW) can slow down the network performance. This paper presents a congestion management strategy considering real time activities in today’s smart web. With the SW context, cooperative packet recovery using resource reservation procedure for TCP flows was adapted for mitigating packet losses. This is to maintain data consistency between various access points of smart web hotspot. Using a real world scenario, it was confirmed that generic TCP cannot handle traffic congestion in a SW hotspot network. With TCP in scalable workload environments, continuous packet drops at the event of congestion remains obvious. This is unacceptable for mission critical domains. An enhanced Link State Resource Reservation Protocol (LSRSVP) which serves as dynamic feedback mechanism in smart web hotspots is presented. The contextual behaviour was contrasted with the generic TCP model. For the LS-RSVP, a simulation experiment for TCP connection between servers at the remote core layer and the access layer was carried out while using selected benchmark metrics. From the results, under realistic workloads, a steady-state throughput response was achieved by TCP LS-RSVP to about 3650Bits/secs compared with generic TCP plots in a previous study. Considering network service availability, this was found to be dependent on fault-tolerance of the hotspot network. From study, a high peak threshold of 0.009 (i.e. 90%) was observed. This shows fairly acceptable service availability behaviour compared with the existing TCP schemes. For packet drop effects, an analysis on the network behaviour with respect to the LS-RSVP yielded a drop response of about 0.000106 bits/sec which is much lower compared with the case with generic TCP with over 0.38 bits/sec. The latency profile of average FTP download response was found to be 0.030secs, but with that of FTP upload response, this yielded about 0.028 sec. The results from the study demonstrate efficiency and optimality for realistic loads in Smart web contexts.
Analysis of Link State Resource Reservation Protocol for Congestion Managemen...
With the wide spread of WiFi hotspots, concentrated traffic workload on Smart Web (SW) can slow down
the network performance. This paper presents a congestion management strategy considering real time
activities in today’s smart web. With the SW context, cooperative packet recovery using resource
reservation procedure for TCP flows was adapted for mitigating packet losses. This is to maintain data
consistency between various access points of smart web hotspot. Using a real world scenario, it was
confirmed that generic TCP cannot handle traffic congestion in a SW hotspot network. With TCP in
scalable workload environments, continuous packet drops at the event of congestion remains obvious. This
is unacceptable for mission critical domains. An enhanced Link State Resource Reservation Protocol (LSRSVP)
which serves as dynamic feedback mechanism in smart web hotspots is presented. The contextual
behaviour was contrasted with the generic TCP model. For the LS-RSVP, a simulation experiment for TCP
connection between servers at the remote core layer and the access layer was carried out while using
selected benchmark metrics. From the results, under realistic workloads, a steady-state throughput
response was achieved by TCP LS-RSVP to about 3650Bits/secs compared with generic TCP plots in a
previous study. Considering network service availability, this was found to be dependent on fault-tolerance
of the hotspot network. From study, a high peak threshold of 0.009 (i.e. 90%) was observed. This shows
fairly acceptable service availability behaviour compared with the existing TCP schemes. For packet drop
effects, an analysis on the network behaviour with respect to the LS-RSVP yielded a drop response of about
0.000106 bits/sec which is much lower compared with the case with generic TCP with over 0.38 bits/sec.
The latency profile of average FTP download response was found to be 0.030secs, but with that of FTP
upload response, this yielded about 0.028 sec. The results from the study demonstrate efficiency and
optimality for realistic loads in Smart web contexts.
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Improving QoE via Next-Generation Congestion Control
- 1. Lisbon, November 2019N&T WG Improving QoE via Next-Generation Congestion Control Michael Schapira Co-Founder and Chief Scientist, Compira Labs Professor of CS, Hebrew University
- 2. 2 Source: [Maoetal., SIGCOMM2017] Bad Qualityof Experience (QoE) in Video Streaming
- 3. Why? The last mile network! The provider’s network/CDN/cloud CDN edge nodes, Video caches The “Last Mile” (ISP, cellular, WiFi, …) Excessive delays, Insufficient bandwidth, High jitter, Loss... Video Clients N&T WG Lisbon, November 2019
- 4. Does a faster Internet connection at the client help? Not really Source: Wall Street Journal, August 2019 N&T WG Lisbon, November 2019
- 5. queue routerlink link So, where’s the problem? Internet congestion control (CC) N&T WG Lisbon, November 2019
- 6. TCP's "sawtooth" behavior ACKs Being received, so increase rate Loss, so decrease rate TIME SendingRate N&T WG Lisbon, November 2019 TCP Est. 1988 Notoriously bad performance in many real-world environments (e.g., mobile/cellular, shallow buffers, dynamic networks, …)
- 7. What’s the problem with TCP CC? Suboptimal algorithmic framework TCP Cubic dates back to 1998. To be revisited. ‘One size fits all’ approach Not customized to network conditions Not customized to application needs N&T WG Lisbon, November 2019
- 8. Non-congestion loss Shallow buffer Self-induced congestion Congestion from other heavy flows Why is TCP CC suboptimal? N&T WG Lisbon, November 2019
- 9. Strong Assumptions » Poor Performance Underlying cause Best response N&T WG Lisbon, November 2019 Packet loss Decrease rate a lot Maintain rate Decrease rate slightly Increase rate Self-induced congestion Congestion from other heavy flows Shallow buffer Non-congestion loss
- 10. 2 Recent Approaches to Next Generation CC Vs. White BoxBlack Box Performance-oriented Congestion Control (PCC) Bottleneck-Bandwidth-and- RTT (BBR) N&T WG Lisbon, November 2019
- 11. Deployability Both PCC and BBR: Require sender-side changes only No changes to the application (video streamer) needed No changes to the receiver (video client) needed Implemented as an open source Linux kernel module and in QUIC. N&T WG Lisbon, November 2019
- 12. BBR from Google N&T WG Lisbon, November 2019 N. Cardwell, Y. Cheng, C.S. Gunn, S.H. Yeganeh, and V. Jacobson. BBR: Congestion- Based Congestion Control, Communications of the ACM, 60(2), February 2017.
- 13. Model the network pipe as a single link Seek the optimal operating point N&T WG Lisbon, November 2019 BBR from Google
- 14. Track (your fair share of) bottleneck link’s bandwidth. sending rate network queues N&T WG Lisbon, November 2019 BBR from Google
- 15. BBR vs. TCP (Cubic) Better throughput Lower packet delays Higher resilience to loss Source: Google N&TWG Lisbon, November2019
- 16. But, does BBR’s model capture the last mile? Highly dynamic. Traffic flows enter and leave Short-lived flows. Traffic bursts. Different transport-layer protocols co-exist Routing changes User mobility (handover between base-stations) … N&T WG Lisbon, November 2019
- 17. Performance-oriented Congestion Control (PCC) From Hebrew U and UIUC [Dong et. al, NSDI 15+18] N&T WG Lisbon, November 2019
- 18. PCC’s utility framework Sending rate r Throughput Loss rate Latency Utility f(tpt, loss, etc.) Internet SACKs N&T WG Lisbon, November 2019
- 19. PCC rate control r1 r u1 u2r2 Online rate adaptation algorithm move to Internet N&T WG Lisbon, November 2019 Rates chosen to optimize empirically-observed performance Leverages machinery from online learning theory
- 20. PCC tracks the optimal sending rate almost perfectly! Improved Responsiveness Source: [Dong et al., NSDI 2018] Experiment config: BW (10-100Mbps), RTT (10-100ms) and Loss Rate (0-1%) change every 5 seconds N&T WG Lisbon, November 2019 PCC A PCC B
- 21. N&T WG Lisbon, November 2019 Demo
- 22. Also, PCC’s utility framework supports customization … to different network conditions … to different applications’ needs N&T WG Lisbon, November 2019
- 23. A vision for next-generation video streaming The provider’s network/CDN/cloud CDN edge nodes, Video caches Video Clients central application stat collection configuration online sending-rate optimization • Global visibility into QoE • ML-driven big data analytics • Longer-term optimization and customization N&T WG Lisbon, November 2019
- 24. Conclusion and Next Steps Next-generation congestion control is crucial for improving QoE in video streaming Irrespective of the transport-layer protocol (TCP, QUIC, etc.) Recent advances suggest promising directions Next steps: Incorporating application-layer QoE statistics into the transport layer POC for NG congestion control at the SVA? N&T WG Lisbon, November 2019
Editor's Notes
- When we stream a video from the internet, we all have this annoying experience -- the video suddenly gets stuck and starts rebuffering .. Studies actually show that users start leaving if the video doesn’t play in 2 seconds. And given that fact that video streaming has been dominating today's internet traffic, this kind of bad experience will lead to tremendous loss of users. Therefore industry and academia have devoted lots efforts to improve video streaming experience.