The document discusses the impact of urban-rural disparity on women's access to higher education in India. It notes that while India has made progress in improving education access, wide disparities remain between urban and rural areas. Rural areas generally lack adequate infrastructure and facilities for education. As a result, rural women face greater barriers in accessing primary, secondary and higher education opportunities compared to their urban counterparts. Tables from official sources show significant gaps in education access, participation and outcomes between rural and urban women in India.

1. SEMINAR ON WIDENING PARTICIPATION IN HIGHER EDUCATION IN INDIA AND THE UK SPONSORED BY UKIERI 26 th –28 th February KOLKATA, INDIA THEME : THE EDUCATION SYSTEM:OVERCOMING BARRIERS TO ACCESS; PROVIDING FOR WIDER PARTICIPATION TITLE OF THE PAPER : IMPACT OF URBAN –RURAL DISPARITY ON WOMEN’S ACCESS TO HIGHER EDUCATION IN INDIA MS PONNI IYER

2. IMPACT OF URBAN –RURAL DISPARITY ON WOMEN’S ACCESS TO HIGHER EDUCATION IN INDIA THE TWO FACES OF INDIA INDIA IS THE WORLD’S SECOND MOST POPULOUS COUNTRY AND THE SEVENTH LARGEST COUNTRY BY AREA. SINCE THE 1980S THE COUNTRY’S LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT HAS IMPROVED SIGNIFICANTLY, BUT THERE ARE STILL WIDE DISPARITIES IN ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE, EDUCATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE.

7. http://www.flickr.com/search/?q=village+School+India IMPACT OF URBAN –RURAL DISPARITY ON WOMEN’S ACCESS TO HIGHER EDUCATION IN INDIA A VILLAGE SCHOOL

8. IMPACT OF URBAN –RURAL DISPARITY ON WOMEN’S ACCESS TO HIGHER EDUCATION IN INDIA A VILLAGE SCHOOL http://www.flickr.com/photos/praries880/19832069/

9. IMPACT OF URBAN –RURAL DISPARITY ON WOMEN’S ACCESS TO HIGHER EDUCATION IN INDIA TABLE 4. GIRLS’ SURVIVAL RATE IN EDUCATION: PRIMARY GRADES: RURAL/URBAN (2004) Reference Source: Table D15; Elementary Education In India Analytical Report 2004 (NIEPA ) 82 89 87 91 100 URBAN 60 66 74 83 100 RURAL V IV III II I AREA

10. A typical single teacher rural school in Kuppam, AP IMPACT OF URBAN –RURAL DISPARITY ON WOMEN’S ACCESS TO HIGHER EDUCATION IN INDIA EDUCATION IN INDIA ; RURAL SCENARIO ; LACK OF BASIC INFRASTRUCTURE http://www.agastya.org/summary.htm School Children Sitting on Floor Channakeshava High school, Karki http://www.kamat.com/picturehouse/campus_life/13126.htm

11. IMPACT OF URBAN –RURAL DISPARITY ON WOMEN’S ACCESS TO HIGHER EDUCATION IN INDIA TABLE 5. TRANSITION RATES FROM PRIMARY (IV/V) TO UPPER PRIMARY (V/VI): (2003) 74.15% 71.98% 76.01% ALL AREAS 93.06% 92.18% 93.88% URBAN 70.68% 68.02% 72.92% RURAL TOTAL GIRLS BOYS AREA

14. http://www.kamat.com/picturehouse/campus_life/13116.htm IMPACT OF URBAN –RURAL DISPARITY ON WOMEN’S ACCESS TO HIGHER EDUCATION IN INDIA A CLASSROOM IN RURAL INDIA Pupils at Janata Vidyalaya Village of Kasarkod, near Honavar, Karnataka, 2005

15. IMPACT OF URBAN –RURAL DISPARITY ON WOMEN’S ACCESS TO HIGHER EDUCATION IN INDIA THE VILLAGE SCHOOLTEACHER VIEW FROM STAFF ROOM http://www.flickr.com/photos/middlecampscott/116773668/in/photostream /

16. IMPACT OF URBAN –RURAL DISPARITY ON WOMEN’S ACCESS TO HIGHER EDUCATION IN INDIA TABLE 6. EXAMINATION RESULTS IN TERMINAL GRADE: 2003 89.71 88.95 89.14 GIRLS 88.88 88.44 88.53 BOYS GRADE VII/VIII 94.69 94.53 94.56 GIRLS 94.18 94.54 94.47 BOYS GRADE IV/V PASS % URBAN AREAS PASS % RURAL AREAS PASS % ALL AREAS GENDER TERMINAL GRADE

18. www. SciDev.Net Home > Features Home > Features Article IMPACT OF URBAN –RURAL DISPARITY ON WOMEN’S ACCESS TO HIGHER EDUCATION IN INDIA VILLAGE INDIA: UNTOUCHED BY THE SCIENCE BOOM

19. IMPACT OF URBAN –RURAL DISPARITY ON WOMEN’S ACCESS TO HIGHER EDUCATION IN INDIA TABLE 7: SHOWING AVAILABILITY OF SCHOOLS IN RURAL INDIA 19.10 961899 807656 NO. OF HABITATIONS WITH UPPER PRIMARY STAGE WITHIN 3 KM 5 54.37 227146 147140 NO. OF HABITATIONS WITH UPPER PRIMARY STAGE WITHIN THEM 4 21.13 1070863 884089 NO. OF HABITATIONS WITH PRIMARY STAGE WITHIN 1 KM . 3 23.68 653076 528051 NO. OF HABITATIONS WITH PRIMARY STAGE WITHIN THEM 2 16.10 1231391 1060612 TOTAL NO. OF HABITATIONS 1 Growth % 2002 1993 RURAL HABITATIONS Sr no.

20. IMPACT OF URBAN –RURAL DISPARITY ON WOMEN’S ACCESS TO HIGHER EDUCATION IN INDIA TABLE 8: SOCIO- CULTURAL IMPLICATIONS OF GENDER IN INDIA AND ITS INFLUENCE ON STATUS OF WOMEN positive nil Expected Old age support Asset Liability Overall value positive nil Returns of expenses on food clothing medicines positive nil Returns on investment in education positive negative DOWRY VALUE OF BOYS VALUE OF GIRLS INDIAN SCENARIO—Attitudes beliefs and customs