the imps signs of pregnancy. early,late

1. SIGNS OF PREGNANCY
RAVI GUPTA
ROLL NO.-70
MBBS BATCH 2017-18

2. CONTENTS
1. 1INTRODUCTION
2. PRESUMTIVE SIGNS OF PREGNANCY
3. PROBABLE SIGNS OF PREGNANCY
4. POSITIVE/CONCLUSIVE SIGNS OF PREGNANCY
5. DIAGNOSIS OF PREGNANCY IN DEAD
6. REFERENCES

3. INTRODUCTION
Pregnancy is the condition of having a developing embryo or
foetus in the female, when an ovum is fertilized by a
spermatozoon. it is most likely to occur between the ages of 14
and 45 years, but has been reported much earlier and later.

4. PRESUMPTIVE SIGNS/SYMPTOMS
Amenorrhea: Cessation of menstruation .This is the earliest and one of the most important symptoms of
pregnancy.
Changes in breasts: more characteristic in primigravidas, while lesser value in multipara.
Tenseness and tingling in the breasts(6–8th week).
Nipples become deeply pigmented and more erectile, and the areola becomes dark brown.
Morning sickness: Nausea & vomiting in the morning and pass off in a few hours. Appears in end of 1st month and
disappears by end of 3rd month.
Quickening: 1st appearance of foetal movement ,starts in 18th week (16th week in multipara).
Urinary disturbance during 8-12th week of pregnancy, enlarging uterus exerts pressure on the bladder and
produce frequent micturition.

5. PROBABLE SIGNS OF PREGNANCY
• Enlagement of abdomen- during
pregnancy,abdomen gradually enlarges in
size after 12th week as shown in figure
• Goodell’s sign-softening of cervix because of
increased vascularity,can first be appreciated
at 6-8th weeks.
•Braxton Hick’s sign: appreciation of painless
contractions of uterus from 16th week onwards
by palpation of the abdomen.
• Hegar’s sign- positive between 6-10th week.

6. •Ballottement – positive
during 4-5th month. two
methods-
1.external ballottement
2.internal ballottement
Immunological test- it is
based upon increased levels of
hCG in urine. the morning
midstream urine of the women
suspected to be pregnant is
use for this test.

7. POSITIVE/CONCLUSIVE SIGNS OF PREGNANCY
• Fetal movements and parts- identified distinctly by 20th-22nd week on abdominal palpation.
• Fetal heart sounds- definite sign of pregnancy. heard between 18_20th week.
• Ultrasonography- gestational sac and yolk sac can be identified by 4-5th menstrual week, fetal
pole and embryonic movement by 7th week.
• Radiographic imaging- the earliest fetal skeletal shadow of vertebral dots is visible at about 16th
week of pregnancy.
signs of fetal death-
spalding’s sign(loss of alignment and overriding of skull bone)
robert’s sign( presence of gas in the heart and great vessels)

8. DIAGNOSIS OF PREGNANCY IN DEAD
• External physical change should be noted
• Internal examination- presence of embryo,
fetus, placental tissue- positive proof of
pregnancy.
• Enlarged and thickened uterus.
• Corpus luteum in ovary-corroborative evidence.

9. REFERENCES
• GAUTAM BISWAS - REVIEW OF FORENSIC MEDICINE AND
TOXICOLOGY INCLUDING CLINICAL AND PATHOLOGICAL ASPECTS-
JAYPEE BROTHERS MEDICAL PUBLISHER (2019)
• K. S. NARAYAN REDDY, O. P. MURTY - THE ESSENTIALS OF
FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY-JAYPEE BROTHERS (2015)

10. THANK
YOU