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Investigate the company’s earnings in its latest quarter. Explain
how currency fluctuations across the globe have affected
earnings. Search each of the latest financial reports to find such
information. Make sure you research the information from the
perspective of currency fluctuations on revenue, earnings, and
global market share.
Yum! Brands, Inc. is a major franchisor and licensor of fast-
food restaurants with more than 49,000 units in over 145
countries. They include KFC, Pizza Hut, and Taco Bell brands.
On April 28, 2021, Yum! Brands reported a “strong recovery

driven by record digital system sales of over $5 billion with
accelerated off-premise growth” (Yum! Press Release, 2021,
para. 1). The report continues, “worldwide system sales
excluding foreign currency translation grew 11%, with 9%
same-store sales and 1% unit growth” (para. 1). Since the
company acquired two technology-focused companies, they
expect to increase exposure of their brands through digital and
marketing campaigns. The report is extensive since three major
brands are represented through Yum! Brands, Inc. KFC and
Taco Bell increased 11%, while Pizza Hut grew at 7%.
“Foreign currency translation favorably impacted divisional
operating profit by $16 million” (Yum! Press Release, 2021,
para. 4). Since Yum! Brands are present in 145 countries,
currency fluctuations across the globe make significant
differences in profitability. Clearly, the COVID-19 pandemic
leaves the brand to uncertainties surrounding the duration of
restaurant operations. Revenue in the Q1 of 2021 were 1.435
billion. While CFRA provides a favorable outlook for Yum!
Brands in the coming year, one caveat pertaining to our
discussion topic for this week has to do with “a steep and/or
protracted global economic recession or sharp decline in
consumer spending; and foreign currency headwinds” (CFRA,
2021, p. 1). Most of this has to do with the COVID-19
pandemic.

An outcome from the pandemic is increased efforts for cost
reduction measures, including efficiency improvements.
Related to exchange rate, Yum! has made a major push in China
since 2016, which has a population of 1.3 billion with a rapidly
growing economy. “The company plans to increase the number
of units in China at a double-digit rate with same-store sales
growth of at least 5%” (CFRA, 2021, p. 2). The opportunity in
China could present a great deal of growth, particularly with
China’s relatively stable currency.
===========================
John Deere was officially incorporated in Moline Ill. In 1868 as
Deere and Company (Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 2021).
The company was started by John Deere that was born in 1804
and started selling plows in 1837, before moving to Moline Ill.
(Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 2021). In the first quarter
of 2021 John Deere grossed nearly 12 billion compared to just
over 9 billion in the first quarter of 2020 (John Deere SEC
filings, 2021). The Net over the same period was 1.8 billion in
2021 to .66 billion in 2020 (John Deere SEC filings, 2021).

“U.S. currency has appreciated versus major rivals as the first
quarter comes to a close, with the euro EURUSD, -0.24%
falling to a year-to-date low on Thursday, trading near $1.1775.
The ICE U.S. Dollar Index DXY, 0.21%, a measure of the
currency against six major rivals, rose to a more-than-four-
month high at 92.92 on Thursday” (MarketWatch, 2021). When,
the dollar rises in value imports become more affordable and it
cost mor to export (Hayes, Boyle, 2021). John Deere does
business in 30 countries and the currency exchange rate would
be different in most of them with Europe having only one
currency collectively (John Deere, Worldwide Locations Map,
2021). Using multiple export destinations as well as a domestic
market helps John Deere mitigate cost associated with currency
exchange rates. When the dollar is strong Deere can focus on
domestic sales and when the dollar is weak it can focus on its
foreign markets.
In economics there are always winner and losers. With a strong
dollar, importers profit more, and exporters profit less; with a
weak dollar, importers profit less, and exporters profit more
(Hayes, Boyle 2021). “Just as imports become cheaper at home,
domestically produced goods become relatively more expensive
abroad. An American-made car that costs $30,000 would cost
€22,222 in Europe, with an exchange rate of 1.35 dollars per
euro; however, it increases to €26,786 when the dollar
strengthens to 1.12 per euro. Some have argued that expensive
exports can cost American jobs.” (Hayes, Boyle 2021).
The US dollar is showing to be stronger at this point, meaning
that John Deere can profit from importing things such as parts
and supplies. The intricate business model that a large
corporation has makes it difficult to state that they make more

off one market over another given the value of the dollar. When
imports are cheap John Deere would probably save money on
parts and foreign labor rates etc. When imports are expensive
John Deere will would save money domestically. Large
businesses can gain value from diversifying markets and
sources; there is an old saying about “not putting all your eggs
in one basket”, this is true in business as well, although on a
much larger scale. The bottom line is that John Deere has so
many revenue streams and supply lines that one generally will
offset the other, giving John Deere a more predictable revenue
stream, and businesses like to control their own destiny.
“Just as imports become cheaper at home, domestically
produced goods become relatively more expensive abroad. An
American-made car that costs $30,000 would cost €22,222 in
Europe, with an exchange rate of 1.35 dollars per euro;
however, it increases to €26,786 when the dollar strengthens to
1.12 per euro. Some have argued that expensive exports can cost
American jobs.” (Hayes, Boyle 2021).
Every country that has a currency has an independent GDP that
is not directly tied to another countries GDP. The United States
has a GDP that is not directly tied to the GDP of Mexico and
both countries GDP is tied to pricing set by the supply and
demand for that country. “From a fundamental point of view,
any price level is mainly determined by market demand and

supply of the product, as well as other influential variables”
(Xu, Valentine, & Wang, 2014, pp 115). The GDP is one of the
major factors when determining currency exchange rate between
two countries. The stronger the individual economy is the
higher the value of the independent currency. The GDP is an
indication of multiple other factors such as inflation, interest
rates, political and economical stability all of which contribute
to setting the exchange rate between two countries currency.
Economics and by extension currency rate exchange is not an
exact science and often incorporates speculation in the form
business and government forecasting, this forecasting is
included into the equation of currency exchange rate.
The value of the dollar is determined by many factors explained
briefly above. When the value of the dollar is higher than the
value of a different country it is cheaper to buy products from
that country. When the value of the dollar is lower it becomes
cheaper for them to buy our products. The risk when dealing
with trade involving foreign currency is the changing exchange
rates. When a business borrows money or makes an agreement
to import or export a good from a different company at a set
price point, the price point may change simply by the exchange
rate changing. “Trading across borders requires the purchase of
foreign currency, whose price is named as “the exchange rate”.
International businessmen and cross-country consumers care
about the exchange rate, since a correct prediction of future
exchange rates enables them to make wise decisions on the
exchange behavior and thereby earn higher profits” (Yipeng,
Shun, & Kexin , 2015, pp 50).
In a simple model let’s assume some company bought 100
Martian dollars for 100 American dollars, when either set of

currency goes up or down the exchange rate would change
proportionately. When the Martian dollar went up in value it
now takes one American dollar to buy .8 Maritain dollars, the
company would make more in the exchange relative to the
American dollar. If the Martian dollar went down in value it
now takes only .8 American dollars to buy one Martian dollar,
the company would lose value compared to the American dollar.
Using the equation for GDP, GDP = C + I +G + (X-M), which of
the various components of GDP would be most affected by
changing currency levels? Explain.
Personal consumption expenditure (C), + Business investment
(I), + Government spending (G), + Exports (X-M) = GDP
In the above equation exports are most affected by changing
currency rates. Personal consumptions and government spending
are done in US dollars only and would not require any currency
exchanges. Business investment would depend on if foreign
companies are involved, but mostly domestic companies,
involving little if any currency exchange. Exports would require
a currency exchange in most if transactions. The only way that
exports would not require a currency exchange is if the
destination country traded in US dollars.

==========================
· Utilizing the two sources of information below, explain the
factors that can affect the relative value of one currency to
another in the global economy.
The amount of currency in circulation can affect the relative
value of it. At the end of the video “Episode 33: Exchange
Rates,” it is noted that China keeps its currency value
artificially low in order to keep favorable trade balance (Lumen,
n.d.). Exchange rates “fluctuate daily in response to the forces
of supply and demand for different countries’ currencies” (Kass,
n.d., para. 6). Variables that impact exchange rates include
inflation rates, interest rates, current account, government debt,
political and economic stability, and speculation (Kass, n.d.).
· Again, using the same two sources, explain why U.S.
presidents often favor a “lower dollar” over the course of their
presidency.
Some advantages of a strong dollar, according to Hayes
and Boyle (2021) include, less expensive when traveling out of
the country, imports are less expensive, foreign companies
doing business inside of the U.S. will benefit, and for the U.S.
the status of the dollar as a world reserve currency is
reinforced. There are tradeoffs to a strong dollar, however.
One author wrote in 2003, “The falling dollar will bring

especially welcome relief to the internationally competitive
U.S. manufacturing sector, which has suffered disastrous
consequences—lost jobs, reduced profits, and decreased
investment—as a result of the dollar’s overvaluation for the past
several years (Blecker, 2003, p. 1).
Explain the relationship between the relative value of the dollar
and its relationship to U.S. exports and imports.
As the dollar depreciates, U.S. exports to other countries
increase and U.S. imports from other countries decrease. As the
dollar appreciates, U.S. exports to other countries decrease,
while U.S. imports from other countries will increase.
Posit the effect of the relative value of the US dollar and the
impact on US GDP. Using the equation for GDP, GDP = C + I
+G + (X-M), which of the various components of GDP would be
most affected by changing currency levels? Explain.
Net exports (X – M) would likely be most affected by changing
currency levels. Exports and imports are directly impacted by
the exchange rate, so X and M are highly dependent on currency
levels.
TITLE OF THE PAPER 1
19
Report on Geriatrics

Professor of Course
First name, middle initial(s), last name. Omit all professional
titles and/or degrees (e.g. Dr., Rev., PhD, MA).
Joseph A. Snider
DeVoe School of Business, Indiana Wesleyan University
Author Note

2
A paper submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for
the degree of Masters of Business Administration.
Table of Contents
Report on Geriatrics 3
Project Background 3
Purpose of the Study 3
Context of the Problem, Challenge Opportunity, or Issue 3
Objectives of the Study 3
Limitations of the Study 4
Assumptions of the Study 4
Significance of the Study 4
Goals of the Study 4
Significance of the Topic to the Writer 4
Significance of the Topic to Stakeholders 5
Industry implications 5
Global implications 5
Information and Literature Review 6
Brief Summary of the Literature on the Subject 6
Systematic Review of the Literature 7
Descriptive Statistics 8
Descriptive Graphs 9
Project Analysis 14
Analysis of the Literature Review Research Findings 14
Simple Linear Regression Analysis 14
Single Sample Hypothesis Test of the Mean 14
Chi-Square Analysis of Age and Principal Payer 16
Project Summary 17
Conclusions 17
Specific Recommendations 17

Suggestions for Future Research 17
References 18
Appendix A 19
Data Set 19
Appendix B 22
Pictures of Analysis 22
Report on Geriatrics 3
Project Background 3
Purpose of the Study 3
Context of the Problem, Challenge Opportunity, or Issue 3
Objectives of the Study 3
Limitations of the Study 4
Assumptions of the Study 4
Significance of the Study 4
Goals of the Study 4
Significance of the Topic to the Writer 4
Significance of the Topic to Stakeholders 5
Broader Implications of the Topic 5
INFORMATION and LITERATURE REVIEW 6
Brief Summary of the Literature on the Subject 6
Systematic Review of the Literature 7
Descriptive Statistics 7
Descriptive Graphs 9
Project Analysis 13
Analysis of the Literature Review Research Findings 13
Simple Linear Regression Analysis 13
Single Sample Hypothesis Test of the Mean 14
Chi-Square Analysis of Age and Principal Payer 15
Project Summary 16

Conclusions 16
Specific Recommendations 16
Suggestions for Future Research 16
Ethical Considerations 17
References 18
Appendix A 19
Data Set 19
Appendix B 22
Pictures of Analysis 22
Report on Geriatrics Comment by Wise, Jay: The APA 7th
Edition Publication Manual’s sample professional and student
papers both include at least one paragraph that serves as an
introduction. APA does not use the word Introduction as a
heading. Based on the headings used here, I would expect to
read a short introduction that outlines the paper’s major topics
and prepares me for the kinds of information I will interact with
in the paper.
Additionally, the Author Note includes the phrase “in partial
fulfillment,” which I commonly see on theses or dissertations.
This leads me to expect an Abstract. Comment by Snider,
Joseph: Took out author note to not be confusing Comment by
Snider, Joseph: As far as introduction, the purpose and
objectives go over that cost analysis is being done on the
medical data. I added more details on the analysis done in the
objectives section.Project BackgroundPurpose of the Study
Context of the Problem, Challenge Opportunity, or Issue
Researchers Chandra, Kumar, and Ghildayal (2011) predict
the future of healthcare costs and its impact on health
insurance:
Healthcare is currently a major fiscal problem. If this trend
continues to 2010 and beyond then corporation managers will
stop offering healthcare (some already have) to employees, or

they will keep passing along premium increases to employees as
many currently do. (p. 315)
The cost of inpatient hospital care is under scrutiny by patients,
insurance providers, even government officials. With costs
continuing to skyrocket, it is more important than ever to
understand the relationships between an inpatient hospital stay
and the costs associated the patient care. “The effective
management of hospitals is an increasingly political and social
issue as demographic trends in the USA indicate that the issues
associated with better hospital management will only become
increasingly important as the domestic population continues to
age” (Stock & McDermott, 2011, p. 142).
Objectives of the Study
Raw data collected in the hospital setting was analyzed,
allowing the data to be described in terms of statistics and
explored visually through graphs. Hypothetical statements and
claims are also tested using the sample data. The analysis
represented here is simple linear regression to determine if a
relationship exists between two numeric variables, a one sample
test of a particular value of the mean, and a chi-square
independence test on a summary table made of 2 categories and
counts.
Limitations of the Study
Geriatric is defined as “a branch of medicine that deals with
the problems and diseases of old age and aging people”
(Merriam-Webster, n.d.). In the dataset from Freedom Hospital
Geriatric Patients, there appear to be anomalies. Once the
dataset is sorted, 12 patients do not fit the geriatric definition.
If the dataset is a sample of all patients in the hospital and not
specifically geriatric patients, the information should be noted
on the description for the dataset. The data also included a
patient who was not identified as either male or female.
Assumptions of the Study

It is assumed that the data in the spreadsheet used in the
analysis for this report was honest and truthful. It is assumed
that any blank information provided is not due to privacy
concerns. It is assumed that no private identifying information
was collected.Significance of the Study
Goals of the Study
Goals of this study are to analyze age, charges, gender,
length of stay, principalpayer in terms of central tendency and
variation, and specific visual explorations and hypothesis tests
on the data. After performing this analysis, the interpretations
and judgments allow for business decisions to be made. For
instance, based on the typical length of stay, a business can
strive to lower that value and look for ways to improve evidence
of outcomes.
Significance of the Topic to the Writer
The significance to this writer is personally having friends
and family in age greater than 50 years and in a hospital setting.
It would be advantageous to anyone who cares about loved ones
and friends to attain care that is efficient and effective.
Measuring for the purpose of improvement is therefore of
significance to this writer.
Significance of the Topic to Stakeholders
In this context, stakeholders could be patients, payers, and
the government. All three would be interested in the results of a
medical study on people over 50 years of age. Patients would be
informed of cost trends. Payers would know the breakdown of
the study by percentage by various payers. The government
would benefit from research to know how to legislate.
The lack of efficiency and effectiveness results in political
consequences. If people spend all their money in retirement on
medical bills, that can translate into votes for candidates that
specialize in healthcare legislation. In current times, the merits
and costs of Medicare for all is being hotly debated.

Broader Implications of the Topic
Industry implications. Comment by Wise, Jay: Format Level
4 APA Headings using Title Case, i.e. Industry Implications.
See Table 2.3 on page 48 of the APA Publication Manual, 7th
Edition. Comment by Snider, Joseph: You fixed it
The purpose of the hospital industry as a whole is to treat
patients with utmost care and concern, while not bankrupting
the patient in the process. Health care costs have been a
significant part of employee benefit packages, and the costs
have been going up faster than inflation and certainly faster
than wages.
Global implications. Comment by Wise, Jay: Format Level
4 APA Headings using Title Case, i.e. Industry Implications.
See Table 2.3 on page 48 of the APA Publication Manual, 7th
Edition. Comment by Snider, Joseph: You fixed it.
Ways of paying for medical care differs worldwide. Which is
the correct option for a country? The facts should drive the
decisions for any given country. Since no one-size-fits-all
solution exists, analysis should include data from many
countries. Research should be funded, used to make decisions,
and considered important due to the cost
ramifications.Information and Literature ReviewBrief Summary
of the Literature on the Subject
According to author Russ Richmond (2013),
Rising costs are at the heart of the cost challenges that are
prevalent in health care. Healthcare reform was designed, in
part to help alleviate this persistent cost problem, but much
work still needs to be done to fully understand the true costs of
health care. (p. 90)
This section will analyze the costs associated with an inpatient
hospital stay. The total charges, along with the individual

department charges, will be analyzed.
Hospitals estimate in different ways the costs involved in
an inpatient stay. According to Richmond (2013), ratios of costs
to charges is one of the ways a hospital can estimate patient
costs. Richmond discusses the use of ratios and highlights how
the use of ratios can cause hospitals to overestimate the
profitability of specific services, such as orthopedic procedures.
In the article, the author shares a four-step process for hospitals
to use to better estimate patient costs. The process takes time
and the ability to utilize analytical data to better project costs.
Using data can help a hospital determine whether a physician is
efficiently using resources, which directly impacts the cost of
care to the patient. Comment by Wise, Jay [2]: You may want
to decide whether or not to require a page number or location
information in any work cited in a graduate level paper. For
example, DOL students must include page or paragraph numbers
or section information to help readers locate quoted or
paraphrased information easily.
The Publication Manual includes this quotation on page 269:
“Although it is not required to provide a page or paragraph
number in the citation for a paraphrase, you may include one in
addition to the author and year when it would help interested
readers locate the relevant passage within a long or complex
work (e.g., a book).” Comment by Snider, Joseph: Page
numbers or sections not added here but if a direct quote it
would be.
Systematic Review of the LiteratureSummary and Relevance of
the Literature to the Problem or Questions. The research
involves 1387 patients at a geriatric hospital. The gender and
principal payer are categorical, with values having text values.
The age, length of stay, and total charges are numeric variables
and can be used for hypothesis testing and regression
scatterplots.
The analysis being proposed is one of looking at length of stay
and charges. The impact of gender is also being analyzed. As

discussed earlier, health care costs are high and growing, which
makes measuring and analyzing data essential to improving
efficiency and effectiveness.
Thematic Findings in Literature as Applied to the Topic. Costs
for health care are high and continually increasing. Reducing
costs while maintaining quality is important and should be
balanced. Monitoring length of stay is important in order to
minimize it.
Key Definitions. Length of stay (LOS) is a key measure, and
bed census is affected when LOS is not managed effectively.
Ethical Ethical Consideration from the Literature Review.
Gathering data involves a lot of work to capture, clean, and
store the data in a usable format. People are often overcharged
for services. Many people have experienced this on a personal
level; Ppaying even 20% of the service charges can affect a
household. Deciding what services to provide and at what cost
can be an ethical dilemma for healthcare offices to resolve. Do
providers pay for new equipment knowing that care would
improve but so would costs to patients?
When dealing with the health of people, ethical guidelines
for human being research have to be enforced. Research must be
voluntary, and data must be de-identified for privacy concerns.
Large sample sizes would help to add credibility to the results.
Descriptive Statistics
This section will analyze the following questions:
· What is the breakdown by age of males and females?
· Do men or women spend more time (length in days) in the
hospital?
· Do men or women pay more for their stay in the hospital?
· Do men and women use the same principal payers?Table 1
Types of Variables in the Data Set
Variable
Variable Type
Length of Stay in Days
Numerical, Discrete, Ratio Scale
Patient Age

Numerical, Discrete, Ratio Scale
Sex
Categorical, Nominal Scale
Variable
Variable Type
Principal Payer
Categorical, Nominal Scale
Total Charges During Hospital Stay
Numerical, Continuous, Ratio Scale
To describe the raw data, our attention turns to some statistics
related to the variables being used in the research (Length of
Stay in Days, Patient Age, Sex, and Principal Payer). The
following table (Table 2) presents the descriptive statistics on
the variables being researched. The sample size (N=138) was
used to calculate the summary information in Table 2.
Table 2 Comment by Wise, Jay: Consider including a Table
note to remind the reader of the population, N = 137. Also, this
table should use accepted abbreviations for statistical measures
like the Mean, Median, and Standard Deviation. See the Sample
Tables on ages 210-224 of the APA Publication Manual for
guidance.
You can find additional guidance in Table 6.5 Statistical
Abbreviations and Symbols on pages 183-186.
Last, I recommend reviewing the information on pages 181-188,
Statistical and Mathematical Copy, in case you need to make
any changes to the narrative (text) explanations. Comment by
Snider, Joseph: N=138 provided in a new sentence.
Descriptive Statistics
Gender
Mean
Median

Standard
Deviation
Length of Stay in Days
M
4.92
5
2.31
F
5.31
5
2.39
Patient Age
M
78.1
80
8.94
F
77.6
78.5
9.38
Total Charges during Hospital Stay
M
8978.08
8907
885
F
8789.93
8794
729
Table 2 shows that the mean length of stay in days for
women is slightly higher. Patient age has a mean of 77.6–78.1
for females and males. The minimum amount of time spent in

the hospital was zero days up to the maximum of 12 days.
“Prior research has shown that ALOS [average length of stay] is
related to cost, efficiency, quality of care, and speed in service
delivery (Ashby et al., 2000; Glick et al., 2003; Thomas et al.,
1997; Burns et al., 1994)” (as cited in Stock & McDermott,
2011, p. 144).
Total charges average $8,978.08 for men and $8,789.93 for
women, which is slightly lower. The standard deviation for
length of stay is 2.31 days for men and 2.39 days for women.
The standard deviation for age is about one eighth of the mean
for both men and women, and total charges about one tenth for
men and a little less for women. There is not a big difference in
variation between men and women.
Descriptive Graphs
Figure 1 Comment by Wise, Jay: Consider including a Figure
note to give essential information. The APA Manual has
excellent sample figures on pages 234-250. There is a Sample
Bar Graph on page 234 that may be helpful.
These comments apply to all figures included in this paper.
Comment by Snider, Joseph: All charts in the paper have a
Figure heading now.
Length of Stay by Gender
Figure 1 shows that the shape of the column charts is similar for
men and women, but more females than males stay seven to
eight days, and fewer women than men stay one to two days.
Both distributions are heavily loaded towards the front,
indicating right skewness. The majority of the values are eight
days or less for length of stay.
Figure 2
Age by Gender
men and women, with only a slight difference of being higher

for females. Both distributions are heavily loaded towards the
higher end, indicating left skewness. The majority of the age
values are 60 and up, which is expected for a geriatric hospital
study set of data.
Figure 3
Total Charges by Gender
men and women, with some charges for males existing in the
$8,500 to $11,000 range. Both distributions are heavily loaded
towards the lower end, indicating right skew.. The majority of
the charges are $1,000 to $11,000. Comment by Wise, Jay [2]:
Note the two periods at the end of this sentence. Remind
students to use both Grammarly and Word’s Spelling &
Grammar check tool.
Figure 4 Comment by Wise, Jay [2]: Figure 4 needs a figure
note and explanation for each acronym. Comment by Snider,
Joseph: Added acronym definitions under the chart.
Primary Payer Percentages
Figure 4 shows various payer types (OGVT=Other Government
Program, BC=Blue Cross, CAID=Medicaid, CARE=Medicare,
HMO=Health Maintenance Organization, INS=Private
Insurance, OTHR=Other Form of Payment, SELF=Private Pay),
and that most of the payments for all patients are through
Medicare, which is expected since people over 60 become
eligible for those benefits as the patients age. Medicaid and
Blue Cross are the other percentages that make up the largest
portion of the payments. Table 3 below shows there is not much
difference between genders on which payers are used other than

self, insurance, and HMO.
Table 3 Comment by Wise, Jay [2]: Table 3 should have an
accompanying table note that explains each acronym, too.
Comment by Snider, Joseph: Added the appropriate
acronym definitions under the table.
Count of Primary Payers by Gender
Gender
BC
CAID
CARE
HMO
INS
OGVT
OTHR
SELF
Grand Total
F
13
3
31
9
1
1
16
74
M
3
22
16
15
8
64

Grand Total
16
25
47
9
16
1
8
16
138
The payer types are(OGVT=Other Government Program,
BC=Blue Cross, CAID=Medicaid, CARE=Medicare,
HMO=Health Maintenance Organization, INS=Private
Insurance, OTHR=Other Form of Payment, SELF=Private Pay).
Project AnalysisAnalysis of the Literature Review Research
Findings
Simple Linear Regression Analysis
Is there a correlation between drug charges and age? This
question will be answered using simple linear regression.
Figure 5
Scatterplot of Drug Charges Based on Age
Figure 5 shows a slightly downupward slope, calculated to
be -3.8068, and a relationship strength measured by R2 r-
squared is= .0064. The plot points on the scatterplot look
random, and the R2 r-squared =value of .0064 is extremely
low. This means there is almost no relationship or correlation
between drug charges and age. Comment by Wise, Jay [2]: See
the comment above with page numbers for statistical copy.
Review APA Style guidelines for narrative (written) statistical
data. Comment by Snider, Joseph: R square is now R with
superscript of 2.

Single Sample Hypothesis Test of the Mean
The research claim that will be answered using one sample
hypothesis testing is that the population mean for total charges
is $10,000.
Table 4 Comment by Wise, Jay [2]: Review the Publication
Manual’s Table Examples for statistical copy. For example,
Table 7.8 on page 214 provides sample results for multiple t
tests. Table 7.13 provides a sample Analysis of Variance
(ANOVA) table. These tables may reflect APA Style more
accurately than Table 4. Comment by Snider, Joseph: The
tables are a screen shot of the actual templates provided for the
student to perform the analysis. No change could be made here
due to that.
Hypothesis Test Using a t Test for the Mean
The hypothesis analysis in Table 4 shows the sample input
values of:
· The hypothesis value of $10,000 for the mean of total charges
· The sample mean of $8,882.64
· The sample standard deviation of $812.26
· The sample size Nof = 138
It also shows the lower critical values of -1.9774 and +1.9774,
and a t =test statistic of 16.1599. There are two methods for
making a judgment. The first is when the critical value method
compares the t test statistic against the lower and upper critical
values. If outside those values, the null hypothesis is rejected.
The second method is based on the p-value; if it is lower than
the level of significance of .05, the null hypothesis is rejected.
Chi-Square Analysis of Age and Principal PayerGender
Are age and genderprincipal payer independent of each other?
This question will be answered using chi-square testing.
Table 5 Comment by Wise, Jay [2]: Table 7.7 on page 214
gives a Sample Chi-Square Analysis Table. Comment by
Snider, Joseph: Table is an example of a screen shot of the
actual tool used – anything else would not be correct.

Chi-Square Test of Age and Gender (Independence Test)
Table 5 shows a chi-square analysis of age versus gender
for a test of independence. The null hypothesis is that the
variables are independent. The alternate hypothesis is that the
variables are dependent. The level of significance is .05, and the
p-value is .9255. Since the p-value is higher than the level of
significance, the null hypothesis is not rejected. The other way
to determine judgment is to compare the chi-square test statistic
of .0087 to the critical value of 3.8415; the chi-square value
would have to be greater than the critical value to reject the null
hypothesis. Hence, the null hypothesis that the age and gender
are independent is not rejected.Project SummaryConclusions
The cost of an inpatient hospital stay is expensive. The charges
a patient accumulates during their hospital stay increases each
day they remain in care. There is no correlation between the age
and drug charges of the patients in the hospital. The age and
gender were also determined to be statistically independent
variables.Specific Recommendations
A Pareto analysis would be useful to determine major
factors of cost. Is it rampant law suits? Is it poor preventive
health? Are repeat visits common? One recommendation is to
collect different types of data to facilitate this type of defect
research. Another recommendation is to add highly qualified
nursing staff’s comments into a qualitative report.Suggestions
for Future Research
Research by state and in other countries is warranted since the
impacts can be on personal, company, and political finances.
Additionally, gathering more information on each patient, like
eating habits, blood pressure, diabetes history, medications, and
income level, could add greatly to the analysis and subsequent
decision making.Ethical Considerations
When dealing with the health of people, ethical guidelines
for human being research have to be enforced. Research must be
voluntary, and data must be de-identified for privacy concerns.
Large sample sizes would help to add credibility to the results.

References
Chandra, C., Kumar, S., & Ghildayal, N. S. (2011). Hospital
cost structure in the USA: What’s behind the costs? A business
case. International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance,
24(4), 314–28. https://doi.org/10.1108/09526861111125624
Comment by Wise, Jay [2]: I changed the DOI format to
reflect APA 7th Edition preferences. See the table on page 316
of the Publication Manual. Comment by Snider, Joseph: You
fixed it.
Merriam-Webster. (n.d.) Geriatrics. In Merriam-Webster.com
dictionary. Retrieved date, February 24, 2016, from
http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/geriatric
Richmond, R. (2013, March). A better approach to cost
estimation. Healthcare Financial Management: Journal of the
Healthcare Financial Management Association, 67(3), 86–90.
http://0-
search.proquest.com.oak.indwes.edu/docview/1426765943
Stock, G. N., & McDermott, C. (2011, May 24). Operational and
contextual drivers of hospital costs. Journal of Health
Organization and Management, 25(2), 142–58.
https://doi.org/10.1108/14777261111134392
Appendix A Data Set Comment by Wise, Jay [2]: Consider
formatting this data set similarly to Table 7.2 Sample
Demographics Characteristic Table, page 210 of the 7th Edition
APA Publication Manual.

Also note the label error: Total Chges vs. Total Charges
Comment by Snider, Joseph: This matches the spreadsheet
provided which has Chges vs Charges spelled out.
Table 6
Raw Data Set of Patients and Costs
LOS
Age
Sex
Principal Payer
Total Chges
Drug Charges
Lab Charges
3
78
F
CARE
$ 5,418.85
$ 68.70
$ 273.50
3
74
F
CARE
$ 4,575.10
$ 58.65
$ 439.50
11
89
M
CARE
$ 12,031.18
$ 230.28
$ 816.50
3
81
M

CARE
$ 3,617.84
$ 142.89
$ 387.00
9
87
F
CARE
$ 12,806.88
$ 889.23
$ 795.50
3
65
CARE
$ 5,295.55
$ 102.50
$ 837.00
3
90
M
CARE
$ 3,453.21
$ 122.15
$ 323.00
3
61
M
BC
$ 1,760.03
$ 161.18
$ 35.00
3
90
F
CARE

$ 3,290.40
$ 235.65
$ 243.00
5
78
M
CARE
$ 6,253.65
$ 103.05
$ 487.50
3
78
F
CARE
$ 3,896.16
$ 229.06
$ 222.00
2
71
M
CARE
$ 1,795.35
$ 52.05
$ 58.00
3
76
M
CARE
$ 9,265.17
$ 211.37
$1,626.50
3
76
F
CARE
$ 3,282.90

$ 298.40
$ 381.50
5
79
F
CARE
$ 9,565.83
$ 477.03
$ 974.00
3
72
M
CARE
$ 3,782.15
$ 166.85
$ 345.00
4
72
M
CARE
$ 6,384.28
$ 342.98
$ 644.85
3
64
M
CARE
$ 4,904.25
$ 208.65
$ 768.00
2
72
F
CARE
$ 4,169.92
$ 545.15

$ 375.50
3
69
F
CARE
$ 5,204.41
$ 510.01
$ 870.50
4
63
M
HMO
$ 6,740.00
$ 480.20
$1,091.50
1
78
M
CARE
$ 5,016.44
$ 401.44
$ 630.00
2
83
M
CARE
$ 4,178.94
$ 604.49
$ 433.50
3
62
F
OTHR
$ 4,105.26
$ 90.46
$ 222.00

4
71
M
CARE
$ 4,717.30
$ 120.90
$ 496.00
6
83
F
CARE
$ 6,598.92
$ 380.17
$ 386.00
2
63
F
OTHR
$ 1,633.85
$ 20.85
$ 207.00
1
83
M
CARE
$ 2,200.85
$ 21.00
$ 176.00
4
76
F
CARE
$ 7,461.54
$ 508.34
$1,082.50
5

79
M
CARE
$ 11,413.23
$ 1,149.88
$1,335.50
3
65
M
CARE
$ 5,607.55
$ 230.50
$ 969.35
2
79
M
CARE
$ 4,850.62
$ 172.52
$ 867.00
4
74
M
CARE
$ 7,102.49
$ 259.09
$ 881.00
15
63
M
OGVT
$ 13,615.69
$ 438.84
$1,930.00
3
84

M
CARE
$ 5,069.18
$ 282.90
$ 476.50
6
90
F
CARE
$ 6,536.07
$ 122.85
$ 651.00
4
73
F
CARE
$ 7,401.25
$ 216.90
$ 971.50
2
81
M
CARE
$ 3,744.34
$ 176.24
$ 394.00
5
75
F
CARE
$ 8,653.68
$ 246.63
$ 859.00
9
87
F

CARE
$ 14,423.21
$ 527.63
$2,138.00
3
70
M
CARE
$ 3,742.30
$ 112.95
$ 396.50
3
73
F
CARE
$ 5,514.09
$ 368.34
$ 874.50
5
77
M
CARE
$ 7,390.15
$ 331.25
$ 696.00
5
71
M
CARE
$ 9,358.20
$ 491.35
$1,223.50
7
76
M
CARE

$ 14,570.29
$ 286.74
$1,090.00
4
49
F
CAID
$ 4,526.43
$ 203.98
$ 378.50
6
78
F
CARE
$ 6,846.77
$ 162.57
$ 657.50
2
86
M
CARE
$ 2,927.62
$ 145.42
$ 606.50
3
67
M
CARE
$ 4,404.13
$ 161.78
$ 630.00
6
69
M
CARE
$ 8,056.36

$ 331.66
$ 642.00
8
73
F
CARE
$ 10,703.34
$ 618.64
$1,297.50
4
88
F
CARE
$ 16,458.95
$ 813.55
$1,050.50
5
67
M
INS
$ 4,770.10
$ 236.30
$ 747.00
8
69
M
CARE
$ 15,282.57
$ 1,704.77
$1,860.00
7
77
M
CARE
$ 10,105.30
$ 597.30

$1,251.00
8
64
F
CAID
$ 7,871.29
$ 606.64
$ 550.00
3
76
M
CARE
$ 3,411.10
$ 124.70
$ 356.50
12
64
F
CAID
$ 10,962.17
$ 712.67
$ 697.00
2
41
M
SELF
$ 7,374.27
$ 361.47
$ 600.50
5
49
M
CAID
$ 7,788.51
$ 478.85
$ 610.00

5
59
M
BC
$ 8,191.10
$ 661.65
$ 800.00
3
81
M
CARE
$ 11,117.35
$ 142.35
$ 318.00
2
74
F
CARE
$ 5,624.54
$ 149.69
$ 542.00
4
77
F
CARE
$ 4,574.92
$ 159.82
$ 186.50
3
78
F
CARE
$ 3,644.36
$ 126.46
$ 220.50
2

73
F
CARE
$ 2,937.92
$ 50.67
$ 268.00
6
67
M
INS
$ 3,944.78
$ 602.98
$ 462.00
3
80
M
CARE
$ 6,366.10
$ 169.15
$1,130.00
3
77
F
CARE
$ 4,992.01
$ 148.66
$ 569.50
4
73
F
CARE
$ 6,929.35
$ 679.25
$1,286.50
5
67

M
CARE
$ 5,595.42
$ 582.56
$ 714.00
3
86
M
CARE
$ 3,466.70
$ 78.15
$ 408.50
7
82
F
CARE
$ 7,289.77
$ 162.77
$ 821.50
7
84
F
CARE
$ 6,375.95
$ 275.30
$1,692.50
3
73
F
BC
$ 3,585.62
$ 276.29
$ 578.00
4
82
M

CARE
$ 5,970.45
$ 156.45
$ 711.50
8
62
F
CARE
$ 10,578.14
$ 696.94
$1,329.35
2
84
M
CARE
$ 2,223.60
$ 36.25
$ 229.00
3
89
F
CARE
$ 2,250.50
$ 182.70
$ 205.50
1
84
M
CARE
$ 1,644.55
$ 19.40
$ 142.00
4
81
F
CARE

$ 2,491.45
$ 84.45
$ 114.00
3
81
F
CARE
$ 1,691.50
$ 10.45
$ 114.00
6
78
M
CARE
$ 7,931.92
$ 746.06
$ 707.00
5
84
F
CARE
$ 5,121.97
$ 479.99
$ 981.35
5
37
M
BC
$ 6,940.75
$ 768.55
$1,791.50
7
62
M
BC
$ 12,088.08

$ 592.43
$ 971.80
1
80
F
CARE
$ 2,325.60
$ 101.50
$ 440.50
2
80
F
CARE
$ 4,452.78
$ 160.38
$ 276.50
4
73
M
CARE
$ 6,157.43
$ 193.61
$ 540.50
11
80
F
CARE
$ 21,474.90
$ 1,420.14
$2,302.00
3
80
F
CARE
$ 8,566.51
$ 446.11

$1,393.50
2
80
F
CARE
$ 4,910.27
$ 307.97
$ 707.00
1
81
F
CARE
$ 3,275.03
$ 152.28
$ 414.50
4
39
M
CAID
$ 12,080.81
$ 708.40
$ 971.50
6
86
M
CARE
$ 7,436.85
$ 242.70
$ 700.50
8
79
M
CARE
$ 15,624.20
$ 462.40
$2,372.00

4
87
M
CARE
$ 4,590.48
$ 414.40
$ 966.00
2
53
F
CARE
$ 3,232.63
$ 200.90
$ 320.00
3
83
F
CARE
$ 3,768.11
$ 216.01
$ 312.50
7
80
F
CARE
$ 9,862.26
$ 432.36
$1,504.00
7
79
F
CARE
$ 10,626.42
$ 449.47
$1,011.40
4

72
F
CARE
$ 6,967.99
$ 176.89
$1,062.00
3
77
F
CARE
$ 5,891.25
$ 260.65
$1,215.50
3
81
F
CARE
$ 4,756.91
$ 104.66
$ 893.50
9
67
F
OTHR
$ 8,096.93
$ 473.98
$ 862.50
4
80
M
CARE
$ 4,620.59
$ 178.59
$ 535.00
6
67

F
OTHR
$ 5,796.49
$ 472.74
$1,007.00
1
88
M
CARE
$ 1,483.39
$ 30.34
$ 172.00
1
88
F
CARE
$ 2,510.05
$ 82.45
$ 485.00
6
92
F
CARE
$ 10,185.83
$ 403.13
$1,054.50
3
85
F
CARE
$ 3,391.90
$ 49.60
$ 588.50
5
85
M

CARE
$ 8,418.13
$ 281.48
$ 758.00
3
80
M
CARE
$ 4,346.47
$ 108.11
$ 411.00
2
98
F
CARE
$ 2,043.85
$ 49.20
$ 214.00
3
74
F
CARE
$ 2,594.85
$ 131.60
$ 496.00
5
77
M
CARE
$ 5,499.36
$ 153.91
$ 289.50
9
53
F
CARE

$ 11,244.45
$ 500.30
$ 657.00
7
93
M
CARE
$ 6,565.55
$ 710.00
$ 725.00
4
83
F
CARE
$ 6,031.15
$ 294.60
$1,313.00
7
80
M
CARE
$ 4,912.76
$ 468.01
$ 333.50
3
79
M
CARE
$ 6,182.45
$ 234.85
$ 843.50
3
87
F
CARE
$ 4,218.95

$ 183.45
$ 309.50
16
59
M
CARE
$ 40,231.27
$ 2,768.32
$4,618.00
3
81
F
CARE
$ 3,608.95
$ 290.77
$ 457.50
4
94
F
CARE
$ 3,041.44
$ 109.59
$ 484.00
1
33
F
CAID
$ 1,581.93
$ 141.78
$ 539.50
2
78
F
CARE
$ 1,468.48
$ 175.18

$ -
2
29
F
CARE
$ 2,294.55
$ -
$ 209.00
2
80
F
CARE
$ 7,138.72
$ 402.98
$1,317.50
3
63
F
INS
$ 3,845.96
$ 182.31
$ 443.00
4
86
M
CARE
$ 5,355.23
$ 376.34
$ 890.90
4
96
M
CARE
$ 4,573.05
$ 563.40
$1,310.00

5
89
M
CARE
$ 5,023.11
$ 272.51
$1,039.50
5
80
M
CARE
$ 4,238.30
$ 112.15
$ 654.75
5
55
F
CAID
$ 6,885.73
$ 351.58
$ 838.50
5
73
M
CARE
$ 5,447.63
$ 224.98
$ 660.00
7
67
F
CARE
$ 6,257.66
$ 349.81
$ 761.85
2

75
M
CARE
$ 4,601.00
$ 655.64
$1,008.00
Appendix BPictures of Analysis Comment by Wise, Jay [2]:
The information in this appendix should be broken out by Table
and Figure as appropriate. Please see my earlier comments for
possible table formats that you can use. Comment by Snider,
Joseph: All Tables and Figures now have headings.
Figure 6
Scatterplot of Drug Charges Based on Age
Table 7
Table 8
Chi-Square Test of Age and Gender (Independence Test) Pivot
Table
Table 9
Analysis Data Entry

mammogramtreatmentbreast_cancer_deathmammogramyesmam
mogramyesWhat the Pivot Table you are building should look
like:mammogramyesmammogramyesmammogramyesmammogra
myesmammogramyesmammogramyesmammogramyesmammogra

myesmammogramyesmammogramyesmammogramnomammogra
mnomammogramnomammogramnomammogramnomammogramn
omammogramnomammogramnomammogramnomammogramnom
ammogramnomammogramnomammogramnomammogramnomam
mogramnomammogramnomammogramnomammogramnomammo
gramnomammogramnomammogramnomammogramnomammogra

gramnomammogramnomammogramnomammogramnomammo gra

omammogramnomammogramnomammogramnomammogramno m

mnomammogramnomammogramnomammogramnomammogr amn

ammogramnomammogramnomammogramnomammogramnoma m

mogramnomammogramnomammogramnomammogramnoma mmo

gramnomammogramnomammogramnomammogramnoma mmogra

mnomammogramnomammogramnomammogramnomammogra mn

gramnomammogramnomammogramnomammogr amnomammogra
omammogramnomammogramnomammogramnomammogra mnom

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