This document reviews the potential for using waste-derived bioenergy in marine systems. It discusses how biomass energy from waste can help address environmental problems while making use of depleting resources. Biomass has advantages over other renewable sources as the equipment used is similar to fossil fuels. The document outlines trends in biomass development, including the use of solid biomass materials. It also discusses factors to consider in meeting biomass demands, such as performing an energy audit and risk/cost-benefit analysis. The goal is to bring awareness to adopting policies and technologies to allow the maritime industry to tap into the benefits of using waste to generate power for marine systems.
This document discusses the potential of using a hybrid biomass cogeneration system for powering marine systems like ports. It notes that waste disposal from ships is an increasing problem and biomass cogeneration can provide environmental benefits by reducing waste and producing energy. The paper considers how ship and port waste could power a hybrid system using biomass along with other renewable sources like solar and hydrogen. It provides background on sustainability requirements, current renewable energy use, and energy consumption trends in Malaysia where port case studies could be conducted. Integrating hybrid renewable sources remains a viable option for port powering to reduce emissions.
This document outlines an introductory presentation on energy and the environment. It discusses types and classifications of energy, forms of energy, renewable and non-renewable energy sources, and related engineering subjects like power plant technology, bioenergy, and solar energy. It also covers environmental topics such as segments of the environment, pollution, and subjects related to environmental engineering. Finally, it discusses the relationship between energy and the environment and the objectives of energy and environment engineering in Pakistan to address energy crisis issues and protect the environment.
7)risk approach for potential of solar, hydrogen and convention power mu...Oladokun Sulaiman
This document discusses the potential for using a hybrid power system combining alternative energy sources like solar and hydrogen with conventional sources to meet the power demands of marine ports more sustainably. It notes the environmental challenges faced by reliance on fossil fuels and evaluates different renewable and conventional energy options. The paper argues that a risk-based, integrated approach considering factors like efficiency, cost, and environmental impacts is needed to develop hybrid systems that balance the energy needs of ports with environmental protection goals. It also stresses the importance of modeling and simulation tools to evaluate technical feasibility and inform decision making around hybrid system design and implementation.
The document outlines various topics related to energy and environment engineering. It discusses types of energy like potential, kinetic, mechanical, thermal, radiant, electrical, chemical and nuclear energy. It also discusses renewable and non-renewable energy sources. Subjects related to energy engineering include energy resources and environment, power plant technology, bio energy engineering, nuclear energy engineering, hydro power engineering, solar energy engineering, wind energy engineering, energy policy and management, and energy conservation. The document also discusses environment, environmental changes, segments of environment like lithosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere and atmosphere. It covers environmental pollution and related subjects like health safety and environment, pollution control, and solid waste management.
Geothermal well Site Characteristics from Climate Resilient Technologies in N...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Geothermal energy is regarded as a clean energy source. This assertion has a degree of truth subject to technological interventions applied in its extraction. This paper focuses on quality of vegetation, soils and water points at well sites. The concentrations of trace elements at the well sites is mainly determined by adequacy of technological interventions. Geothermal energy is classified as renewable source and climate changeresilient. However, ineffective interventions andreservoir characteristics could result in undesired effluents to the surrounding rendering it unsustainable. More so, the resource is located in fragile ecosystems pivotal in climate change resilience. Simple random sampling of 81 wells was done. Samples were collected and analyzed in the laboratory. The results indicated that contamination of the vegetation, soils and water was evident. Boron concentrations in the soils for instance resulted in a sigma value of 5.99 and p- value of 0.00. This meant its concentration was significantly higher as compared to recommended standards set by Kenya’s environmental Authority. Therefore, undesirable environmental impacts were a reality in geothermal production and hence could jeopardize efforts for building climate resilience.The choice of technology thus has a bearing on climate resilience for a geothermal facility especially those located in fragile ecological set ups.
This document provides an overview of renewable energy sources and focuses on biomass and biogas. It discusses the principles of biomass conversion including combustion, pyrolysis, and gasification. Combustion is the process of burning biomass to produce heat or power. Pyrolysis involves the thermal decomposition of biomass in an inert atmosphere to produce char, gases, and oils. Gasification converts biomass into a gaseous fuel called producer gas using a limited amount of oxygen. Biogas is produced through the anaerobic digestion of organic matter like animal waste or plant biomatter and provides advantages like fuel production and organic fertilizer. However, intermittency and low energy density pose challenges for renewable sources.
The document discusses green buildings and energy/environment. It defines green buildings as structures that are environmentally responsible and resource efficient throughout their lifecycle. Green buildings aim to efficiently use energy/water and protect occupant health. Conventional buildings significantly impact health, environment and climate change. Green buildings provide environmental, economic and social benefits like reducing emissions and costs. The document also discusses different types of renewable and non-renewable energy sources as well as causes of the global energy crisis.
The document is about classifying and defining different types of resources. It discusses:
1) There are three main types of resources: natural resources which come directly from nature, human resources which are people, and human-made resources which are created through human modification of natural substances.
2) Natural resources can be further classified as renewable resources like water and forests that regenerate and non-renewable resources like coal and oil that do not regenerate on a human timescale.
3) Conservation of resources through sustainable use is important to ensure resources last for future generations. Sustainable development balances current resource use with conservation for the future.
This document discusses the potential of using a hybrid biomass cogeneration system for powering marine systems like ports. It notes that waste disposal from ships is an increasing problem and biomass cogeneration can provide environmental benefits by reducing waste and producing energy. The paper considers how ship and port waste could power a hybrid system using biomass along with other renewable sources like solar and hydrogen. It provides background on sustainability requirements, current renewable energy use, and energy consumption trends in Malaysia where port case studies could be conducted. Integrating hybrid renewable sources remains a viable option for port powering to reduce emissions.
This document outlines an introductory presentation on energy and the environment. It discusses types and classifications of energy, forms of energy, renewable and non-renewable energy sources, and related engineering subjects like power plant technology, bioenergy, and solar energy. It also covers environmental topics such as segments of the environment, pollution, and subjects related to environmental engineering. Finally, it discusses the relationship between energy and the environment and the objectives of energy and environment engineering in Pakistan to address energy crisis issues and protect the environment.
7)risk approach for potential of solar, hydrogen and convention power mu...Oladokun Sulaiman
This document discusses the potential for using a hybrid power system combining alternative energy sources like solar and hydrogen with conventional sources to meet the power demands of marine ports more sustainably. It notes the environmental challenges faced by reliance on fossil fuels and evaluates different renewable and conventional energy options. The paper argues that a risk-based, integrated approach considering factors like efficiency, cost, and environmental impacts is needed to develop hybrid systems that balance the energy needs of ports with environmental protection goals. It also stresses the importance of modeling and simulation tools to evaluate technical feasibility and inform decision making around hybrid system design and implementation.
The document outlines various topics related to energy and environment engineering. It discusses types of energy like potential, kinetic, mechanical, thermal, radiant, electrical, chemical and nuclear energy. It also discusses renewable and non-renewable energy sources. Subjects related to energy engineering include energy resources and environment, power plant technology, bio energy engineering, nuclear energy engineering, hydro power engineering, solar energy engineering, wind energy engineering, energy policy and management, and energy conservation. The document also discusses environment, environmental changes, segments of environment like lithosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere and atmosphere. It covers environmental pollution and related subjects like health safety and environment, pollution control, and solid waste management.
Geothermal well Site Characteristics from Climate Resilient Technologies in N...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Geothermal energy is regarded as a clean energy source. This assertion has a degree of truth subject to technological interventions applied in its extraction. This paper focuses on quality of vegetation, soils and water points at well sites. The concentrations of trace elements at the well sites is mainly determined by adequacy of technological interventions. Geothermal energy is classified as renewable source and climate changeresilient. However, ineffective interventions andreservoir characteristics could result in undesired effluents to the surrounding rendering it unsustainable. More so, the resource is located in fragile ecosystems pivotal in climate change resilience. Simple random sampling of 81 wells was done. Samples were collected and analyzed in the laboratory. The results indicated that contamination of the vegetation, soils and water was evident. Boron concentrations in the soils for instance resulted in a sigma value of 5.99 and p- value of 0.00. This meant its concentration was significantly higher as compared to recommended standards set by Kenya’s environmental Authority. Therefore, undesirable environmental impacts were a reality in geothermal production and hence could jeopardize efforts for building climate resilience.The choice of technology thus has a bearing on climate resilience for a geothermal facility especially those located in fragile ecological set ups.
This document provides an overview of renewable energy sources and focuses on biomass and biogas. It discusses the principles of biomass conversion including combustion, pyrolysis, and gasification. Combustion is the process of burning biomass to produce heat or power. Pyrolysis involves the thermal decomposition of biomass in an inert atmosphere to produce char, gases, and oils. Gasification converts biomass into a gaseous fuel called producer gas using a limited amount of oxygen. Biogas is produced through the anaerobic digestion of organic matter like animal waste or plant biomatter and provides advantages like fuel production and organic fertilizer. However, intermittency and low energy density pose challenges for renewable sources.
The document discusses green buildings and energy/environment. It defines green buildings as structures that are environmentally responsible and resource efficient throughout their lifecycle. Green buildings aim to efficiently use energy/water and protect occupant health. Conventional buildings significantly impact health, environment and climate change. Green buildings provide environmental, economic and social benefits like reducing emissions and costs. The document also discusses different types of renewable and non-renewable energy sources as well as causes of the global energy crisis.
The document is about classifying and defining different types of resources. It discusses:
1) There are three main types of resources: natural resources which come directly from nature, human resources which are people, and human-made resources which are created through human modification of natural substances.
2) Natural resources can be further classified as renewable resources like water and forests that regenerate and non-renewable resources like coal and oil that do not regenerate on a human timescale.
3) Conservation of resources through sustainable use is important to ensure resources last for future generations. Sustainable development balances current resource use with conservation for the future.
Technology can both cause and fix unsustainable resource use. It causes issues like pollution from producing and using technologies that consume significant resources. However, technology can also help replace unsustainable resources with renewable alternatives like hydroelectric power. For example, in China technology improved coal plants to burn coal cleaner. Additionally, China built the massive Three Gorges Dam to generate hydroelectric power and replace coal, though it had environmental and social impacts. Overall, while technology can contribute to unsustainable resource use, it also provides solutions by enabling more efficient use of resources and alternatives to replace unsustainable options.
The document discusses renewable energy sources and the availability of various energy resources and their future trends. It provides details on:
- The availability of conventional resources like fossil fuels (coal, oil and gas), hydroelectric power, and nuclear power. Fossil fuel reserves will last 40-200 more years depending on the resource. Only one-third of hydro potential is tapped.
- Non-conventional sources like solar, wind, biomass, geothermal, tidal, wave and ocean thermal energy are discussed with notes on their current status and potential.
- The energy scenario in India is summarized, noting that India is a major producer and consumer of energy but also imports fossil fuels. Renewable energy makes
Unit vi Green buildings and Energy and Environementsandeep korake
It describes concept and importance of green building as a part of sustainable development. It also describes different types of energy sources and its impact on environment.
Resources are materials found in nature that are used by living things. There are three main types of resources: renewable resources like plants and animals that can be replaced during a human lifetime, reusable resources like air and water that can be used over and over, and non-renewable resources such as coal, soil, and metals that cannot be replaced during a human lifetime.
The document summarizes key topics from Chapter 1 of an environmental science textbook, including:
- Major environmental problems like pollution, climate change, and biodiversity loss, as well as some signs of hope in solving problems.
- Sustainability and sustainable development, which aim to meet present needs without compromising future generations.
- How science uses theories, experiments, statistics and critical thinking to understand environmental issues.
- A brief history of the environmental movement starting in the 1900s and leading to modern concerns over pollution highlighted in Rachel Carson's Silent Spring in 1962.
The document discusses different types of resources including renewable and nonrenewable resources. Renewable resources like solar, wind, and water can be replenished within a short period of time, while nonrenewable resources like coal, oil, and gas cannot be replenished on a human timescale. Resources can also be classified based on their origin as biotic (living) or abiotic (non-living), as well as their potential, actual, or reserve levels. Unequal distribution of resources between countries can lead to interdependence, uneven development, and conflicts over control of resources. Conservation aims to use both renewable and nonrenewable resources efficiently and extend their availability for future generations.
source of energy effect on their enviromentteklay godefa
This document is a report submitted by a group of 7 students for their Sustainable Energy Technology course. It discusses various energy resources and their effects on the environment. It begins with an introduction that outlines the problem of energy resources affecting the environment. The literature review then examines renewable energy sources like hydroelectric, wind, and solar as well as nonrenewable sources like fossil fuels and their environmental impacts. The methodology section proposes ways to reduce these impacts, such as using alternative energy, managing radioactive waste, and introducing new technologies. The document concludes with recommendations for minimizing energy's effect on the climate.
This document announces Taiwan's 3rd Annual Showcase for Soil and Groundwater Protection to be held from November 24-28, 2014. The event aims to promote soil and groundwater pollution prevention, showcase remediation achievements, and facilitate industry development and job opportunities. It will include over 200 exhibitor booths, presentations on over 26 remediation projects, an international conference with experts from various countries, and public engagement activities to increase environmental awareness. The goal is to expand networking, accelerate technology upgrades, and foster new business opportunities in soil and groundwater protection.
The document discusses different types of resources. It defines resources as objects or substances that have utility or usability. Resources can have economic value, like metals, or no economic value, like landscapes. Some resources gain economic value over time with inventions or technology. There are three main types of resources: natural resources found in nature like water and soil; human-made resources that are modified versions of natural substances like buildings and machinery; and human resources which are people whose skills and knowledge allow for better resource use and development. The distribution of natural resources depends on physical factors like climate and terrain, so their availability varies in different regions. Conservation of resources involves sustainable use to allow for renewal without compromising future needs.
The Chernobyl nuclear disaster of 1986 in Ukraine caused widespread radioactive contamination over much of western Europe, affecting humans, soil, plants, and animals. In response, firefighters extinguished external fires and received large radiation doses, a concrete shell was built around the reactor which continues to leak radiation, and Pripyat was evacuated. Satellite imaging and radiation detectors tracked the plume and dykes, dams, and walls were constructed to prevent contamination of soil and water. Environmental impact assessments, which predict project impacts and inform decision making, always include a baseline study of the pre-project environment.
The document discusses the potential of bio-resources for sustainable growth. It notes that with increasing population pressure on resources, there is a need to focus on renewables like bio-resources for sustainability. It defines sustainability as meeting present needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their own needs. Some of the key challenges to sustainability include rapid population growth, depletion of natural resources, and increasing pollution levels. The document argues that exploitation of bio-resources can help provide pillars for sustainability in areas like energy, food, healthcare, and materials. It also discusses various attributes, drivers, and requirements for the sustainable utilization of bio-resources.
A resource is a source or supply that produces benefits and satisfies needs. Resources can be natural, human-made, or human. Natural resources come from the environment and include materials like land, water, air, minerals, plants and animals. Human-made resources are natural substances changed by humans into buildings, machines etc. Human resources refer to people's skills, labor, knowledge and organizations. Resources are classified by their origin, development level, availability, and distribution. Conservation aims to manage natural resources sustainably for current and future use.
This document provides an outline for Chapter 2 of an ecology textbook. It covers the following key points in 3 sentences:
The chapter discusses systems and feedback loops, chemical bonds, energy flow in ecosystems, and various biogeochemical cycles. It examines how photosynthesis captures energy from the sun and how it is used by plants and other organisms through respiration. The chapter also explores trophic levels, ecological pyramids, and the roles of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and other elements in sustaining life through biogeochemical cycling.
This document discusses modeling process for safety and environmental risk and reliability of inland water transportation systems. Collision represents a major risk scenario and consequence accidents involving inland waterways require reliable design and operations for safety and environmental protection. The paper discusses recent work in risk and reliability-based design and vessel operation in coastal waters, including a systems-based approach covering proactive risk assessment and holistic evaluation of waterway variables to develop mitigation options and support decision making.
Risk cost benefit analysis of colision aversion model 74 f493Oladokun Sulaiman
This document summarizes a research article that presents a collision aversion model and cost benefit analysis for inland water transportation.
The key points are:
1. The model analyzes collision risk for inland waterways by estimating collision probability and quantifying consequences like damage, loss of life, and economic losses.
2. It applies the model to Langat River in Malaysia to estimate historical collision rates and predictive costs for implementing collision avoidance measures.
3. The cost benefit analysis compares costs of safety measures to reduced risks and economic benefits to evaluate options for improving safety and environmental protection for sustainable inland water transportation.
This document provides information about the Journal of Marine Technology and Environment, including:
- It was founded in 2008 as a biannual publication of Constanta Maritime University in Romania.
- It covers topics related to marine science, engineering, environmental issues, renewable energy, safety, chemistry, corrosion, ship design, ocean engineering, and more.
- It lists the editor in chief, associate editors, editorial secretary, scientific board members, and provides contact information for submissions.
- The journal aims to publish papers on advances in marine technology and related fields.
This document discusses the potential of using a hybrid biomass cogeneration system for powering marine systems like ports. It notes that waste disposal from ships is an increasing problem and biomass cogeneration can provide environmental benefits by reducing waste and producing energy. The paper considers how ship and port waste can be used in a hybrid system combining biomass with existing energy sources like steam or diesel to meet port energy demands in a more sustainable way. It provides background on sustainability requirements, current renewable energy use, and emerging hybrid systems. Tables show Malaysia's energy consumption, reserves, and outlook.
This document summarizes a study on the potential for using solar energy as a supplemental power source for the diesel engines on landing craft. The study analyzed the reduction in fuel usage and diesel exhaust that could result from adding solar panels, as well as performing an economic analysis. Data was collected on a specific landing craft's power needs, fuel consumption, and voyage routes. Calculations determined how much power solar panels could provide and how much fuel and money could be saved annually with their addition. An economic analysis included cost estimations, cash flow diagrams, and comparisons of the annual average cost with and without solar panels. The results showed solar panels could reduce the generator's annual output and fuel usage by up to 56.5%, saving over 3
Technology can both cause and fix unsustainable resource use. It causes issues like pollution from producing and using technologies that consume significant resources. However, technology can also help replace unsustainable resources with renewable alternatives like hydroelectric power. For example, in China technology improved coal plants to burn coal cleaner. Additionally, China built the massive Three Gorges Dam to generate hydroelectric power and replace coal, though it had environmental and social impacts. Overall, while technology can contribute to unsustainable resource use, it also provides solutions by enabling more efficient use of resources and alternatives to replace unsustainable options.
The document discusses renewable energy sources and the availability of various energy resources and their future trends. It provides details on:
- The availability of conventional resources like fossil fuels (coal, oil and gas), hydroelectric power, and nuclear power. Fossil fuel reserves will last 40-200 more years depending on the resource. Only one-third of hydro potential is tapped.
- Non-conventional sources like solar, wind, biomass, geothermal, tidal, wave and ocean thermal energy are discussed with notes on their current status and potential.
- The energy scenario in India is summarized, noting that India is a major producer and consumer of energy but also imports fossil fuels. Renewable energy makes
Unit vi Green buildings and Energy and Environementsandeep korake
It describes concept and importance of green building as a part of sustainable development. It also describes different types of energy sources and its impact on environment.
Resources are materials found in nature that are used by living things. There are three main types of resources: renewable resources like plants and animals that can be replaced during a human lifetime, reusable resources like air and water that can be used over and over, and non-renewable resources such as coal, soil, and metals that cannot be replaced during a human lifetime.
The document summarizes key topics from Chapter 1 of an environmental science textbook, including:
- Major environmental problems like pollution, climate change, and biodiversity loss, as well as some signs of hope in solving problems.
- Sustainability and sustainable development, which aim to meet present needs without compromising future generations.
- How science uses theories, experiments, statistics and critical thinking to understand environmental issues.
- A brief history of the environmental movement starting in the 1900s and leading to modern concerns over pollution highlighted in Rachel Carson's Silent Spring in 1962.
The document discusses different types of resources including renewable and nonrenewable resources. Renewable resources like solar, wind, and water can be replenished within a short period of time, while nonrenewable resources like coal, oil, and gas cannot be replenished on a human timescale. Resources can also be classified based on their origin as biotic (living) or abiotic (non-living), as well as their potential, actual, or reserve levels. Unequal distribution of resources between countries can lead to interdependence, uneven development, and conflicts over control of resources. Conservation aims to use both renewable and nonrenewable resources efficiently and extend their availability for future generations.
source of energy effect on their enviromentteklay godefa
This document is a report submitted by a group of 7 students for their Sustainable Energy Technology course. It discusses various energy resources and their effects on the environment. It begins with an introduction that outlines the problem of energy resources affecting the environment. The literature review then examines renewable energy sources like hydroelectric, wind, and solar as well as nonrenewable sources like fossil fuels and their environmental impacts. The methodology section proposes ways to reduce these impacts, such as using alternative energy, managing radioactive waste, and introducing new technologies. The document concludes with recommendations for minimizing energy's effect on the climate.
This document announces Taiwan's 3rd Annual Showcase for Soil and Groundwater Protection to be held from November 24-28, 2014. The event aims to promote soil and groundwater pollution prevention, showcase remediation achievements, and facilitate industry development and job opportunities. It will include over 200 exhibitor booths, presentations on over 26 remediation projects, an international conference with experts from various countries, and public engagement activities to increase environmental awareness. The goal is to expand networking, accelerate technology upgrades, and foster new business opportunities in soil and groundwater protection.
The document discusses different types of resources. It defines resources as objects or substances that have utility or usability. Resources can have economic value, like metals, or no economic value, like landscapes. Some resources gain economic value over time with inventions or technology. There are three main types of resources: natural resources found in nature like water and soil; human-made resources that are modified versions of natural substances like buildings and machinery; and human resources which are people whose skills and knowledge allow for better resource use and development. The distribution of natural resources depends on physical factors like climate and terrain, so their availability varies in different regions. Conservation of resources involves sustainable use to allow for renewal without compromising future needs.
The Chernobyl nuclear disaster of 1986 in Ukraine caused widespread radioactive contamination over much of western Europe, affecting humans, soil, plants, and animals. In response, firefighters extinguished external fires and received large radiation doses, a concrete shell was built around the reactor which continues to leak radiation, and Pripyat was evacuated. Satellite imaging and radiation detectors tracked the plume and dykes, dams, and walls were constructed to prevent contamination of soil and water. Environmental impact assessments, which predict project impacts and inform decision making, always include a baseline study of the pre-project environment.
The document discusses the potential of bio-resources for sustainable growth. It notes that with increasing population pressure on resources, there is a need to focus on renewables like bio-resources for sustainability. It defines sustainability as meeting present needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their own needs. Some of the key challenges to sustainability include rapid population growth, depletion of natural resources, and increasing pollution levels. The document argues that exploitation of bio-resources can help provide pillars for sustainability in areas like energy, food, healthcare, and materials. It also discusses various attributes, drivers, and requirements for the sustainable utilization of bio-resources.
A resource is a source or supply that produces benefits and satisfies needs. Resources can be natural, human-made, or human. Natural resources come from the environment and include materials like land, water, air, minerals, plants and animals. Human-made resources are natural substances changed by humans into buildings, machines etc. Human resources refer to people's skills, labor, knowledge and organizations. Resources are classified by their origin, development level, availability, and distribution. Conservation aims to manage natural resources sustainably for current and future use.
This document provides an outline for Chapter 2 of an ecology textbook. It covers the following key points in 3 sentences:
The chapter discusses systems and feedback loops, chemical bonds, energy flow in ecosystems, and various biogeochemical cycles. It examines how photosynthesis captures energy from the sun and how it is used by plants and other organisms through respiration. The chapter also explores trophic levels, ecological pyramids, and the roles of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and other elements in sustaining life through biogeochemical cycling.
This document discusses modeling process for safety and environmental risk and reliability of inland water transportation systems. Collision represents a major risk scenario and consequence accidents involving inland waterways require reliable design and operations for safety and environmental protection. The paper discusses recent work in risk and reliability-based design and vessel operation in coastal waters, including a systems-based approach covering proactive risk assessment and holistic evaluation of waterway variables to develop mitigation options and support decision making.
Risk cost benefit analysis of colision aversion model 74 f493Oladokun Sulaiman
This document summarizes a research article that presents a collision aversion model and cost benefit analysis for inland water transportation.
The key points are:
1. The model analyzes collision risk for inland waterways by estimating collision probability and quantifying consequences like damage, loss of life, and economic losses.
2. It applies the model to Langat River in Malaysia to estimate historical collision rates and predictive costs for implementing collision avoidance measures.
3. The cost benefit analysis compares costs of safety measures to reduced risks and economic benefits to evaluate options for improving safety and environmental protection for sustainable inland water transportation.
This document provides information about the Journal of Marine Technology and Environment, including:
- It was founded in 2008 as a biannual publication of Constanta Maritime University in Romania.
- It covers topics related to marine science, engineering, environmental issues, renewable energy, safety, chemistry, corrosion, ship design, ocean engineering, and more.
- It lists the editor in chief, associate editors, editorial secretary, scientific board members, and provides contact information for submissions.
- The journal aims to publish papers on advances in marine technology and related fields.
This document discusses the potential of using a hybrid biomass cogeneration system for powering marine systems like ports. It notes that waste disposal from ships is an increasing problem and biomass cogeneration can provide environmental benefits by reducing waste and producing energy. The paper considers how ship and port waste can be used in a hybrid system combining biomass with existing energy sources like steam or diesel to meet port energy demands in a more sustainable way. It provides background on sustainability requirements, current renewable energy use, and emerging hybrid systems. Tables show Malaysia's energy consumption, reserves, and outlook.
This document summarizes a study on the potential for using solar energy as a supplemental power source for the diesel engines on landing craft. The study analyzed the reduction in fuel usage and diesel exhaust that could result from adding solar panels, as well as performing an economic analysis. Data was collected on a specific landing craft's power needs, fuel consumption, and voyage routes. Calculations determined how much power solar panels could provide and how much fuel and money could be saved annually with their addition. An economic analysis included cost estimations, cash flow diagrams, and comparisons of the annual average cost with and without solar panels. The results showed solar panels could reduce the generator's annual output and fuel usage by up to 56.5%, saving over 3
This document discusses the potential of using a hybrid biomass cogeneration system for powering marine systems like ports. It notes that waste disposal from ships is an increasing problem and biomass cogeneration can provide environmental benefits by reducing waste and producing energy. The paper considers how ship and port waste could power a hybrid system using biomass along with other renewable sources like solar and hydrogen. It provides background on sustainability requirements, current renewable energy use, and energy consumption trends in Malaysia where port case studies could be conducted. Integrating hybrid renewable sources remains a viable option for port powering to reduce emissions.
This document discusses the potential for hybrid biomass cogeneration systems to power marine ports more sustainably. Waste from ships and ports could be used to produce fuels through various processing methods to generate electricity and heat while reducing waste. A hybrid system combining biomass with other renewable sources like solar and hydrogen alongside existing energy sources could help ports meet energy demands and regulations on emissions. The hybrid approach remains a promising option for port and ship power that could gain more acceptance if the risks and benefits are clearly analyzed and new energy systems are simulated.
This document reviews the potential for using waste-derived bioenergy in marine systems. It discusses how biomass energy from waste can help address sustainability challenges while offsetting greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuels. The document also examines trends in biomass development, including the growth of biofuels markets and potential applications for shipping. A process is proposed for meeting biomass demands that involves energy auditing, risk analysis, and a system to collect organic waste, ferment it to produce methane gas, and use the gas in a cogenerator.
Bioremediation and biodegradation ellis 2012 finalintanldewi
Waste stabilization ponds can effectively treat domestic wastewater through natural bioremediation processes involving bacterial consortiums and microalgae. Microalgae grow quickly in the ponds, absorbing nitrogen and phosphorus pollutants that would otherwise cause eutrophication. The microalgae also produce oxygen and remove heavy metals. The harvested algal biomass can then be processed into high-value bioproducts like biofuels. However, additional nutrients may need to be added to match the microalgae's requirements, and developing efficient harvesting technologies remains a challenge. Overall, waste stabilization ponds provide a sustainable way to clean wastewater while producing microalgal feedstocks for bioproducts.
The document discusses three renewable energy sources: tidal energy, biomass energy, and wind energy. For each, it provides 1-2 sentences on benefits and 1 sentence on potential issues or considerations. Tidal energy provides reliable, predictable energy but is only suitable for certain coastal locations. Biomass energy can utilize diverse feedstocks and has environmental benefits but sustainability issues must be addressed. Wind energy harnesses wind power through turbines, providing clean energy and economic benefits while technology advances to improve efficiency.
This document discusses the use of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) for water remediation and nanoremediation. While nanoremediation shows promising benefits like lower costs and greater effectiveness compared to conventional methods, there are also environmental risks associated with ENMs that require consideration. The document analyzes these risks, such as increased mobility of ENMs leading to unintended exposure, and transformation of ENMs in natural environments altering their properties. It advocates for an eco-design approach to develop sustainable ENMs from renewable resources for water treatment to improve safety.
Sustainable Development and Environment of Biomass from Agriculture ResiduesBRNSSPublicationHubI
This document discusses sustainable development and the environment relating to biomass from agricultural residues. It provides an overview of biomass energy sources and technologies, and highlights the potential energy savings and emissions reductions that can be achieved through greater use of biomass. The document reviews literature on the ecological, social and economic impacts of biomass technology, and discusses various biomass applications including biogas, biofuels and bioheat production from organic wastes.
How nanotechnology affect biodiversity and ecosystem by shreya modiShreya Modi
This document discusses how nanotechnology can help address issues related to biodiversity and ecosystems. It describes how nanotechnology can help develop sustainable energy sources, treat wastewater, aid in oil spill cleanup, and enable better and more affordable medical treatment. The document provides multiple examples of how nanomaterials and nanoscale processes are already being used or explored to solve environmental problems and support human health and well-being while reducing environmental impacts.
This study assessed the biodegradability and biogas production potential of three substrates - sewage sludge from wastewater treatment plants, waste-grown algae, and waste paper. The substrates were analyzed in a batch reactor under anaerobic digestion. Results showed the substrates were biodegradable and could complement each other when co-digested. Degradation kinetics found the sewage sludge degraded almost 50% faster than waste paper and 33% faster than algae. The study concluded the substrates have potential for biogas production through co-digestion.
The document discusses strategies for mitigating and adapting to the impacts of climate change and sea level rise in coastal cities. It recommends compact urban planning and development approaches like increasing density, diversity of land uses, and accessibility to public transit to reduce carbon emissions. Adaptation strategies include revising building codes, investing in education, and developing climate action plans that address issues like public health, infrastructure, water supply, and ecosystems. Coastal cities should also work to develop low-carbon economies, lifestyles, and policy frameworks.
This document discusses two systems that utilize plants and associated soil microbes to both produce food crops and clean air and water in tightly sealed environments like spacecraft.
The first system involves constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment. Constructed wetlands use wetland plants and microbes to purify wastewater of nutrients and pollutants. The treated water can then be used to irrigate food crops. Constructed wetlands were shown to effectively treat wastewater inside the sealed Biosphere 2 facility.
The second system involves using plants and their root zone microbes, or soil biofilters, to purify indoor air of pollutants. Research demonstrated that common houseplants and soil beds can remove volatile organic
This document is the introduction to a textbook on environmental engineering. It defines environmental engineering as applying scientific principles to protect the environment, including both living and non-living components. It discusses how environmental engineering deals with issues like water supply, wastewater treatment, solid waste management, and air pollution control. The introduction also emphasizes the importance of sustainable development and balancing rapid changes in technology with protecting life on Earth.
Environmental Sustainability by Dr. Vinayak Chavan.pptxvinayak665840
The document discusses environmental sustainability, carbon footprints, and carbon sequestration. It defines key terms like sustainable development, environmental sustainability, carbon footprint, and carbon sequestration. It discusses how carbon footprints can be reduced through strategies like using renewable energy, public transportation, waste reduction, and carbon offsetting. Reducing carbon footprints is important for mitigating climate change and protecting the environment.
Sustainable Development of Bioenergy from Agriculture Residues and EnvironmentTriple A Research Journal
This communication discusses a comprehensive review of biomass energy
sources, environment and sustainable development. This includes all the
biomass energy technologies, energy efficiency systems, energy
conservation scenarios, energy savings and other mitigation measures
necessary to reduce emissions globally. The current literature is reviewed
regarding the ecological, social, cultural and economic impacts of biomass
technology. This study gives an overview of present and future use of
biomass as an industrial feedstock for production of fuels, chemicals and
other materials. However, to be truly competitive in an open market
situation, higher value products are required. Results suggest that
biomass technology must be encouraged, promoted, invested,
implemented, and demonstrated, but especially in remote rural areas.
Keywords: Biomass resources, wastes, woodfuel, biofuels, energy,
environment, sustainability related with bioenergy development, disperse
systems formulation science, surfactant sciences
Unification of ETP & MFC: Sustainable Development, Environmental Safety, & Re...Abdullah Al Moinee
This document summarizes a presentation given at the 58th IEB Convention in Khulna, Bangladesh on March 5, 2018. The presentation proposed unifying an effluent treatment plant (ETP) and microbial fuel cell (MFC) to achieve sustainable development, environmental safety, and renewable energy generation. Experiments showed an MFC can treat wastewater and remove heavy metals while generating electricity. The proposal aims to integrate an MFC system into the collection tank of an ETP to biologically treat effluent and produce electricity simultaneously. This unified system could provide renewable energy while protecting the environment and recovering valuable metals in a cost-effective way.
Is Renewable Energy Really Sustainable?CSR-in-Action
One of the major trends in our present world is the global rush to renewable energy captured from natural processes. While the world moves to generate clean energy systems that do not contribute to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and climate change, non-inclusion of social consciousness and several other impacts on the ecosystem are unveiling the grey areas of these renewables.
Generally, any intention to satisfy a given dimension of sustainability at the cost of others, for example conserving the environment without considering the health hazard or economic hardship to the people, becomes an unsustainable practice.
Therefore, is renewable energy really sustainable? Find out in the set of following slides.
1. The document discusses the multidisciplinary nature of environmental studies, including its scope and importance.
2. It covers the key components of the environment, as well as the various disciplines that contribute to environmental science like biology, physics, social sciences, and more.
3. Sustainable development is introduced as development that meets current needs without compromising future generations, balancing economic, environmental and social factors.
Environmental Impacts of Hydroelectric PowerContentsLand.docxYASHU40
Environmental Impacts of Hydroelectric Power
Contents
Land Use
Wildlife Impacts
Life-cycle Global Warming Emissions
Contents
Land Use
Wildlife Impacts
Life-cycle Global Warming Emissions
Hydroelectric power includes both massive hydroelectric dams and small run-of-the-river plants.
Large-scale hydroelectric dams continue to be built in many parts of the world (including China and
Brazil), but it is unlikely that new facilities will be added to the existing U.S. fleet in the future.
Instead, the future of hydroelectric power in the United States will likely involve increased capacity at
current dams and new run-of-the-river projects. There are environmental impacts at both types of
plants.
Learn more: How Hydroelectric Energy Works
For more on the benefits of hydroelectric power and other renewable energy technologies, see
Benefits of Renewable Energy Use.
Land Use
The size of the reservoir created by a hydroelectric
project can vary widely, depending largely on the size of
the hydroelectric generators and the topography of the
land. Hydroelectric plants in flat areas tend to require
much more land than those in hilly areas or canyons
where deeper reservoirs can hold more volume of water
in a smaller space.
At one extreme, the large Balbina hydroelectric plant,
which was built in a flat area of Brazil, flooded 2,360
square kilometers—an area the size of Delaware—and it
http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_energy/our-energy-choices/renewable-energy/environmental-impacts-hydroelectric-power.html#bf-toc-0
http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_energy/our-energy-choices/renewable-energy/environmental-impacts-hydroelectric-power.html#bf-toc-1
http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_energy/our-energy-choices/renewable-energy/environmental-impacts-hydroelectric-power.html#bf-toc-2
http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_energy/our-energy-choices/renewable-energy/environmental-impacts-hydroelectric-power.html#bf-toc-0
http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_energy/our-energy-choices/renewable-energy/environmental-impacts-hydroelectric-power.html#bf-toc-1
http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_energy/our-energy-choices/renewable-energy/environmental-impacts-hydroelectric-power.html#bf-toc-2
http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_energy/our-energy-choices/renewable-energy/how-hydroelectric-energy.html
http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_energy/our-energy-choices/renewable-energy/public-benefits-of-renewable.html
only provides 250 MW of power generating capacity (equal to more than 2,000 acres per MW) [1].
In contrast, a small 10 MW run-of-the-rive plant in a hilly location can use as little 2.5 acres (equal to
a quarter of an acre per MW) [2].
Flooding land for a hydroelectric reservoir has an extreme environmental impact: it destroys forest,
wildlife habitat, agricultural land, and scenic lands. In many instances, such as the Three Gorges
Dam in China, entire communities have also had to be relocated to make way for reservoirs [3].
Wildlife Impacts
Dammed reservoirs are used for multiple purposes, such as agricultural ...
29 utilisation of simulationfor training enhancementOladokun Sulaiman
This document discusses the utilization of simulation for enhancing training in engineering fields such as maritime studies. It provides an overview of how simulation has been adopted in maritime training to improve competency-based education and meet safety and environmental goals. The document also describes ALAM's simulation facilities, which include a full mission ship simulator and engine room simulator certified by DNV. Simulation is presented as a valuable tool that provides realistic training scenarios to help trainees bridge the gap between theory and practical application. It allows them to learn complex skills in a safe environment.
This document discusses the use of simulation for training enhancement. It begins by providing background on how simulation has evolved as a tool for engineering education and training due to advances in technology. Simulation allows for theoretical modeling of complex real-world systems when direct experimentation is not possible or practical. The document then focuses on how simulation has been adopted within the maritime industry for training ship personnel according to International Maritime Organization (IMO) regulations. Simulation provides a safe environment for trainees to practice hazardous situations. While simulation is becoming a core part of maritime competency-based training, the document notes that its integration into programs has generally been ad hoc rather than a fully incorporated part of training objectives and standards.
This document summarizes a research article about developing a collision aversion cost-benefit analysis model for inland water transportation.
The key points are:
1) Collision is a major risk for inland water transportation that can have severe consequences like loss of life, environmental damage, and economic losses. However, developing collision avoidance systems also requires considering economic sustainability.
2) The study develops a predictive cost-benefit analysis model for collision risk aversion on the Langat River in Malaysia to support decision-making for risk mitigation options.
3) The model considers factors like vessel size, traffic patterns, channel characteristics, and historical accident data to estimate collision probabilities and consequences in order to analyze the costs and benefits of
This document summarizes a review on the potential for waste-recycled based bioenergy for marine systems. It discusses how biomass has the potential to influence the marine industry. The use of waste biomass for power generation could allow ships to power onboard systems and even export power to coastal infrastructure. The paper also examines trends in biomass development and classification, as well as best practices from other industries utilizing biomass.
This document summarizes a research article that presents a collision aversion model and cost benefit analysis for inland water transportation.
The key points are:
1. The model analyzes collision risk for inland waterways by estimating collision probability and quantifying consequences like damage, loss of life, and economic losses.
2. It applies the model to Langat River in Malaysia to estimate historical collision rates and predictive costs for implementing collision avoidance measures.
3. The cost benefit analysis compares costs of safety measures to reduced risks and economic benefits to evaluate options for improving safety and environmental protection for sustainable inland water transportation.
29 utilisation of simulationfor training enhancementOladokun Sulaiman
This document discusses the use of simulation for enhancing training in engineering fields such as maritime education. It argues that simulation provides opportunities for training that traditional instruction cannot by allowing visualization of complex real-world scenarios. The maritime industry has incorporated simulation into its training programs to meet safety and competency standards. The document outlines how simulation is used for bridge operation training in maritime academies. It also discusses international standards and certification for maritime simulation technologies and training programs. Overall, the document advocates for the expanded use of simulation in engineering education and training due to its ability to enhance learning outcomes and competency-based training.
29 utilisation of simulation for engineering educationOladokun Sulaiman
This document discusses the use of simulation for training enhancement. It begins by providing background on how simulation has evolved as a tool for engineering education and training due to advances in technology. Simulation allows for theoretical modeling of complex real-world systems when direct experimentation is not possible or practical. The document then focuses on how simulation has been adopted within the maritime industry for training ship personnel according to International Maritime Organization (IMO) regulations. Simulation provides a safe environment for trainees to practice hazardous situations. While simulation is becoming a core part of maritime competency-based training, the document notes that its integration into programs has generally been ad hoc rather than a fully incorporated part of training objectives and standards.
This document discusses the use of simulation for training enhancement. It begins by providing background on how simulation has evolved as a tool for engineering education and training due to advances in technology. Simulation allows for theoretical modeling of complex real-world systems when direct experimentation is not possible or practical. The document then focuses on how simulation has been adopted within the maritime industry for training ship personnel according to International Maritime Organization (IMO) regulations. Simulation provides a safe environment for trainees to practice hazardous situations. While simulation is becoming a core part of maritime competency-based training, the document notes that its integration into programs has generally been ad hoc rather than a fully incorporated part of training objectives and standards.
This document summarizes a study on the potential for using solar energy as a supplemental power source for the diesel engines on landing craft. The study analyzed the reduction in fuel usage and diesel exhaust that could result from adding solar panels, as well as performing an economic analysis. Data was collected on a specific landing craft's power needs, fuel consumption, and voyage routes. Calculations determined how much power solar panels could provide and how much fuel and money could be saved annually with their addition. An economic analysis included cost estimations, cash flow diagrams, and comparisons of the annual average cost with and without solar panels. The results showed solar panels could reduce the generator's annual output by up to 11,973 kWh, saving up to 3
29 d utilisation of simulation for engineering educationOladokun Sulaiman
This document discusses the use of simulation for training enhancement. It begins by providing background on how simulation has evolved as a tool for engineering education and training due to advances in technology. Simulation allows for theoretical modeling of complex real-world phenomena and systems when direct experimentation is not possible or practical. The document then focuses on how simulation has been incorporated into maritime training programs to enhance competency-based education for ship personnel according to International Maritime Organization (IMO) regulations. Simulation provides a safe environment for trainees to practice hazardous situations. While simulation is becoming a core part of maritime training, the document notes that its integration and standardization could be improved to fully realize its benefits to competency-based education objectives.
This document discusses the utilization of simulation for enhancing training in engineering fields such as maritime studies. It provides an overview of how simulation has been adopted in maritime training to improve competency-based education and meet safety and environmental goals. The document also describes ALAM's investment in advanced simulators certified by DNV, including a full mission ship simulator and engine room simulator. These simulators are used to train cadets to high standards and assess their ability to perform shipboard tasks according to international regulations. Simulation is seen as a valuable tool for bridging the gap between theory and practical skills.
This document provides information about the Journal of Marine Technology and Environment, including:
- It was founded in 2008 as a biannual publication of Constanta Maritime University in Romania.
- It covers topics related to marine science, engineering, environmental issues, renewable energy, safety, chemistry, corrosion, ship design, ocean engineering, and more.
- It lists the editors, associate editors, editorial secretary, scientific board and journal address.
- The contents section provides an overview of 18 articles in the issue, focusing on topics like induction heating, sustainable development, damage stability, pollution analysis, and energy efficiency.
Risk cost benefit analysis of colision aversion model 74 f493Oladokun Sulaiman
This document summarizes a research article that proposes a collision aversion cost-benefit analysis model for inland water transportation.
The model aims to analyze collision occurrence scenarios and consequences to reliably and sustainably design collision avoidance systems. Collision is a major risk for inland water transport that can cause environmental damage, injuries, and disruptions. However, collision avoidance systems also require economic sustainability.
The study applies this model to Langat River in Malaysia, collecting data on historical accidents, vessel traffic, and environmental conditions. It then discusses using the model to predict costs for collision aversion and support risk control decisions to develop the waterway in a sustainable manner.
29 utilisation of simulationfor training enhancementOladokun Sulaiman
This document discusses the use of simulation for enhancing training programs, particularly in maritime academies. It notes that simulation allows for training in complex and hazardous situations without risk. The International Maritime Organization has adopted regulations requiring the use of simulation in maritime training to improve competency-based education. Simulation is seen as a central tool for advancing maritime training by replicating real ship operations. The document examines how Malaysian maritime academies have incorporated simulation into their training programs to meet international standards. It also reviews certification of simulators by classification societies to ensure high quality simulation training.
Viewed csc journals manuscript gas turbine co propulsion power plant for mari...Oladokun Sulaiman
This document presents a study on modeling gas turbine co-propulsion engines to improve the sailing speed of ecotourism vessels. Thermodynamic properties of diesel engines, simple gas turbines, and regenerative gas turbines are modeled and their thermal efficiencies are calculated. Numerical calculations are performed to determine the appropriate power rating of a gas turbine co-propulsion engine needed to achieve a maximum speed of 35 knots. Results from the modeling and calculations will provide support for deciding whether to implement a gas turbine co-propulsion engine on ecotourism vessels.
Ecce 1106-013-environmental-risk-compliance-for-nature-gasOladokun Sulaiman
This document summarizes key points from a research paper on environmental risk compliance for natural gas ship design and operation. It discusses:
1) Natural gas and its derivatives like LNG, CNG, and LPG are increasingly being used as cleaner alternatives to petroleum fuels. Their use can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
2) The production and transportation of natural gas involves processes like purification, refrigeration, and compression. LNG is produced by cooling natural gas until it liquefies. CNG and LPG are produced by compressing purified natural gas.
3) Regulations from the IMO and class societies provide guidelines on the safe design, construction, equipment, and operation of ships carrying natural gas and
Book of abstract volume 8 no 9 ijcsis december 2010Oladokun Sulaiman
The International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security (IJCSIS) is a publication venue for novel research in computer science and information security. This issue from December 2010 contains 5 research papers. The first paper proposes a 128-bit chaotic hash function that uses the logistic map and MD5/SHA-1 hashes. The second paper discusses constructing an ontology for representing human emotions in videos to improve video retrieval. The third paper proposes an intelligent memory controller for H.264 encoders to reduce external memory access. The fourth paper investigates the impact of fragmentation on query performance in distributed databases. The fifth paper examines the effect of guard intervals in a proposed MIMO-OFDM system for wireless communication.
Sytem integration for smart paperless ship ijcsis paper format - december 2...Oladokun Sulaiman
This document discusses system integration for a smart paperless ship. It proposes a conceptual design architecture that could prototype a smart ship using paperless technology. The design focuses on building a complete macro control system integration between on-board computers, software, hardware, electrical, mechanical and other systems. This would include a wireless computer network and sensor gateway. The system aims to benefit the environment by reducing paper usage and facilitate activities like loading/unloading cargo and maintenance through connectivity both on the ship and between the ship and shore operations. Potential benefits mentioned include cost reductions, improved efficiency, increased safety and reduced environmental impact.
This document summarizes a study on developing a qualitative model for applying antifouling paint to ship hulls. The study aims to improve paint performance and longevity by considering parameters important for proper application.
The document first discusses how hull fouling reduces ship efficiency and increases costs. It then reviews different antifouling paint systems and the need for environmentally-friendly alternatives.
The proposed qualitative model for paint application considers important steps like surface preparation, application method, paint materials, curing time, and inspection. It is developed from historical data and case studies on antifouling paints. The model aims to provide guidelines to satisfy shipowners and classification societies by ensuring quality and compliance with standards throughout the paint
Best 20 SEO Techniques To Improve Website Visibility In SERPPixlogix Infotech
Boost your website's visibility with proven SEO techniques! Our latest blog dives into essential strategies to enhance your online presence, increase traffic, and rank higher on search engines. From keyword optimization to quality content creation, learn how to make your site stand out in the crowded digital landscape. Discover actionable tips and expert insights to elevate your SEO game.
AI 101: An Introduction to the Basics and Impact of Artificial IntelligenceIndexBug
Imagine a world where machines not only perform tasks but also learn, adapt, and make decisions. This is the promise of Artificial Intelligence (AI), a technology that's not just enhancing our lives but revolutionizing entire industries.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 5DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 5. In this session, we will cover CI/CD with devops.
Topics covered:
CI/CD with in UiPath
End-to-end overview of CI/CD pipeline with Azure devops
Speaker:
Lyndsey Byblow, Test Suite Sales Engineer @ UiPath, Inc.
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
Sudheer Mechineni, Head of Application Frameworks, Standard Chartered Bank
Discover how Standard Chartered Bank harnessed the power of Neo4j to transform complex data access challenges into a dynamic, scalable graph database solution. This keynote will cover their journey from initial adoption to deploying a fully automated, enterprise-grade causal cluster, highlighting key strategies for modelling organisational changes and ensuring robust disaster recovery. Learn how these innovations have not only enhanced Standard Chartered Bank’s data infrastructure but also positioned them as pioneers in the banking sector’s adoption of graph technology.
In his public lecture, Christian Timmerer provides insights into the fascinating history of video streaming, starting from its humble beginnings before YouTube to the groundbreaking technologies that now dominate platforms like Netflix and ORF ON. Timmerer also presents provocative contributions of his own that have significantly influenced the industry. He concludes by looking at future challenges and invites the audience to join in a discussion.
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
Diese Themen werden behandelt
- Reduzierung der Lizenzkosten durch Auffinden und Beheben von Fehlkonfigurationen und überflüssigen Konten
- Wie funktionieren CCB- und CCX-Lizenzen wirklich?
- Verstehen des DLAU-Tools und wie man es am besten nutzt
- Tipps für häufige Problembereiche, wie z. B. Team-Postfächer, Funktions-/Testbenutzer usw.
- Praxisbeispiele und Best Practices zum sofortigen Umsetzen
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
We’ll show you how to fix common misconfigurations that cause higher-than-expected user counts, and how to identify accounts which you can deactivate to save money. There are also frequent patterns that can cause unnecessary cost, like using a person document instead of a mail-in for shared mailboxes. We’ll provide examples and solutions for those as well. And naturally we’ll explain the new licensing model.
Join HCL Ambassador Marc Thomas in this webinar with a special guest appearance from Franz Walder. It will give you the tools and know-how to stay on top of what is going on with Domino licensing. You will be able lower your cost through an optimized configuration and keep it low going forward.
These topics will be covered
- Reducing license cost by finding and fixing misconfigurations and superfluous accounts
- How do CCB and CCX licenses really work?
- Understanding the DLAU tool and how to best utilize it
- Tips for common problem areas, like team mailboxes, functional/test users, etc
- Practical examples and best practices to implement right away
Let's Integrate MuleSoft RPA, COMPOSER, APM with AWS IDP along with Slackshyamraj55
Discover the seamless integration of RPA (Robotic Process Automation), COMPOSER, and APM with AWS IDP enhanced with Slack notifications. Explore how these technologies converge to streamline workflows, optimize performance, and ensure secure access, all while leveraging the power of AWS IDP and real-time communication via Slack notifications.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Future of Agility: Supercharging Digital Transfor...Neo4j
Leonard Jayamohan, Partner & Generative AI Lead, Deloitte
This keynote will reveal how Deloitte leverages Neo4j’s graph power for groundbreaking digital twin solutions, achieving a staggering 100x performance boost. Discover the essential role knowledge graphs play in successful generative AI implementations. Plus, get an exclusive look at an innovative Neo4j + Generative AI solution Deloitte is developing in-house.
Pushing the limits of ePRTC: 100ns holdover for 100 daysAdtran
At WSTS 2024, Alon Stern explored the topic of parametric holdover and explained how recent research findings can be implemented in real-world PNT networks to achieve 100 nanoseconds of accuracy for up to 100 days.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 6. In this session, we will cover Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI webinar offers an in-depth exploration of leveraging cutting-edge technologies for test automation within the UiPath platform. Attendees will delve into the integration of generative AI, a test automation solution, with Open AI advanced natural language processing capabilities.
Throughout the session, participants will discover how this synergy empowers testers to automate repetitive tasks, enhance testing accuracy, and expedite the software testing life cycle. Topics covered include the seamless integration process, practical use cases, and the benefits of harnessing AI-driven automation for UiPath testing initiatives. By attending this webinar, testers, and automation professionals can gain valuable insights into harnessing the power of AI to optimize their test automation workflows within the UiPath ecosystem, ultimately driving efficiency and quality in software development processes.
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
Topics covered:
What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Why You Should Replace Windows 11 with Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 for enhanced perfor...SOFTTECHHUB
The choice of an operating system plays a pivotal role in shaping our computing experience. For decades, Microsoft's Windows has dominated the market, offering a familiar and widely adopted platform for personal and professional use. However, as technological advancements continue to push the boundaries of innovation, alternative operating systems have emerged, challenging the status quo and offering users a fresh perspective on computing.
One such alternative that has garnered significant attention and acclaim is Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, a sleek, powerful, and user-friendly Linux distribution that promises to redefine the way we interact with our devices. With its focus on performance, security, and customization, Nitrux Linux presents a compelling case for those seeking to break free from the constraints of proprietary software and embrace the freedom and flexibility of open-source computing.
Threats to mobile devices are more prevalent and increasing in scope and complexity. Users of mobile devices desire to take full advantage of the features
available on those devices, but many of the features provide convenience and capability but sacrifice security. This best practices guide outlines steps the users can take to better protect personal devices and information.
Dr. Sean Tan, Head of Data Science, Changi Airport Group
Discover how Changi Airport Group (CAG) leverages graph technologies and generative AI to revolutionize their search capabilities. This session delves into the unique search needs of CAG’s diverse passengers and customers, showcasing how graph data structures enhance the accuracy and relevance of AI-generated search results, mitigating the risk of “hallucinations” and improving the overall customer journey.
Programming Foundation Models with DSPy - Meetup SlidesZilliz
Prompting language models is hard, while programming language models is easy. In this talk, I will discuss the state-of-the-art framework DSPy for programming foundation models with its powerful optimizers and runtime constraint system.
2. 340 O.O. Sulaiman et al.
A.S. Abd Kader is a Professor of Marine Technology at University Technology
Malaysia. He has taught variety of subjects in maritime field.
A.H. Saharuddin is the Dean of Faculty of Maritime Studies and Marine
Science at University Malaysia Terengganu. He teaches marine policy and
management.
W.B. Wan Nik is a Professor of Maritime Technology at University Malaysia
Terengganu. He teaches fluid power.
K.B. Samo is a Professor of Maritime Technology at University Malaysia
Terengganu. He teaches marine acoustics.
1 Introduction
The 21st century is becoming age of recycling where a lots of emphasis is placed on
reducing waste and reuse of material to curb current environmental problems,
maximising use of depleting natural resources and conserve energy. Modern day
sustainable use and management of resource recommend incorporating recycling culture
in human ways and the use of modest process. Biomass is not left behind in this. The use
of biomass energy resource derived from the carbonaceous waste of various natural and
human activities to produce electricity is becoming popular. Biomass is considered one
of the clean, more efficient and stable means of power generation. Enormous being
generated from marine system make it imperative for marine industry to tap this new
evolving green technology to employ mobile-based micro generation biomass for mobile
for marine energy system.
Advantage of biomass compared to other renewable based energy systems is that
biomass can generate electricity with the same type of equipment and power plants that
burn fossil fuels. Innovations in power generation of fossil fuels may also be adaptable to
the use of biomass fuels. Also the ashes from biomass consumption, which are very low
in heavy metals, can be recycled. Various factors notably have hindered the growth of the
renewable energy resource, especially efficiency, likewise most biomass power plants
operating today are characterised by low boiler and thermal plant efficiencies. Both the
fuel’s characteristics and the small size of most facilities contribute to these efficiencies.
In addition, such plants are costly to build. All in all, converting waste into fuel is
beneficial even without a energy gain, if that waste will otherwise pollute the
environment. Biomass has low sulphur content, this give biomass combustion advantage
of less acidification than fossil fuel source.
Biomass remains potential renewable energy contributor to net reduction in
greenhouse gas emissions and offsetting of oxide of carbon dioxide (CO2) from fossil
generation. The current method of generating biomass power is biomass fired boilers and
Rankine steam turbines, recent research work in developing sustainable and economic
biomass focus on high-pressure supercritical steam cycles. It uses feedstock supply
system, and conversion of biomass to a low or medium Btu gas that can be fired in
combustion turbine cycles. It result in efficiencies of one-and-a-half times that of a
simple steam turbine. Biofuels has potential to influence marine industry, and it as
become importance for ship designers and ship owners to accept their influence on the
3. Review on potential for waste recycled based bioenergy 341
world fleet of the future. Especially the micro generation concept with co-generation for
cargo and fuel can be a good biomass system for ship. Taste being dumped by ships in
port can be use to power land based and coastal infrastructure.
This paper discusses review of conceptual work, trend, socio-political driver,
economic, development, risk approach and future of biomass with hope to bring
awareness to local, national and multinational bodies making to adopt biofuels policies.
The maritime industry is always slow to adopt new technology. The paper direct
awareness call to maritime multidisciplinary expertise in regulation, economics,
engineering, vessel design and operation to break slow adoption of technology barrier.
Time has come for the shipping industry to take advantage of growing tide to tap benefit
promised by use of waste to power generation for marine system.
2 Biomass developmental trend
The concept of using of biofuels for energy generation has been existing for a long time.
In the face of challenges posed by environmental need, the treat of climate change,
pollution of water resources, and its growth is likely to dominate renewable energy
market. The production and use of biofuels worldwide has grown significantly in recent
years. Biofuels exist in solid, liquid or gas form, thereby potentially affecting three main
core energy markets of materials. Solid biofuels or biomass is used in external
combustion. Biomass use in use in the shipping industry is limited to liquid biofuel due
to lack of appropriate information, economics forecasts, sources of solid biomass include
by-products from the timber industry, agricultural crops, raw material from the forest,
major parts of household waste, and demolition wood. All things being equal using pure
biomass that does not affect human and ecological food chain is suitable energy source
for biomass.
The current world biofuels market is focused on: Bioethanol blended into fossil
motor gasoline (petrol) or used directly and biodiesel or Fatty Acid Methyl Ester diesel
blended into fossil diesel. The Fischer-Tropsch model involves catalysed chemical
reaction to produce a synthetic petroleum substitute, typically from coal, natural gas or
biomass. It is used to runs diesel engines and some aircraft engines. The use as synthetic
biofuel lubrication oil or aid synthetic fuel from waste seems promising and negates risk
posed by food based biomass. Oil product and chemical tankers being constructed now
are likely to benefit from the use of biomass. However, use on gasoline engines ignites
the vapours at much higher temperatures pose limitation to inland water craft as more
oxide of nitrogen can be released to the atmosphere (Craig et al., 1996). Meeting biomass
demands and supply can be empirically by employing multi-criteria decision support
system based equation below; simulation and risk analysis presented in Figure 1. Design
of biomass system energy analysis that include:
• Preliminary information and motivation
1 energy auditing
2 process analysis
3 risk cost benefit analysis
4 reliability, uncertainty and sustainability analysis.
4. 342 O.O. Sulaiman et al.
Figure 1 Biomass process
Waste heat recovered used
to main fermentation tank
Source Methane
Food waste material fermentation
Lifestock waste Gas tank Cogenerator
tank tank
Organic sludge
Details of the process are described below:
1 Food waste, livestock waste and organic sludge is collected by prime mover (truck).
2 Source material tank – Airtight tank filled with the organic waste, and which can be
emptied of digested slurry with some means of catching the produced gas. Design
differences mainly depend on the type of organic waste to be used as raw material,
the temperatures to be used in digestion and the materials available for construction.
3 Methane fermentation tank – Process to remove sulphidric components and humidity
from biogas, occurs in tree steps. In the first step the most of biogas humidity is
removed, by a recipient where the water is condensed. After that, in second step,
biogas is directed to purification system, composed by two molecular screens,
removing the remainder humidity and the sulphídrico components (H2S). In the third
step, biogas pass through an amount of iron chip, removing the H2S residual.
4 Gas tank – The last process to collect the biogas to store in the drum, in this process,
biogas will store in liquid condition. After finish the process collecting biogas, the
drum will supply to industry or power plant to use as combustion.
3 Biomass developmental trend spillage to shipping
Just like tanker revolution influence on ship type, demand for biomass will bring
capacity, bio-material change from source to production area to the point of use.
Technological, environmental change will also require ships of different configuration,
size and tank coating type as well as impact on the tonne mile demand. Recently biofuel
is driving a new technology worldwide; the use of biofuels for cars and public vehicles
has grown significantly. Effect on shipping is likely to be followed by shipping of large-
scale growth on exports and seaborne trade of biomass product from key exporting
regions in order to balance supply and demand. With excess capacity waiting for source
5. Review on potential for waste recycled based bioenergy 343
material it seems inevitable that shipping demand will increase. Figure 2 shows typical
energy configuration for conventional ship technology, biomass system can be strategically
located near the gas turbine.
Figure 2 Typical energy configuration of conventional ship propulsion system
4 Meeting biomass demand and supply
Recent year has witnessed emerging trade on biofuel product between the USA, EU and
Asia. Particularly South America, Brazil has already been branded to be producing mass
production of ethanol from sugarcane since the 1970s with a cost per unit reportedly the
lowest in the world. The top importers from USA, EU, Japan and Korea have increasing
demand that will have to be satisfied by increased shipping capacity. Also seaborne
vegetable oil supply is increasingly growing. The EU imports 5.7 mt in 2001 and rise to
10.3 mt for 2008, an almost 50% of total capacity. Table 1 shows the present global
percentage of consumption for ethanol according to Energy Information Administration
(EIA). Brazil exports the most ethanol globally at about 2.9 million tonnes per year.
Table 2 show statistic of present food-related biofuel, this reflects future food scarcity
according to National Renewable Energy Laboratory (Fuldner, 1997).
Table 1 World ethanol consumption 2007
Region Consumption
World ethanol consumption 51 million tones, 2007
USA and Brazil 68%
EU and China 17% – surplus of 0.1 million tones
US deficit 1.7mt
EU deficit 1.3 mt
World deficit 1 mt
Table 2 Biofuel growth
Biofuel source Growth in 2008 Growth per annum
Vegetable oil 33 mt in 2000 to 59 mt 7.5%
Palm oil 13 mt in 2000 to 32 mt 8.9%
Soya bean 7 mt to some 11.5 mt 39%
6. 344 O.O. Sulaiman et al.
5 Classification of biomass
5.1 According to generation types
Here biomass generation and growing trend can be classified into three generation types:
1 First-generation biofuels are made from food like from sugar or starch, vegetable oil
or animal fats to produce biodiesel. This type of biofuel provokes increasing
criticism because of their dependence on food crops, biodiversity and land use.
Hybrid technology using percentage blending is being employed to mitigate food
production impact.
2 Second-generation biofuels are waste derived biomass from agricultural and forestry,
fast-growing grasses and trees specially grown as so-called ‘energy crops’. They
mitigate problem posed by the first-generation biofuels. With technology,
sustainability and cost issues to overcome, this second-generation biofuels are still
several years away from commercial viability and many of them are still under
development including the biomass to liquid Fischer-Tropsch production technique.
3 Third-generation biofuels use green fuels like algae biofuel made from energy and
biomass crops that have been designed in such a way that their structure or
properties conform to the requirements of a particular bioconversion process. They
are made from sources such as sewage, and algae grown on ponds.
5.2 According to sources types
North American Electric Reliability Council (NERC) region supply has classified biofuel
into the following four types: agricultural residues, energy crops, forestry residues, and
urban wood waste and mill residues. A brief description of each type of biomass is
provided below:
1 Agricultural residues from the remaining stalks and biomass material left on the
ground can be collected and used for energy generation purposes this include
residues of wheat straw.
2 Energy crops are produced solely or primarily for use as feedstock in energy
generation processes. Energy crops includes hybrid, switch grass grown on idled,
or in pasture. The most important agricultural commodity crops being planted in
the USA are corn, wheat, and soya beans represent about 70% of total cropland
harvested. Thus, this is not encouraged to prevent food scarcity.
3 Forestry residues are composed of logging residues, rough rotten salvageable dead
wood, and excess small pole trees.
4 Urban wood, waste and mill residues are waste woods from manufacturing operations
that would otherwise be landfilled. The urban wood waste and mill residue category
includes primary mill residues and urban wood such as pallets, construction waste,
and demolition debris, which are not otherwise useful.
7. Review on potential for waste recycled based bioenergy 345
5.2.1 National Energy Modelling System (NEMS) classification
Biomass for electricity generation is treated in the following four ways in NEMS:
1 new dedicated biomass or biomass gasification
2 existing and new plants that co-fire biomass with coal
3 existing plants that combust biomass directly in an open-loop process
4 biomass use in industrial cogeneration applications. Existing biomass plants are
accounted for using information such as on-line years, efficiencies, heat rates, and
retirement dates, obtained through Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) surveys
of the electricity generation sector.
6 Inter-industry best practice
6.1 Land-based use
Table 3 shows a few development of land based biomass (Lane and Beale, 1996).
Table 3 Land-based industry progress
Industry Progress
UK on June 2007 First train to run on biodiesel went into service for a six-month
trial period. The train uses a blended fuel, which is central. 20%
biodiesel hybrid mix augmentation possibility to at least a 50%
mix. It has future possibility to run trains on fuels entirely from
non-carbon sources.
Argent Energy in UK on A UK pilot project where buses are run on B100 Argent Energy
26th of October 2007 (UK) Limited is working together with Stagecoach to supply
biodiesel made by recycling and processing animal fat and used
cooking oil for marine system.
Limited is working together with Stagecoach to supply biodiesel
made by recycling and processing animal fat and use of cooking
oil for the pilot project.
Ohio Transit Authority Successfully tested a 20% blend of biodiesel (B20) in its buses
(COTA) on 15 January 2006 which eventually leads to approval of fleet wise use of biodiesel,
in April 2006. COTA is working to use 50–90% biodiesel
blends (B50–B90) during the summer months.
US Department of Funding of five new advanced biomass gasification research. A
Environment (DOE) projection to decrease of diesel fuel consumption by over one
development projects in million gallons per year.
2001 (Vermont project)
Ford on 2008 Announce £1 billion research project to convert more of its
vehicles to new biofuel sources.
British Petroleum (BP) Sold over 100 million liters of 10% ethanol content fuel to
Australia Australian motorists, and Brazil sells both 22% ethanol petrol
nationwide and 100% ethanol to over 4 million cars.
8. 346 O.O. Sulaiman et al.
Table 3 Land-based industry progress (continued)
Industry Progress
The Swedish National Several Swedish universities, companies, and utilities, in 2008,
Board for Industrial and collaborated to accelerate the demonstration of the gas turbine
Technical Development in natural gas firing plant (0.6 mw of power output for a simple
Stockholm gas/turbine cycle). It is a trend that is gathering momentum.
AES Corporation Recently completed a successful trial to convert the plant to burn
a mixture of coal and biomass. With further investment in the
technology, nearly half of Northern Ireland’s 2012 renewable
target could be met from AES Kilroot alone.
For power stations B&W have orders in the EU for 45 MW of two-stroke biofuel
engines with a thermal efficiency of 51–52%. Specifically, these
operate on palm oil of varying quality.
Aero industry progress Virgin Atlantic Air transport is receiving increasing attention
because of environmental research on CO2 emissions, air quality
and noise. Virgin Atlantic in collaboration with Boeing and
General Electric aircraft are developing alternative fuels for
aircraft. A successful test flight from London to Amsterdam
flight took place on 24th February.
6.2 Maritime industry progress
The use of biofuel for land-based transportation is growing; however, the use for sea-
based transportation needs to be explored. Biofuels for marine systems will be
advantageous.
1 Royal Caribbean Cruise Lines (RCCL) unveiled a palm oil based biodiesel in 2005.
Optimistic outcome of the trial made RCCL confident enough to sign a contract in
August 2007 for delivery a minimum of 18 millions gallons of biodiesel for its cruise
ships fleet. The contract marked the single largest long-term biodiesel sales contract
in the USA.
2 United States Coast Guard, in 2007, indicated that their fleet will augment increase
use of biofuels by 15% over the next four years.
3 Marine engines with their inherent lower speed and more tolerant to burning
alternative fuels than smaller, higher speed engines tolerance will allow them to run
on lower grade and cheaper biofuels.
4 In the marine industry, beside energy substitute advantage, biolubricants and
biodegradable oil are particularly advantageous from an environmental and pollution
perspective. Biolubrication also offer higher viscosity, flash point and better
technical properties such as increased sealing and lower machine operating
temperature advantageous use in ship operation.
5 It is expected that more engines, whether stationary or marine, will be developed to
run on biofuels.
Time has gone when maritime industry could not afford delay in adopting new
technology, other industry are already on a fast track preparing themselves technically for
evitable changes driven by environmental problem, global energy demands and political
9. Review on potential for waste recycled based bioenergy 347
debate that add pressures to find alternative energy especially bioenergy. The implication
is that shipping could be caught ill prepared for any rapid change in demand or supply of
biofuel. Thus this technology is in the early stages of development but the shipping
industry need to be prepared for the impacts of its breakthrough because shipping will
eventually be required at the centre of this supply and demand logistics chain. System
integration hybridisation of old and new system offers advantage for require change.
Figure 3 and Table 3 show the regional projection for biofuel usage and demand for the
USA and Europe which are the current main user in future.
Figure 3 Bioenergy usage projection (see online version for colours)
6%
4%
2%
0%
8% United states
6% Europe
4%
2%
0%
Growth (1990-1994) Projection (2020)
7 Potential impacts to marine system
The use of biofuels as a fuel has increased in most transportation sectors. Adopting this
technology in marine industry is still slow despite flexibility offered by use of energy on
ship compare to mass requirement for land-based industry and ambient temperature
performance for aviation industry. Cost remain one of the main driver, slow speed diesel
engines can run on lower quality fuels, they can replace distillate marine oils associated
technical difficult. Calorific energy value for main propulsion could also result in a
reduced service speed, range or larger bunker tanks.
7.1 Potential for port coastal and port infrastructure
A variety of methods could turn an age-old natural resource into a new and efficient
means of generating electricity. Biomass in large amounts is available in many areas, and
is being considered as a fuel source for future generation of electricity. Biomass is bulky,
widely distributed and electricity from conventional, centralised power plants requires an
extensive distribution network. Traditionally power is generated through centralised,
conventional power plant, where biomass is transported to the central plant. Typically a
steam or gas turbine power plant and the electricity is then distributed through the grid to
the end users. Costs include fuel transportation, power plant construction, maintenance
10. 348 O.O. Sulaiman et al.
operation, and distribution of the electric power, including losses in transmission. This is
system is ideal for coastal and port infrastructure marine system powering. Table 4 shows
efficiency comparison.
Table 4 Efficiency comparison
Electrical efficiency Capacity
Biomass Thermal efficiency – 40 % $2000 per kilowatt
Coal 45% $1500 per kilowatt
7.2 Potential for ship and offshore sustainable system
Micro-biomass power generators seem to offer a path for new solution for energy at end-
user disposal. Recent development towards use of micro-biomass can offer best practice
adaptation for marine unitised biomass power. Such biomass can be used near the site of
end-use, with heat from external combustion converted directly to electricity by a
biomass fired free-piston genset. Costs of installation include fuel acquisition and
maintenance of the genset and burner. Since the electricity is used on site, both
transmission losses and distribution costs are minimal. Thus, in areas without existing
infrastructure to transmit power, there are no additional costs. It is also possible to
co-generate using the rejected heat for space or hot water heating, or absorption cooling.
This is ideal for ship and offshore system.
Micro-biomass power generation is a more advantageous and cost-effective means of
providing power than centralised biomass power generation. Especially in area where
there is a need for both power and heating. Domestic hot water, space heat and
absorption chilling are attractive for cogeneration configurations of microbiofuel plant.
Biomass can be generated using single or ganged free-piston Stirling engines gensets.
They can be placed at the end-user location taking advantage of local fuel prices and do
not require a distribution grid. They can directly provide electrical output with integral
linear alternators, or where power requirements are larger they can be connected in series
and parallel to drive a conventional rotary turbine. They are hermetically sealed and offer
long lives through their non-contact operation.
Emissions offsets and waste reduction could help enhance the appeal of biomass to
utilities. An important consideration for the future use of biomass-fired power plants is
the treatment of biomass flue gases. Biomass combustion flue gases have high moisture
content. When the flue gas is cooled to a temperature below the dew point, water vapour
starts to condense. By using flue-gas condensation, sensible and latent heat can be
recovered for district heating or other heat consuming processes. This increases the heat
generation from a cogeneration plant by more than 30%. Flue-gas condensation not only
recovers heat but also captures dust and hazardous pollutants from flue gases at the same
time. Most dioxins, chlorine, mercury, and dust are removed, and sulphur oxides are
separated out to some extent. Another feature of flue gas condensation is water recovery,
which helps solve the problem of water consumption in evaporative gas turbines (Mann
et al., 2002).
Biomass is a substantial opportunity to generate micro-biomass electric power, at
power levels from fractions of kilowatts through to tens or hundreds of kilowatts, at the
point of end use. Neither small internal combustion engines, which cannot use biomass
11. Review on potential for waste recycled based bioenergy 349
directly, nor reciprocating steam engines, with low efficiency and limited life, can offer
the end-user economic electric power. Free-piston Stirling micro biomass engine are an
economic alternative.
Stirling offers the following advantages over significantly larger systems:
1 Stirling machines have reasonable overall efficiencies at moderate heater head
temperatures (~600ƒC) (Energy Efficiency Best Practice Programme, 1993)
2 cogeneration is simple
3 large amounts of capital do not have to be raised to build a single evaluation plant
with its associated technical and economic risks
4 a large fraction of the value of the engine alternator can be reused at the end of its
life
5 Stirling systems can be ganged with multiple units operating in parallel.
Biodiesel machinery design, installation, operation and maintenance requirements are as
follows (Wiltsee, 2000):
1 Fuel management: Fuel management is complex in this new era because fuel aging
and oxidation can lead to high acid number, high viscosity, the formation of gums
and sediments. Supply chain supply of biofuel to ship can be done through
pre-mixed to the required blend. Here the biofuel and diesel are supplied separately
to the ship, and then mixed on board. This gives the operator the chance to dictate
the exact blend of biofuels depending on conditions. But that would require
retrofitting or new technology to be installed on board together with additional
complexity for the crew. It is also important to monitor the fuel acid number value to
ensure that no rancid, acidic fuel is introduced to the injection system. A typical
layout should involve separators to ensure that water is removed from the fuel, as
well as heaters at various stages to ensure the fuel is at the correct temperature before
they enter engine.
2 Temperature monitoring system: Technical problem that need to be further mitigated
is the indication of low temperature operability of range between 0°C and 15°C for
different types of biodiesels. This can cause problems with filter clogging; this can
only be overcome by carefully monitoring of the fuel tank temperatures. This can
affect ships operating in cold climates, where additional tank heating coils and
heating may be required to avoid this from happening.
3 Corrosion control: Biodiesels are hygroscopic and require to be maintained at
1200–1500 ppm water, which can cause significant corrosion damage to fuel
injection systems. Mitigation can be exercise through appropriate fuel conditioning
prior to injection. Injector fouling especially the blend type produces deposits due to
presence of fatty acid and water in the fuel. This can result to increased corrosion of
the injector system. Also viscous glycerides can contribute to further injector coking.
Biodiesel due to its chemical properties degrades, softens or seeps through some
gaskets and seals with prolonged exposure. Biodiesels are knows to be good solvents
12. 350 O.O. Sulaiman et al.
and therefore cause coating complexity. Reports of aggressiveness of biodiesel and
bioethanol on tank coatings have been reported. In its pure form biodiesel, as a
methyl ester, is less aggressive to epoxy coatings than ethanol. Therefore, ethanol
should be carried in tanks coated with dedicated tank coatings such a phenolic epoxy
or zinc silicate tank coatings.
4 Lubrication: Biofuel lubricant may have impact on engine crankcase cleanliness and
the potential consequences of fuel dilution. The droplet characteristics and lower
volatility of biodiesel compared with conventional diesel, together with spray pattern
and wall impingement in the modern diesel engines, can help non-combusted
biodiesel past the piston rings. And also to make contact with the cylinder liner and
be scrapped down into the oil sump. The unburnt biodiesel tends to remain in the
sump and the level of contamination may progressively build up over time. This can
result in reduced lubricant viscosity and higher risk of component wear. A serious
concern is the possibility that the unburnt biodiesel entering the oil sump may be
oxidised, thus promoting oil thickening and requiring greater oil changes.
7.2.1 Potential for hybrid configuration
Alternative energy can reliably stand alone, hybrid use of engine and fuel and
regeneration system remain the main in line under use of technology to mitigate energy
and environment problem. Figure 4 shows hybrid configuration of diesel and gas turbine
engine model study at university Malaysia Terengganu (UMT), Department of Maritime
Technology (JTM). Figure 5 shows performance relationship for the system where the
gas turbine with regeneration gives high thermal efficiency at low pressure ratio. Figure 6
shows a typical multihybrid system of solar and hydrogen that can work with a biogas
system.
Figure 4 Hybrid configuration of gas turbine and diesel engine (UMT, 2010) (see online version
for colours)
13. Review on potential for waste recycled based bioenergy 351
Figure 5 Hybrid configuration of gas turbine and diesel engine (UMT, 2010) (see online version
for colours)
Figure 6 Multi-hybrid of solar and hydrogen alternative energy system (UMT, 2010) (see online
version for colours)
14. 352 O.O. Sulaiman et al.
8 Impact to shipping
Adoption of biomass will fuel freight increase as well as specialised new design of
chemical tankers. Biodiesel is an Internatonal Maritime Organization (IMO), IMO 2
cargo, its vegetable oil feedstocks are IMO cargoes with double hull IMO 3 vessel
configuration required. Ethanol typically transports in chemical tankers due to its cargo
requirement but technological change break through could bring potential regulatory
design change. Flexibility for ship conversion and retrofitting system could upset initial
cost problem (Graham et al., 2000).
8.1 Port, inland waterways and coastal vessel
There is potential for use of biodiesels for small craft that operate within inland water
because of air and water pollution sensitivity associated within inland water and coastline
transportation. The port facilities in Malaysia and strait of Melacca are being improved to
handle Handysize and Panamax tankers. There is also potential requirement for trans-
shipment and supply vessel, supply chain for short sea service.
8.2 Cargo
Third-generation biofuels will required to be processed from solid cargoes to liquid
cargoes of the wood currently being harvested, 30% of which is waste. This is not going
to be a waste in the future and will be converted by a Fischer Tropsch biomass to liquid
processing plant. For coastal shipping to handle this trade, there will be need for new
generation of 5000 tonne deadweight dry cargo vessels. It is expected that these voyages
will be regulated under the new Dry Bulk Cargo Code (BC Code) which is due to be
enforced in 2011.
Larger vessels will develop if the trade develops, but longer journeys will require
design attention to for condensation, ventilation and firefighting aspects. In addition to
wood chips and wood pellets, the other main type of common solid biofuel is palm seed
cake, which is the residue of the palm oil production process. This is used as a cargo in
co-fired power stations as it is easy to light. As a cargo, seed cake comes under the BC
Code as a fire hazard. The necessary changes in design are required to accommodate bulk
liquid carriage. Ethanol is listed in Chapter 18 of the IBC code as a mild pollutant and
not a safety hazard but it has a low flash point requiring explosion proof equipment. One
complication of ethanol is that it absorbs water from atmosphere. To stop this occurring
there is a current provision for a nitrogen blanket in the tank. This is usually supplied
from shore before the cargo is loaded in the tanks, and it is kept topped up by nitrogen
bottles on the vessel (Sheehan et al., 1998).
Restricted water requirement include:
1 Panamax vessels: The Panama Canal is a crucial gateway for transport by sea and
future vessels to support the biofuel trade. It is important to consider the constraints
of the current and opportunities of the future Panama Canal dimensions. Chemical
tanker conversion and upgrade offer a good advantage. This could lead to need for
economies of scale to build large tankers which require midship section to have
double bottom height of 2.15 m and side protection according to Marine Pollution
(MARPOL) Annex I of 2 m. If a vessel has to carry higher proportions of vegetable
15. Review on potential for waste recycled based bioenergy 353
oil and ethanol compare to petroleum oil of more than 15%, it may require a
chemical tanker notation with additional requirements both structural and equipment
capability. The pre-mixing of biofuel on the vessel in the refinery and terminal is
equally a subject that is being discussed at IMO at the bulk liquid and gas meeting in
February 2008, IMO stated that at present it does not come under any international
requirements, but may be developed further by the IMO in the future.
2 Aframax vessels: Brazil is looking to increase its ethanol export capacity. They are
investigating carriage of ethanol in even larger than Panamax size, possibly Aframax
size. For an oil and ethanol Aframax tanker Noxious liquid substances require
certificate that need an approved procedures and arrangements manual in accordance
to MARPOL 73/78 Annex II. This includes shipboard marine pollution emergency
plan for noxious liquid substance, a stripping test, and an initial survey. The
stripping test requirement will be 75 litres if built after 1st January 2007, or best
possible extent if built before 1st January 2007. Achieving these figures on a new
Aframax size vessel may be difficult.
8.3 Shipping routes and economics impacts
The above trend analysis discussed indicate potential capacity requirement from
shipping. So far North America, Europe and South East Asia are the key importing
regions where this growth is concentrated. Latin American countries of Brazil,
Argentina, Bolivia, and Paraguay and Southeast Asia’s Indonesia and Malaysia,
Malaysian Government recently unveil all out plant to use biofuel. Philippines and Papua
New Guinea have potentials for vegetable oil and agricultural while Thailand has
potential for sugarcane. This trade potential will determine future trade route from
Malacca Straits to Europe, ballast to Argentina, to load soya bean oil to China. And then
make a short ballast voyage to the Malacca Straits, where the pattern begins again. A
typical complicated front haul and backhaul combinations that can initiate economies of
scale would need to reduce freight costs and subsequent push for bigger ship production
and short sea services like recent experience of today’s tankers. According to case study
the following regional impact shown in Table 5 can be deduced for shipping performance
(Craig et al., 1996).
1 North America demand: policy work support biofuel use in the USA. 32 Handy size
equivalent tankers will be needed to meet US demand in 2015. With technological
breakthrough there will be need for 125 vessels in 2030.
2 European demand: environmental requirement and energy security is believed to
be politically acceptable in the EU but economics may drive a different outcome;
80 Handysizes with some due to the growth in trade and longer voyage distance.
With technological breakthrough for second and third-generation biofuel growth
will need growth of 145 by 2030 Aframax vessels if the technical issues can be
overcome.
3 Asia demand: In plateau case 50 Handysize equivalents are required by 2015 and
2030 with forecast vessel sizes being handysizes with total of 162 Panamax vessels
in the three regions.
16. 354 O.O. Sulaiman et al.
Table 5 Regional impact
Biofuel Demand
North America Ethanol 33 million tons
Europe Ethanol and biodiesel, 50:50 30 million tons
Asia Ethanol and biodiesel, 50:50 18 million tons
By adding up all the regions, with biofuels, only 3% of world transport demand is
fulfilled. There is potential need for a fleet of about 400 Handysize vessels to
accommodate the demand and supply drivers by 2030 and 162 by 2015. The total vessel
forecast for 2030 could means 2560 vessels of 81 million deadweight tons. As regions
identify these growth markets and recognise the economies of $/tonne scale that can be
achieved, with bigger tonnage, there will be natural investment occurring. New port
developments in concerned trade route will be required to accommodate large Panamax
vessel and parcel size for palm oil exports.
9 Regulatory framework impact
In many parts of the world, environmental concerns are the leading political driver for
biofuels. This driving force evolved regulation like Kyoto protocol, Marpol Annex VI
and other environmental regulation. The tonne mile demand for future tankers will be
greatly affected by national, regional, global policy and political decision making. There
is a greater flexibility in the sourcing of biofuels than there is in hydrocarbon energy
sources and this may be attractive to particular governments. Once the regulatory
framework is clear, economics will determine how the regulations will best be met and
seaborne trade will be at the centre of the outcome.
The EU has 2020 legislation projection that target 20% of community wide
renewable energy. All member states are expected to achieve a mandatory 10% minimum
target for the share of biofuels in transporting petrol and diesel consumption. The
legislation provides a phase-in for biofuel blends hybrid, including availability of high
percentage biofuel blends at filling stations. The US Congress passed the Renewable
Fuels Standards (RFS) in February 2008, which will require 35 billion gallons of
renewable and alternative fuels in 2022 in parallel to work on biogas to reduce emissions
from vehicles. Political driver in Asia varies according to region. Southeast Asia, the
centre of world production for palm oil, coconut oil, and other tropical oils, has political
support for farming which is the key driver.
The issue affecting shipping is whether to refine and use biodiesel locally, or export
the unrefined oil for product production elsewhere. In the short term the economics have
favoured the exports of unrefined oil which is good news for shipping. With the cost of
oil rising, and strict emission reductions growing, the need for increased biofuel
production is likely to increase as well as creating a net positive balance fuel. According
to EIA, world biofuels demand for transport could increase to about 3% of overall world
oil demand in 2015. This could be double by 2030 over the 2008 figure. This could also
have significant impact on the specialist fleet capacity demand. Predicting the trade
pattern of biofuels adds a layer of complexity to the overall energy supply picture and oil
distribution system. The best way to go on this is by employing risk cost benefit analysis
of all factors of concern (McGowin et al., 1996).
17. Review on potential for waste recycled based bioenergy 355
Fuel quality and standards issue is also a barrier as power generation will definitely
depend on energy source and property of biofuel. Currently the fuel standard for marine
applications, ISO 8217 relates solely to fossil fuels, and has no provision for biofuels.
Thus land based standards has been developed which can be adapted as required for
marine application, for example the European standard (EN 14214) for automobile. The
new MARPOL Annex VI has in the definitions of ‘fuel oil’ any fuel delivered to and
intended for combustion purposes for propulsion or operation on board a ship. This
leaves the door open for biofuels.
Political pressures could also cause the level of growth to rise beyond 3%. The world
oil tanker fleet of vessels 10,000 dwt or larger comprises of some 4600 vessels amounting
to 386 million dwt. These include about 2560 Handysize tankers. Additionally, there are
some 4400 more small tankers from 1000 to 10,000 dwt accounting for 16 million dwt.
Further projection show significant role for seaborne transport. This is a significant fleet
segment that poses technical and regulatory challenges. The requirements cannot be fully
defined because many market factors are uncertain. It is recommended that ship owners
who are building new vessels or operating existing vessels should consider this future
trade through flexible design options that an be introduced later to stay prepared and
beyond compliance for energy and environment regulation (Sulaiman et al., 2009).
10 Risk and uncertainties requirement
A significant amount of effort has gone into estimating the available quantities of
biomass supply, the following risk and uncertainties that need to be incorporated into
design and decision work on biodiesel use are as follows (Mitchell, 2000):
1 Risk to land use: the planet only have 35% land, for example Brazil has 200 million acres
of farmland available, more than the 46 million acres of land is required to grow the
sugarcane needed to satisfy the projection for 2022 bioenergy growth.
2 Evolving competing uses of biomass materials, the large market consumption,
pricing and growing need.
3 In agricultural waste, the impact of biomass removal on soil quality pose treat to
agricultural residues that need to be left on the soil to maintain soil quality. This
could result in significant losses of biomass for electric power generation purposes.
4 Impact of changes in forest fire prevention policies on biomass availability could
cause vegetation in forests to minimise significantly increase in the quantity of
forestry residues available.
5 Potential attempt to recycle more of the municipal solid waste stream might translate
into less available biomass for electricity generation.
6 Impact on the food production industry has witness in recent year food scarcity and
crisis.
11 Conclusion
The main challenge to use of biomass for power generation is to develop more efficient,
lower cost systems like micro-biomass system. Advanced biomass-based systems for
power generation require fuel upgrading, combustion cycle improvement, and better
18. 356 O.O. Sulaiman et al.
flue-gas treatment. Future biomass-based power generation technologies need to provide
superior environmental protection at lower cost by combining sophisticated biomass
preparation, combustion, and conversion processes with post-combustion cleanup. Such
systems include fluidised combustion, biomass integrated gasification, and biomass
externally fired gas turbines. Ships life cycle is around 20–25 years, for ship owners to
make the most of the upcoming markets, it is necessary to be prepared for the new
cargoes of biofuel. Current ship designs may not be suited for biofuel ships. Therefore,
there is potential for pressure on organisations to adopt new standards to accommodate
the demand driven by governmental legislation. This in itself has some risk involved;
also the trade routes could create economy of large-scale leading to larger ship
production and sub-sequential requirement from designer. Other evolving challenges to
secure energy and environment are fuel cell technology, nuclear, natural gas and fuels
made from waste plastics which can be integrated with biomass system under hybrid
configuration. In general, the initial cost of biomass system is considered high; the use of
biomass for marine system will mean new rearrangement for marine system, evolvement
of new shipping route and formulation of regulation for carriage of biomass cargo. On
reliability from, the use of hybrid system can provide opportunity to collect good data
that provide good understanding of the system and opportunity to simulate extreme
condition of uncertainty that comes with deployment of total biomass system.
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