This document discusses ignition and cooling systems for internal combustion engines. It describes the basic components and processes of spark ignition and battery ignition systems, including magnetos, coils, distributors and spark plugs. It also explains the four-stroke engine cycle and identifies the purpose of engine cooling to maintain optimal temperatures. The key cooling system types - air, hopper water, thermosiphon and forced circulation water cooling - are outlined.
Fuel Supply and Lubrication System of I.C. Engine.pptxJayaruwaniFernando
The lesson outcomes are to Identify the importance of engine fuel supply and lubrication systems, Identify the main components of engine fuel supply and lubrication systems,
Describe the processes in engine fuel supply and lubrication systems, and Describe Bernoulli’s theorem taking place in carburetor.
The lesson provides information on engine power for agricultural machines. The lesson outcomes are to Differentiate between external combustion engines and internal combustion engines, Identify the terminology of the internal combustion engine, and Identify turbocharging and Intercooling engines.
This project examines the effectiveness of thermo acoustic refrigeration, which is the theory of using sound waves as a coolant. The work reported here deals with the design and optimization of a thermo acoustic-refrigerator (TAR) as an attempt to address the future generation environment friendly energy systems.
Experimental Investigation of Mini Cooler cum Freezerresearchinventy
In general cases the refrigerator could be converted into an air conditioner by attaching a fan. Thus a cooler as well as freezer is obtained in a single set up. The freezer can be converted to an air conditioner when the outside air is allowed to flow beside the cooling coil and is forced outside by an exhaust fan. In this case a mini scale cooler cum freezer using R134a as refrigerant was fabricated and tested In our mini project work we had designed, fabricated and experimentally analysed a mini cooler cum freezer. From the observations and calculations, the results of mini cooler cum freezer are obtained and are compared.
Fuel Supply and Lubrication System of I.C. Engine.pptxJayaruwaniFernando
The lesson outcomes are to Identify the importance of engine fuel supply and lubrication systems, Identify the main components of engine fuel supply and lubrication systems,
Describe the processes in engine fuel supply and lubrication systems, and Describe Bernoulli’s theorem taking place in carburetor.
The lesson provides information on engine power for agricultural machines. The lesson outcomes are to Differentiate between external combustion engines and internal combustion engines, Identify the terminology of the internal combustion engine, and Identify turbocharging and Intercooling engines.
This project examines the effectiveness of thermo acoustic refrigeration, which is the theory of using sound waves as a coolant. The work reported here deals with the design and optimization of a thermo acoustic-refrigerator (TAR) as an attempt to address the future generation environment friendly energy systems.
Experimental Investigation of Mini Cooler cum Freezerresearchinventy
In general cases the refrigerator could be converted into an air conditioner by attaching a fan. Thus a cooler as well as freezer is obtained in a single set up. The freezer can be converted to an air conditioner when the outside air is allowed to flow beside the cooling coil and is forced outside by an exhaust fan. In this case a mini scale cooler cum freezer using R134a as refrigerant was fabricated and tested In our mini project work we had designed, fabricated and experimentally analysed a mini cooler cum freezer. From the observations and calculations, the results of mini cooler cum freezer are obtained and are compared.
Experimental Investigation of Mini Cooler cum Freezerinventy
In general cases the refrigerator could be converted into an air conditioner by attaching a fan. Thus a cooler as well as freezer is obtained in a single set up. The freezer can be converted to an air conditioner when the outside air is allowed to flow beside the cooling coil and is forced outside by an exhaust fan. In this case a mini scale cooler cum freezer using R134a as refrigerant was fabricated and tested In our mini project work we had designed, fabricated and experimentally analysed a mini cooler cum freezer. From the observations and calculations, the results of mini cooler cum freezer are obtained and are compared.
The overall convection heat transfer coefficients for long horizontal rectangular fin
arrays are low because the surfaces in the inner region are poorly ventilated. In this
study, perforations through the fin base are introduced to improve ventilation with
cold air from below the fin base. Aluminum fin arrays with length L= 380mm, fin
height H = 38mm, fin thickness tf = 1mm, and fin spacing S = 10mm are analyzed
experimentally and numerically using ANSYS 14.0 so as to obtain the temperature
distribution along the fin height and fin length. In this work the fin array
configurations are tested experimentally with two different heater input as 50W and
65W. The heat transfer coefficient for fin array with perforations in fin base increased
by the enhancement factor of 1.49 and
1.42 as compared to fin array without perforation with 50W and 65W heater input
respectively. The heat transfer coefficient for the same fin configuration is also
increased with increase in heater input from 50W to 65W. Experimental and
numerical results for the temperature distribution show a difference of 5-9%. The
distribution of heat flux obtained with ANSYS 14.0 quantitatively follows the trend of
the same reported in the literature review.
A Thesis on Design Optimization of Heat Sink in Power ElectronicsIJERA Editor
The heat sinks are used in electronic systems to remove heat from the chip and effectively transfer it to the ambient. The heat sink geometry is designed by the mechanical engineers with the primary aim of reducing the thermal resistance of the heat sink for better cooling in the electronic systems. Due to the proximity of the heat sink with the ICs, the RF fields created by RF currents in the ICs/PCBs gets coupled to heat sinks. Hence, the coupled RF current can cause radiated emission. This radiated noise from the device can couple and disturb the functioning of the nearby electronic systems. Also this radiated emission from the device poses a problem to the system compliance with respect to EMI/EMC regulations. The international EMI/EMC standards require the radiated emission from the electronic devices to be kept below the specified limits. As a result the design of Heat Sink is very important factor for the efficient operation of the electronic equipment. In this project design optimization of a Heat sink in a Power amplifier is performed to reduce the weight and size .Power amplifier is electronic equipment mounted in an army vehicle. The power modules inside the amplifier generates a heat of 1440 Watts and a temperature of 140 0c.Two Heat sinks are used to dissipate the heat generated inside the equipment and maintain a temperature of less than 850c. The existing heat sink which is being used is weighing around 10.3kgs and height of 51mm; as a result the unit is very robust. The objective of my project is To design & optimize the heat sink to reduce the weight and size. The optimized heat sink should also dissipate heat generated by power modules and maintain a temperature of less than 850c inside. To achieve the design a steady state thermal analysis will be performed on the heat sink and plot the Temperature distribution on the fins. Based on the above analysis results we will increase/decrease the number of fins, thickness of fins, and height of fins to reduce the weight of the heat sink. We will perform CFD analysis of the power amplifier by mounting the optimized heat sink and plot temperature, pressure and velocity distribution in the power amplifier enclosure. Efforts are made to optimize temperature, pressure and velocity distribution in the power amplifier enclosure by reorienting the power modules in the enclosure. UNIGRAPHICS software is used for 3D modeling SOLID WORKS FLOW SIMULATION software is used for thermal and CFD analysis.
sound wave moving producing Refrigeration process
Thermo acoustic refrigeration systems operate by using sound waves and a non-flammable mixture of inert gas (helium, argon, air) or a mixture of gases in a resonator to produce cooling.. The temperature difference is used to remove heat from the cold side and reject it at the hot side of the system.
Thermo acoustic refrigeration (TAR) is a phenomenon that uses high intensity sound waves in a pressurized gas tube to pump heat from one place to other to produce refrigeration effect
NUMERICAL ANALYSIS AND SIMULATION OF CONJUGATE HEAT TRANSFER STUDY OF ELECTRO...ijiert bestjournal
Present - day interest in the thermal analysis of electronic circuit boards arises mainly because of the failure of such components as a result of thermal fatigue. A thermal/structural ANSYS model was integrated in this study to enable the predictions of the temperature and stress distribution of vertically clamped parallel circuit boards that include series of symmetrically mounted heated electronic modules (chips). The board was modelled as a thin plate containing heated flush rectangular areas representing the heat generating modules. The ANSYS model was required to incorporate the effects of mixed convection on surfaces,heat generation in the modules,and conduction inside the board. Appropriate convection heat transfer coefficients and boundary condition s resulted in a temperature distribution in the board and chips. Then structural analyses were performed on the same finite element mesh with structural elements capable of handling orthotropic material properties. The stress fields were obtained and compa red for the two models possessing different fibers orientations .
The present trend in the electronic packaging industry is to reduce the size and increase the performance of the equipment. As the power of these systems increases and the volume allowed diminishes, heat flux or density is spiraled. The cooling of modern electronic components is one of the prime areas for the application of thermal control techniques. Of the many thermal-cooling techniques, forced air-cooling being one such extensively used technique due to its simple design and easy availability of air. The present study is to design an air cooled high power electronic system to dissipate heat from selected electronic components.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Experimental Investigation of Mini Cooler cum Freezerinventy
In general cases the refrigerator could be converted into an air conditioner by attaching a fan. Thus a cooler as well as freezer is obtained in a single set up. The freezer can be converted to an air conditioner when the outside air is allowed to flow beside the cooling coil and is forced outside by an exhaust fan. In this case a mini scale cooler cum freezer using R134a as refrigerant was fabricated and tested In our mini project work we had designed, fabricated and experimentally analysed a mini cooler cum freezer. From the observations and calculations, the results of mini cooler cum freezer are obtained and are compared.
The overall convection heat transfer coefficients for long horizontal rectangular fin
arrays are low because the surfaces in the inner region are poorly ventilated. In this
study, perforations through the fin base are introduced to improve ventilation with
cold air from below the fin base. Aluminum fin arrays with length L= 380mm, fin
height H = 38mm, fin thickness tf = 1mm, and fin spacing S = 10mm are analyzed
experimentally and numerically using ANSYS 14.0 so as to obtain the temperature
distribution along the fin height and fin length. In this work the fin array
configurations are tested experimentally with two different heater input as 50W and
65W. The heat transfer coefficient for fin array with perforations in fin base increased
by the enhancement factor of 1.49 and
1.42 as compared to fin array without perforation with 50W and 65W heater input
respectively. The heat transfer coefficient for the same fin configuration is also
increased with increase in heater input from 50W to 65W. Experimental and
numerical results for the temperature distribution show a difference of 5-9%. The
distribution of heat flux obtained with ANSYS 14.0 quantitatively follows the trend of
the same reported in the literature review.
A Thesis on Design Optimization of Heat Sink in Power ElectronicsIJERA Editor
The heat sinks are used in electronic systems to remove heat from the chip and effectively transfer it to the ambient. The heat sink geometry is designed by the mechanical engineers with the primary aim of reducing the thermal resistance of the heat sink for better cooling in the electronic systems. Due to the proximity of the heat sink with the ICs, the RF fields created by RF currents in the ICs/PCBs gets coupled to heat sinks. Hence, the coupled RF current can cause radiated emission. This radiated noise from the device can couple and disturb the functioning of the nearby electronic systems. Also this radiated emission from the device poses a problem to the system compliance with respect to EMI/EMC regulations. The international EMI/EMC standards require the radiated emission from the electronic devices to be kept below the specified limits. As a result the design of Heat Sink is very important factor for the efficient operation of the electronic equipment. In this project design optimization of a Heat sink in a Power amplifier is performed to reduce the weight and size .Power amplifier is electronic equipment mounted in an army vehicle. The power modules inside the amplifier generates a heat of 1440 Watts and a temperature of 140 0c.Two Heat sinks are used to dissipate the heat generated inside the equipment and maintain a temperature of less than 850c. The existing heat sink which is being used is weighing around 10.3kgs and height of 51mm; as a result the unit is very robust. The objective of my project is To design & optimize the heat sink to reduce the weight and size. The optimized heat sink should also dissipate heat generated by power modules and maintain a temperature of less than 850c inside. To achieve the design a steady state thermal analysis will be performed on the heat sink and plot the Temperature distribution on the fins. Based on the above analysis results we will increase/decrease the number of fins, thickness of fins, and height of fins to reduce the weight of the heat sink. We will perform CFD analysis of the power amplifier by mounting the optimized heat sink and plot temperature, pressure and velocity distribution in the power amplifier enclosure. Efforts are made to optimize temperature, pressure and velocity distribution in the power amplifier enclosure by reorienting the power modules in the enclosure. UNIGRAPHICS software is used for 3D modeling SOLID WORKS FLOW SIMULATION software is used for thermal and CFD analysis.
sound wave moving producing Refrigeration process
Thermo acoustic refrigeration systems operate by using sound waves and a non-flammable mixture of inert gas (helium, argon, air) or a mixture of gases in a resonator to produce cooling.. The temperature difference is used to remove heat from the cold side and reject it at the hot side of the system.
Thermo acoustic refrigeration (TAR) is a phenomenon that uses high intensity sound waves in a pressurized gas tube to pump heat from one place to other to produce refrigeration effect
NUMERICAL ANALYSIS AND SIMULATION OF CONJUGATE HEAT TRANSFER STUDY OF ELECTRO...ijiert bestjournal
Present - day interest in the thermal analysis of electronic circuit boards arises mainly because of the failure of such components as a result of thermal fatigue. A thermal/structural ANSYS model was integrated in this study to enable the predictions of the temperature and stress distribution of vertically clamped parallel circuit boards that include series of symmetrically mounted heated electronic modules (chips). The board was modelled as a thin plate containing heated flush rectangular areas representing the heat generating modules. The ANSYS model was required to incorporate the effects of mixed convection on surfaces,heat generation in the modules,and conduction inside the board. Appropriate convection heat transfer coefficients and boundary condition s resulted in a temperature distribution in the board and chips. Then structural analyses were performed on the same finite element mesh with structural elements capable of handling orthotropic material properties. The stress fields were obtained and compa red for the two models possessing different fibers orientations .
The present trend in the electronic packaging industry is to reduce the size and increase the performance of the equipment. As the power of these systems increases and the volume allowed diminishes, heat flux or density is spiraled. The cooling of modern electronic components is one of the prime areas for the application of thermal control techniques. Of the many thermal-cooling techniques, forced air-cooling being one such extensively used technique due to its simple design and easy availability of air. The present study is to design an air cooled high power electronic system to dissipate heat from selected electronic components.
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1. IGNITION SYSTEM AND COOLING SYSTEM
Dr. (Ms.) Jayaruwani Fernando, Ph.D. (Ag. & Biosystems Engineering), M.S. (Industrial and Ag.
Technology), M.Phil. (Ag. & Biosystems Engineering), B.Sc. (Agriculture)
2. LESSON OUTCOMES
Identify the basic components of different ignition
systems and cooling systems
Describe the processes in ignition systems and cooling
systems
Describe the importance of engine cooling system
Dr. (Ms.) Jayaruwani Fernando, Ph.D. (Ag. & Biosystems Engineering), M.S. (Industrial and Ag. Technology), M.Phil. (Ag. & Biosystems Engineering), B.Sc. (Agriculture)
5. TYPES OF IGNITION SYSTEMS
Ignition by electric spark or spark ignition
Ignition by heat of compression or compression
ignition
Dr. (Ms.) Jayaruwani Fernando, Ph.D. (Ag. & Biosystems Engineering), M.S. (Industrial and Ag. Technology), M.Phil. (Ag. & Biosystems Engineering), B.Sc. (Agriculture)
6. SPARK IGNITION
Purpose: deliver a perfectly timed surge of electricity
across an open gap in each cylinder at the exact moment
Types of spark ignition
a) Magneto ignition
b) Battery ignition
Dr. (Ms.) Jayaruwani Fernando, Ph.D. (Ag. & Biosystems Engineering), M.S. (Industrial and Ag. Technology), M.Phil. (Ag. & Biosystems Engineering), B.Sc. (Agriculture)
7. MAGNETO IGNITION SYSTEM
Magneto is used to
generate electric current
for producing spark
A high tension magneto
generates a very high
voltage and transfer that
voltage to the spark plug
Dr. (Ms.) Jayaruwani Fernando, Ph.D. (Ag. & Biosystems Engineering), M.S. (Industrial and Ag. Technology), M.Phil. (Ag. & Biosystems Engineering), B.Sc. (Agriculture)
8. MAGNETO IGNITION SYSTEM – MAIN COMPONENTS
Rotating Magnets
Primary Winding
Secondary Winding
Fixed Armature
Capacitor
Breaker-points or
Contact Breaker
Distributor
Ignition Switch
Spark Plug
CAPACITOR
IGNITION
SWITCH
Dr. (Ms.) Jayaruwani Fernando, Ph.D. (Ag. & Biosystems Engineering), M.S. (Industrial and Ag. Technology), M.Phil. (Ag. & Biosystems Engineering), B.Sc. (Agriculture)
9. MAGNETO IGNITION SYSTEM
CAPACITOR
IGNITION
SWITCH
Rotating magneto: Produce the energy in the
form of high voltage
Fixed armature: Carries alternating current
Primary winding: Draws power from the source
Secondary winding: Change the voltage of the load
Capacitor: Store the charger
These breaker points and the capacitor produce an increase in the rate of change
of magnetic flux. When the breaker points are opened by the cam mounted on
the rotor shaft, the capacitor gets charged by currents from the primary coil.
Distributor: route secondary voltage from the
ignition coil to the spark plug so that the correct
firing order and correct timing happens
Ignition switch: controls
the magneto ignition
Spark plug: Ignite the fuel
air mixture
10. WORKING PRINCIPLE
CAPACITOR
Dr. (Ms.) Jayaruwani Fernando, Ph.D. (Ag. & Biosystems Engineering), M.S. (Industrial and Ag. Technology), M.Phil. (Ag. & Biosystems Engineering), B.Sc. (Agriculture)
12. WORKING
Dr. (Ms.) Jayaruwani Fernando, Ph.D. (Ag. & Biosystems Engineering), M.S. (Industrial and Ag. Technology), M.Phil. (Ag. & Biosystems Engineering), B.Sc. (Agriculture)
13. BATTERY IGNITION SYSTEM ON A MODERN TRACTOR
battery
ignition switch
ballast resistor
ignition coil
distributor
contact breaker
capacitor
spark plugs
Dr. (Ms.) Jayaruwani Fernando, Ph.D. (Ag. & Biosystems Engineering), M.S. (Industrial and Ag. Technology), M.Phil. (Ag. & Biosystems Engineering), B.Sc. (Agriculture)
14. SPARK PLUG
Ignites the air–fuel mixture in combustion
chamber
Usually the spark plug gap settings are kept
between 0.5 and 0.85 mm
Dr. (Ms.) Jayaruwani Fernando, Ph.D. (Ag. & Biosystems Engineering), M.S. (Industrial and Ag. Technology), M.Phil. (Ag. & Biosystems Engineering), B.Sc. (Agriculture)
15. IGNITION COIL
Serves the purpose of a
small transformer, which
sets up low voltage to very
high voltage
Sealed to prevent entry of
moisture
Dr. (Ms.) Jayaruwani Fernando, Ph.D. (Ag. & Biosystems Engineering), M.S. (Industrial and Ag. Technology), M.Phil. (Ag. & Biosystems Engineering), B.Sc. (Agriculture)
16. FIRING ORDER
Crank shaft
degree
Cylinders
0 1 2 3 4
180 Power stroke Exhaust Compression Suction
360 Exhaust Suction Power stroke Compression
540 Suction Compression Exhaust Power stroke
720 Compression Power stroke Suction Exhaust
4-Cylinder
1-3-4-2
1-2-4-3
6-Cylinder
1-5-3-6-2-4
• Sequence in which the power is produced in an engine – obtain best performance
• Cylinder nearest the radiator is designed as number 1
Dr. (Ms.) Jayaruwani Fernando, Ph.D. (Ag. & Biosystems Engineering), M.S. (Industrial and Ag. Technology), M.Phil. (Ag. & Biosystems Engineering), B.Sc. (Agriculture)
17. COOLING SYSTEM
Temperature produced on the power stroke of an engine
can be as high as 1600ºC > melting point of engine parts
30%
coolin
g
syste
m
40%
exhaust
30%
useful
power
Dr. (Ms.) Jayaruwani Fernando, Ph.D. (Ag. & Biosystems Engineering), M.S. (Industrial and Ag. Technology), M.Phil. (Ag. & Biosystems Engineering), B.Sc. (Agriculture)
18. PURPOSE OF COOLING
To maintain optimum temperature of engine for efficient operation
under all conditions
To dissipate surplus heat for protection of engine components like
cylinder, cylinder head, piston, piston rings and valves
To maintain the lubricating property of the oil inside the engine
cylinder for normal functioning of the engine
Dr. (Ms.) Jayaruwani Fernando, Ph.D. (Ag. & Biosystems Engineering), M.S. (Industrial and Ag. Technology), M.Phil. (Ag. & Biosystems Engineering), B.Sc. (Agriculture)
19. AIR COOLING SYSTEM
Heat is conducted from the working components
of the engine to the atmosphere directly
Air circulates by air blower/fan
Fins increase the area of contact of air for speedy
cooling
Size and spacing depend on - the amount of heat to be
removed, temperature of air, speed of air, material type, spacing
between the fins, cylinder size
Large number of short fins are considered to be better
than small number of large fins
Higher pressure of air is required when the spacing
between the fins is reduced
Dr. (Ms.) Jayaruwani Fernando, Ph.D. (Ag. & Biosystems Engineering), M.S. (Industrial and Ag. Technology), M.Phil. (Ag. & Biosystems Engineering), B.Sc. (Agriculture)
20. AIR COOLING SYSTEM
Advantages:
Comparatively lighter
Simpler in design and
construction
Can use in extreme weather
conditions
Disadvantages:
Uneven cooling of the engine
parts
Engine temperature is generally
Dr. (Ms.) Jayaruwani Fernando, Ph.D. (Ag. & Biosystems Engineering), M.S. (Industrial and Ag. Technology), M.Phil. (Ag. & Biosystems Engineering), B.Sc. (Agriculture)
21. WATER COOLING SYSTEM
Use water as cooling medium
Water - circulate round the cylinders to absorb heat from the cylinder
walls
Heated water is conducted through a radiator to remove the heat and
cool the water
Methods:
1. Open jacket or hopper method
2. Thermo-siphon method
3. Forced circulation method
Dr. (Ms.) Jayaruwani Fernando, Ph.D. (Ag. & Biosystems Engineering), M.S. (Industrial and Ag. Technology), M.Phil. (Ag. & Biosystems Engineering), B.Sc. (Agriculture)
22. HOPPER WATER COOLING SYSTEM
Hopper or jacket containing water
that surrounds the engine cylinder
As soon as the water starts boiling,
it is replaced by cold water.
The hopper is large enough to run
for several hours without refilling.
A drain plug is provided in a low
accessible position for draining
water as and when required
Dr. (Ms.) Jayaruwani Fernando, Ph.D. (Ag. & Biosystems Engineering), M.S. (Industrial and Ag. Technology), M.Phil. (Ag. & Biosystems Engineering), B.Sc. (Agriculture)
23. THERMO-SIPHON WATER COOLING SYSTEM
Dr. (Ms.) Jayaruwani Fernando, Ph.D. (Ag. & Biosystems Engineering), M.S. (Industrial and Ag. Technology), M.Phil. (Ag. & Biosystems Engineering), B.Sc. (Agriculture)
26. COOLING SYSTEM HT OPERATION
Engine heat is transferred . . .
through walls of the combustion chambers
through the walls of cylinders
Coolant flows . . .
through the upper radiator hose
through radiator
to water pump
through engine water jackets
through thermostat
back to radiator
Dr. (Ms.) Jayaruwani Fernando, Ph.D. (Ag. & Biosystems Engineering), M.S. (Industrial and Ag. Technology), M.Phil. (Ag. & Biosystems Engineering), B.Sc. (Agriculture)
27. RADIATOR
Type of heat exchanger
Hot water flows into the radiator at the top
and cold water flows out from the bottom
Tubes or passages carry the water from the
top of the radiator to the bottom, passing it
over a large metal surface
Air flows between the tubes or through the
cells at right angles to the downward flowing
water
This helps in transferring the heat from the
water to the atmosphere
Dr. (Ms.) Jayaruwani Fernando, Ph.D. (Ag. & Biosystems Engineering), M.S. (Industrial and Ag. Technology), M.Phil. (Ag. & Biosystems Engineering), B.Sc. (Agriculture)
28. TYPES OF RADIATOR
On the basis of fabrication:
Tubular type radiator
Cellular type radiator/honeycomb radiator
Tubular type
Cellular type
Dr. (Ms.) Jayaruwani Fernando, Ph.D. (Ag. & Biosystems Engineering), M.S. (Industrial and Ag. Technology), M.Phil. (Ag. & Biosystems Engineering), B.Sc. (Agriculture)
29. ANTIFREEZE MIXTURE/COOLANT
Ethylene glycol
Propylene glycol
Diluted (usually 50/50 with distilled
water) antifreeze
Prevents water from freezing
Avoid over-heating (summer time)
Keep the cooling system clean
Dr. (Ms.) Jayaruwani Fernando, Ph.D. (Ag. & Biosystems Engineering), M.S. (Industrial and Ag. Technology), M.Phil. (Ag. & Biosystems Engineering), B.Sc. (Agriculture)