The document discusses requirements engineering for software projects. It defines what requirements are, different types of requirements like user requirements and system requirements. It explains how requirements are developed through tasks like elicitation, elaboration and specification. Requirements should be written to be complete, consistent and unambiguous. The document outlines guidelines for writing requirements and the structure of a requirements document. Validation techniques help check that requirements are valid, consistent, complete and verifiable.
This document discusses software requirements and their role in software engineering. It defines requirements as descriptions of system services and constraints generated during requirements engineering. Requirements can range from high-level statements to detailed specifications. The document outlines different types of requirements including functional and non-functional requirements, and describes how requirements are organized in a requirements document.
This document covers key topics in software requirements, including:
- The objectives of introducing user and system requirements, functional and non-functional requirements, and how requirements are organized in a requirements document.
- The different types of requirements like functional, non-functional, domain, user, and system requirements are defined.
- Challenges with writing requirements like ambiguity, incompleteness, imprecision are discussed.
- Guidelines for writing clear requirements in natural language through use of standard formats and consistent language are provided.
The document discusses software requirements and requirements engineering. It covers what requirements are, different types of requirements like user requirements and system requirements, and how requirements are specified. Functional and non-functional requirements are described as well as common challenges in requirements engineering like ambiguity, incompleteness, and consistency issues. Different methods for specifying requirements formally are also presented, including structured natural language, forms-based approaches, and programming language-based definitions.
The document is a software requirements specification for a Water Management Portal. It includes sections that provide an introduction and overview, describe the overall system and specific requirements. The introduction describes the purpose of creating a web application to allow users to report water-related issues, view information, and allow city employees to update statuses. The overall description outlines the system interfaces, hardware requirements, communication methods, and constraints. It also includes use case and entity relationship diagrams. The specific requirements section describes use cases for different user types: visitors, administrators, city employees and residents.
This document provides an overview of a requirements specification (SRS) for a software engineering project. It defines what an SRS is, its purpose, types of requirements it should include, its typical structure, characteristics of a good SRS, and benefits of developing an SRS. The SRS is intended to clearly define the requirements for a software product to guide its design and development.
Requirements documentation standards ieee830Abdul Basit
The document discusses requirements specification documents and the IEEE 830 standard. It provides an overview of the requirements specification document and its purpose. It also describes the key sections and contents of the IEEE 830 standard, including the structure and templates for software requirements specifications. The standard provides guidance on producing high-quality requirements documents and the relationship between IEEE 830 and the ISO/IEC 12207 standard. Example requirements and diagrams are also presented.
This document discusses different types of software requirements including functional requirements, non-functional requirements, product requirements, organizational requirements, and external requirements. Functional requirements describe what the system does, non-functional requirements relate to system properties like performance and reliability, and examples are provided for each type of requirement. It is noted that non-functional requirements can be difficult to define and measure but provide important guidance for system design and development.
This document is a software requirements specification (SRS) for an unnamed project. It provides an overview of the purpose and scope of the software, describes external interface requirements, system features, and other nonfunctional requirements. The document includes sections for introduction, overall description, external interface requirements, system features, other nonfunctional requirements, and appendices. Requirements are organized by system features and specified individually with unique identifiers.
This document discusses software requirements and their role in software engineering. It defines requirements as descriptions of system services and constraints generated during requirements engineering. Requirements can range from high-level statements to detailed specifications. The document outlines different types of requirements including functional and non-functional requirements, and describes how requirements are organized in a requirements document.
This document covers key topics in software requirements, including:
- The objectives of introducing user and system requirements, functional and non-functional requirements, and how requirements are organized in a requirements document.
- The different types of requirements like functional, non-functional, domain, user, and system requirements are defined.
- Challenges with writing requirements like ambiguity, incompleteness, imprecision are discussed.
- Guidelines for writing clear requirements in natural language through use of standard formats and consistent language are provided.
The document discusses software requirements and requirements engineering. It covers what requirements are, different types of requirements like user requirements and system requirements, and how requirements are specified. Functional and non-functional requirements are described as well as common challenges in requirements engineering like ambiguity, incompleteness, and consistency issues. Different methods for specifying requirements formally are also presented, including structured natural language, forms-based approaches, and programming language-based definitions.
The document is a software requirements specification for a Water Management Portal. It includes sections that provide an introduction and overview, describe the overall system and specific requirements. The introduction describes the purpose of creating a web application to allow users to report water-related issues, view information, and allow city employees to update statuses. The overall description outlines the system interfaces, hardware requirements, communication methods, and constraints. It also includes use case and entity relationship diagrams. The specific requirements section describes use cases for different user types: visitors, administrators, city employees and residents.
This document provides an overview of a requirements specification (SRS) for a software engineering project. It defines what an SRS is, its purpose, types of requirements it should include, its typical structure, characteristics of a good SRS, and benefits of developing an SRS. The SRS is intended to clearly define the requirements for a software product to guide its design and development.
Requirements documentation standards ieee830Abdul Basit
The document discusses requirements specification documents and the IEEE 830 standard. It provides an overview of the requirements specification document and its purpose. It also describes the key sections and contents of the IEEE 830 standard, including the structure and templates for software requirements specifications. The standard provides guidance on producing high-quality requirements documents and the relationship between IEEE 830 and the ISO/IEC 12207 standard. Example requirements and diagrams are also presented.
This document discusses different types of software requirements including functional requirements, non-functional requirements, product requirements, organizational requirements, and external requirements. Functional requirements describe what the system does, non-functional requirements relate to system properties like performance and reliability, and examples are provided for each type of requirement. It is noted that non-functional requirements can be difficult to define and measure but provide important guidance for system design and development.
This document is a software requirements specification (SRS) for an unnamed project. It provides an overview of the purpose and scope of the software, describes external interface requirements, system features, and other nonfunctional requirements. The document includes sections for introduction, overall description, external interface requirements, system features, other nonfunctional requirements, and appendices. Requirements are organized by system features and specified individually with unique identifiers.
The Requirements Process Workshop PresentationIvarsLenss
The document discusses the requirements process. It defines requirements, explains how requirements are developed and elicited from stakeholders, and how they are modeled. The key steps in the requirements process are requirements planning, elicitation using techniques like interviews and workshops, and modeling requirements using analytical models to express different views. Maintaining good requirements is important as defects found later in the project life cycle are much more costly to fix.
The document discusses software requirements and how they should be organized and specified. It covers the following key points:
- Requirements can be functional or non-functional, describing what the system should do or constraints on the system.
- Requirements should be specified at different levels of detail for different audiences, from high-level user requirements to more detailed system requirements.
- Natural language has limitations for specifying requirements precisely, so structured techniques like templates, tables and diagrams are recommended.
- Requirements must be complete, consistent, unambiguous and verifiable to form a valid requirements specification.
The document discusses requirements engineering for software development. It defines requirements engineering, outlines the requirements engineering process, and describes key requirements documents like the software requirements specification. It also covers topics like requirements attributes, validation, management, and traceability.
Srs (software requirement specification) in software engineering basics by ra...Ram Paliwal
The document discusses software requirement specification (SRS), which defines the necessary functional and non-functional requirements for a software system from the user's perspective. An SRS is developed through an agreement between the customer and contractors. It should have characteristics like correctness, completeness, consistency, unambiguity, modifiability, verifiability and testability. The SRS is used to guide software development and testing.
This document provides an overview of key topics in service-oriented architecture (SOA) including:
- Services can be implemented as reusable components that are independent of the applications that use them.
- Web services standards like SOAP, WSDL, and WS-BPEL allow services to be described and composed into workflows.
- Service-oriented development involves identifying candidate services, designing service interfaces, and implementing and deploying services. Existing systems can be wrapped as services to promote reuse.
This document provides a template for a Software Requirements Specification (SRS) document. It outlines the typical sections included in an SRS, including an introduction, overall description of the system, specific requirements, and additional sections for change management, approvals, and supporting information. The template offers explanatory comments and examples of the types of information that would be included in each section to help specify the requirements for a software project.
This document discusses software requirements and how they should be organized. It covers topics such as functional and non-functional requirements, user requirements, system requirements, and how requirements can be specified. Requirements can range from abstract high-level statements to detailed specifications. Both functional and non-functional requirements are important, and there are different types of each. Requirements should be written clearly and precisely to avoid ambiguity and ensure the system meets user needs.
This document is a software requirements specification (SRS) for an unnamed project. It provides an overview of the purpose and scope of the project. It describes the intended users, operating environment, and design constraints. It outlines the major system functions and user classes. It specifies the external interface requirements including the user interface, hardware interfaces, software interfaces, and communication interfaces. It describes the key system features and lists other nonfunctional requirements around performance, safety, security, and quality. It provides appendices for terms, models, and a list of items still to be determined. The overall purpose is to specify the requirements for the software being developed.
Kelis King offer involve conducting system testing to ensure correct operation, and integration testing to ensure the system integrates correctly with other required systems, such as databases.
This document is a software requirements specification for an unnamed project. It provides an introduction, describes the overall product perspective and features, identifies user classes and characteristics, and outlines the operating environment. The document also covers system features, external interface requirements, non-functional requirements, and includes appendices for a glossary, analysis models, and issues list.
This document provides a template and guidelines for creating a Software Requirements Specification (SRS). It includes sections for an introduction, general description, specific requirements, and appendix. The specific requirements section breaks down high-level functional requirements into detailed child requirements and includes examples of formatting for non-functional and design requirements. Guidelines are provided on attributes of a good SRS such as requirements being correct, necessary, unambiguous and verifiable.
The document summarizes key concepts from a lecture on requirement engineering. It defines requirements as descriptions of the services and constraints needed for a system. Requirement engineering is the process of discovering, analyzing, documenting, and validating system requirements through tasks like stakeholder interviews, document analysis, and specification. It explains that requirements come from users and stakeholders, and are documented in various forms like user requirements, system requirements, and software design specifications to communicate needs to different audiences like clients, engineers, and developers.
Software Requirement Specification is a most important topic asked in exams and for presentations in B.Tech comp. engg. This presentation contains all the important topic and deep knowledge of SRS.It includes definition, scope, role, how to write srs, template and template description. It tells how to build SRS and also includes examples for ease.
The document discusses non-functional requirements (NFRs), including what they are, when they can be used, how acceptance criteria support NFRs, and NFR elicitation. It provides examples of functional vs. non-functional requirements for a fictional "Batmobile" project. It also discusses how Twitter failed to adequately plan for scalability, a common non-functional requirement. Finally, it shares examples of common NFRs like usability, reliability, performance, and maintainability.
Requirements describe the services a software system must provide and constraints it must operate under. There are different types of requirements including functional, non-functional, and domain requirements. Functional requirements describe system services while non-functional requirements constrain the system or development process. Requirements are documented in a requirements document that defines what the system should do at a high level for users and provides more detailed specifications for developers.
Rangkuman dokumen tersebut adalah:
1. Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang definisi, proses, area pengetahuan, konsep, teknik, dan isu-isu utama dalam perancangan perangkat lunak.
2. Perancangan perangkat lunak terdiri atas perancangan arsitektural dan perancangan rinci untuk menjelaskan struktur dan kelakuan perangkat lunak.
3. Prinsip-prinsip penting dalam perancangan perangkat lunak adalah abstraksi,
The document discusses key aspects of requirements engineering including types of requirements, the requirements engineering process, and techniques used in requirements elicitation and analysis. It describes user requirements, system requirements, functional requirements, non-functional requirements, and domain requirements. The requirements engineering process involves activities like feasibility studies, requirements elicitation and analysis, requirements specification, validation, and management. Requirements elicitation and analysis techniques include requirements discovery, classification, prioritization, documentation, and dealing with issues that can arise.
This document discusses different knowledge representation techniques used in artificial intelligence systems, including ad-hoc methods, heuristic reasoning methods, frames, associative networks, and conceptual graphs. It provides examples of each technique and how they can represent knowledge with examples from early expert systems like MYCIN. It also describes how conceptual graphs can be converted to and from first-order predicate logic.
This document discusses non-functional requirements and their importance. It describes a workshop held to determine the top 3 non-functional requirements for Project X. The groups presented their results and rationale. Recent projects that lacked focus on non-functionals are discussed, and standards like ISO 9126 and QUINT that provide guidance. The conclusion questions whether more focus should be placed on non-functional requirements.
The Requirements Process Workshop PresentationIvarsLenss
The document discusses the requirements process. It defines requirements, explains how requirements are developed and elicited from stakeholders, and how they are modeled. The key steps in the requirements process are requirements planning, elicitation using techniques like interviews and workshops, and modeling requirements using analytical models to express different views. Maintaining good requirements is important as defects found later in the project life cycle are much more costly to fix.
The document discusses software requirements and how they should be organized and specified. It covers the following key points:
- Requirements can be functional or non-functional, describing what the system should do or constraints on the system.
- Requirements should be specified at different levels of detail for different audiences, from high-level user requirements to more detailed system requirements.
- Natural language has limitations for specifying requirements precisely, so structured techniques like templates, tables and diagrams are recommended.
- Requirements must be complete, consistent, unambiguous and verifiable to form a valid requirements specification.
The document discusses requirements engineering for software development. It defines requirements engineering, outlines the requirements engineering process, and describes key requirements documents like the software requirements specification. It also covers topics like requirements attributes, validation, management, and traceability.
Srs (software requirement specification) in software engineering basics by ra...Ram Paliwal
The document discusses software requirement specification (SRS), which defines the necessary functional and non-functional requirements for a software system from the user's perspective. An SRS is developed through an agreement between the customer and contractors. It should have characteristics like correctness, completeness, consistency, unambiguity, modifiability, verifiability and testability. The SRS is used to guide software development and testing.
This document provides an overview of key topics in service-oriented architecture (SOA) including:
- Services can be implemented as reusable components that are independent of the applications that use them.
- Web services standards like SOAP, WSDL, and WS-BPEL allow services to be described and composed into workflows.
- Service-oriented development involves identifying candidate services, designing service interfaces, and implementing and deploying services. Existing systems can be wrapped as services to promote reuse.
This document provides a template for a Software Requirements Specification (SRS) document. It outlines the typical sections included in an SRS, including an introduction, overall description of the system, specific requirements, and additional sections for change management, approvals, and supporting information. The template offers explanatory comments and examples of the types of information that would be included in each section to help specify the requirements for a software project.
This document discusses software requirements and how they should be organized. It covers topics such as functional and non-functional requirements, user requirements, system requirements, and how requirements can be specified. Requirements can range from abstract high-level statements to detailed specifications. Both functional and non-functional requirements are important, and there are different types of each. Requirements should be written clearly and precisely to avoid ambiguity and ensure the system meets user needs.
This document is a software requirements specification (SRS) for an unnamed project. It provides an overview of the purpose and scope of the project. It describes the intended users, operating environment, and design constraints. It outlines the major system functions and user classes. It specifies the external interface requirements including the user interface, hardware interfaces, software interfaces, and communication interfaces. It describes the key system features and lists other nonfunctional requirements around performance, safety, security, and quality. It provides appendices for terms, models, and a list of items still to be determined. The overall purpose is to specify the requirements for the software being developed.
Kelis King offer involve conducting system testing to ensure correct operation, and integration testing to ensure the system integrates correctly with other required systems, such as databases.
This document is a software requirements specification for an unnamed project. It provides an introduction, describes the overall product perspective and features, identifies user classes and characteristics, and outlines the operating environment. The document also covers system features, external interface requirements, non-functional requirements, and includes appendices for a glossary, analysis models, and issues list.
This document provides a template and guidelines for creating a Software Requirements Specification (SRS). It includes sections for an introduction, general description, specific requirements, and appendix. The specific requirements section breaks down high-level functional requirements into detailed child requirements and includes examples of formatting for non-functional and design requirements. Guidelines are provided on attributes of a good SRS such as requirements being correct, necessary, unambiguous and verifiable.
The document summarizes key concepts from a lecture on requirement engineering. It defines requirements as descriptions of the services and constraints needed for a system. Requirement engineering is the process of discovering, analyzing, documenting, and validating system requirements through tasks like stakeholder interviews, document analysis, and specification. It explains that requirements come from users and stakeholders, and are documented in various forms like user requirements, system requirements, and software design specifications to communicate needs to different audiences like clients, engineers, and developers.
Software Requirement Specification is a most important topic asked in exams and for presentations in B.Tech comp. engg. This presentation contains all the important topic and deep knowledge of SRS.It includes definition, scope, role, how to write srs, template and template description. It tells how to build SRS and also includes examples for ease.
The document discusses non-functional requirements (NFRs), including what they are, when they can be used, how acceptance criteria support NFRs, and NFR elicitation. It provides examples of functional vs. non-functional requirements for a fictional "Batmobile" project. It also discusses how Twitter failed to adequately plan for scalability, a common non-functional requirement. Finally, it shares examples of common NFRs like usability, reliability, performance, and maintainability.
Requirements describe the services a software system must provide and constraints it must operate under. There are different types of requirements including functional, non-functional, and domain requirements. Functional requirements describe system services while non-functional requirements constrain the system or development process. Requirements are documented in a requirements document that defines what the system should do at a high level for users and provides more detailed specifications for developers.
Rangkuman dokumen tersebut adalah:
1. Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang definisi, proses, area pengetahuan, konsep, teknik, dan isu-isu utama dalam perancangan perangkat lunak.
2. Perancangan perangkat lunak terdiri atas perancangan arsitektural dan perancangan rinci untuk menjelaskan struktur dan kelakuan perangkat lunak.
3. Prinsip-prinsip penting dalam perancangan perangkat lunak adalah abstraksi,
The document discusses key aspects of requirements engineering including types of requirements, the requirements engineering process, and techniques used in requirements elicitation and analysis. It describes user requirements, system requirements, functional requirements, non-functional requirements, and domain requirements. The requirements engineering process involves activities like feasibility studies, requirements elicitation and analysis, requirements specification, validation, and management. Requirements elicitation and analysis techniques include requirements discovery, classification, prioritization, documentation, and dealing with issues that can arise.
This document discusses different knowledge representation techniques used in artificial intelligence systems, including ad-hoc methods, heuristic reasoning methods, frames, associative networks, and conceptual graphs. It provides examples of each technique and how they can represent knowledge with examples from early expert systems like MYCIN. It also describes how conceptual graphs can be converted to and from first-order predicate logic.
This document discusses non-functional requirements and their importance. It describes a workshop held to determine the top 3 non-functional requirements for Project X. The groups presented their results and rationale. Recent projects that lacked focus on non-functionals are discussed, and standards like ISO 9126 and QUINT that provide guidance. The conclusion questions whether more focus should be placed on non-functional requirements.
The document discusses software requirements and requirements engineering. It introduces concepts like user requirements, system requirements, functional requirements, and non-functional requirements. It explains how requirements can be organized in a requirements document and the different types of stakeholders who read requirements. The document also discusses challenges in writing requirements precisely and provides examples of requirements specification for a library system called LIBSYS.
The document discusses requirements engineering for software systems. It covers topics like functional and non-functional requirements, the requirements engineering process, elicitation, specification, validation, and change. It defines what requirements are, their different types and levels of abstraction. It also discusses stakeholders, and provides examples of functional and non-functional requirements for a healthcare management system called Mentcare.
This document summarizes an online restaurant management system project. It was supervised by Arifa Sultana and submitted by Mahmuda Binte Habib, Abdullah Al Jweal, and Tauquir Ahmed. The purpose is to allow customers to order food online, pay online, and receive orders at home. It also aims to provide more user-friendly record updating, maintenance, and searching capabilities. The system has features like browsing products, viewing orders, and an admin dashboard. It uses Apache, MySQL, PHP, and XAMPP and has hardware requirements of at least 350MB RAM on a 32-bit OS. Future work may include customization options and saving payment details for future use.
This document provides an overview and documentation for a restaurant management system developed by Smit Patel and Prince Patel. It includes sections on the project profile, company profile, tools and technologies used, existing system problems, advantages of the new system, data models including ER diagram and data flow diagrams, screen layouts, report layouts, and a bibliography.
The document describes a student management system created by a group of students. The system allows authorized users to access academic records of registered students and simplifies operations for educational institutions. It handles student details like personal information, course and college details, and academic records. The system was developed to automate a manual student management process and reduce costs and errors compared to the previous system. It has functionalities like creating, deleting, updating, and searching student records.
Medical Store Management System Software Engineering Projecthani2253
This document provides an overview of a medical store management system project. It describes the project title, objectives, features, scope, and deliverables. The project aims to automate the inventory, accounting, and customer management processes of a medical store to ease the workload. It will use a waterfall model and be developed in Java. Key features will include product, customer, sales, and payment management. The document outlines requirements, design, and implementation plans including user stories, data flow diagrams, and a work breakdown structure.
The document discusses use case diagrams and use case descriptions for modeling system requirements. It covers drawing use case diagrams to show functional requirements and actors, common mistakes, and writing use case descriptions including basic, alternate, and exception flows of events. The document provides examples and exercises to help understand use cases for requirements modeling.
The document describes a customer ordering system for a restaurant that aims to address problems with the current manual ordering process. It seeks to develop an online ordering and reservation system to allow customers to view menus and place orders online, which would streamline the ordering process for waiters and kitchen staff. The objectives are to develop online and mobile ordering interfaces, provide online menu information, increase sales and productivity, and analyze purchase history and pricing to increase profitability. The project will implement a system development lifecycle approach including planning, analysis, design, and implementation phases to design and build the new customer ordering system.
Business requirements gathering and analysisMena M. Eissa
Business analysis and requirements management are a key to project success.
This workshop helps candidates perform better based on sharing real life experience with them.
This document provides an overview and requirements for developing a Hospital Management System. It describes collecting both primary and secondary data. Key objectives of the system are to computerize patient and hospital details, schedule appointments and services, update medical store inventory, handle test reports, and keep patient information up-to-date. The system will have modules for login, patients, doctors, billing, and generating reports. It will use a relational database with tables for patient, doctor, room, and bill details.
This document discusses software requirements and their role in software engineering. It covers the key topics of functional and non-functional requirements, user requirements, and system requirements. Some main points:
- Requirements can range from high-level abstract statements to detailed specifications and serve both as a basis for bidding on contracts and as part of the system contract.
- Functional requirements describe system services while non-functional requirements constrain the system, such as performance or reliability. Both types of requirements are important.
- User requirements are expressed in natural language for users, while system requirements provide more detailed specifications for designers.
- Requirements engineering establishes customer needs and system constraints. Writing requirements well is challenging due to potential ambiguity,
This document discusses software requirements and their role in software engineering. It covers the key topics of functional and non-functional requirements, user requirements, system requirements, and how requirements are organized in a software requirements document. Functional requirements describe what a system should do, while non-functional requirements constrain aspects like performance, reliability and usability. User requirements are high-level and system requirements provide more detailed specifications. Together, requirements form the basis for designing, developing and testing a software system.
This document discusses software requirements and their role in software engineering. It covers the key topics of functional and non-functional requirements, user requirements, system requirements, and how requirements are organized in a software requirements document. Functional requirements describe what a system should do, while non-functional requirements constrain aspects like performance, reliability and usability. User requirements are high-level and system requirements provide more detailed specifications. Together, requirements form the basis for designing and developing a software system.
This document discusses software requirements and their role in software engineering. It covers topics such as functional and non-functional requirements, user requirements, system requirements, and how requirements are organized in a requirements document. Functional requirements describe system services, while non-functional requirements constrain aspects like performance, reliability and usability. User requirements are high-level and written for customers, while system requirements provide more detail for contractors. Precise, complete and consistent requirements are important for developing a system that meets stakeholder needs.
The document discusses software requirements and requirements engineering. It covers topics like functional and non-functional requirements, user requirements, system requirements, and how requirements can be organized in a requirements document. It describes different types of requirements like functional, non-functional, and domain requirements. It also discusses issues with natural language requirements specifications and alternatives like structured natural language, graphical notations, and mathematical specifications.
Lecture-5-Requirements Analysis and Specification.pptxYaseenNazir3
The document discusses requirements analysis and specification. It covers:
- The requirements engineering process of establishing customer requirements for a system.
- Types of requirements including user, system, and software specifications.
- Functional requirements that define system services and non-functional requirements that constrain the system.
- Challenges with imprecise, incomplete, inconsistent requirements and translating between user and technical requirements.
The document discusses software requirements and requirements engineering. It covers what requirements are, different types of requirements like user requirements, system requirements and software specifications. It also discusses functional and non-functional requirements, problems with natural language requirements specifications, and guidelines for writing requirements. The intended readers of different types of requirements are also outlined.
This document outlines a software requirement specification (SRS) for a software system. It defines what an SRS is, including that it provides a complete description of the system's behavior and documents interactions between users and the software. The document also describes the key components of an SRS, including functionality, objectives, requirements, and constraints. It explains that an SRS is important as the official contract between developers and users, and serves as the basis for further system development. Finally, it provides an outline for the structure and contents of a full SRS document.
The document discusses software requirements and requirements engineering. It defines requirements as descriptions of the services a software system must provide and constraints it must operate under. Requirements can range from abstract statements to detailed specifications. Requirements engineering is the process of establishing customer requirements and constraints. Requirements documents serve to define customer needs for contractors to bid on projects and form the basis of development contracts.
The document discusses requirements engineering and provides examples of different types of requirements. It defines requirements engineering as the process of establishing customer requirements and constraints for a system. There are two main types of requirements - functional requirements which describe system services, and non-functional requirements which define constraints like timing or development process standards. Non-functional requirements can impact system architecture. Requirements need to be precise, complete, and consistent to avoid ambiguity and conflicts during development. The operational domain of a system also imposes domain requirements that must be satisfied.
The document discusses software requirements and requirements engineering. It covers topics such as functional and non-functional requirements, user requirements, system requirements, and how requirements can be organized in a requirements document. Key points made include defining the difference between functional and non-functional requirements, how user requirements should be at a high level while system requirements provide more detail, and common challenges in writing requirements like ambiguity and inconsistency.
The document provides an overview of software requirements engineering processes. It discusses feasibility studies, requirements elicitation and analysis involving stakeholders, validation techniques like reviews and prototyping, and requirements management to handle changing needs. System models and viewpoints are used during analysis. Requirements should be specified clearly and structured for different audiences like users and developers.
This document discusses requirement analysis in software engineering. It defines requirements as descriptions of a system's services and constraints. Requirement engineering is the process of finding, analyzing, documenting, and checking requirements. User requirements describe desired system functions and constraints in natural language for non-technical users. System requirements provide more technical details of how the system will implement the user requirements and are used by software engineers. Requirements can be functional, specifying system services, or non-functional, specifying constraints like performance or reliability.
The document discusses the Software Requirements Specification (SRS), which precisely defines the software product to be built. The SRS includes user and system requirements, and fully describes what the software will do and how it will perform. It has a standard structure including an introduction, overall description of functions and constraints, and specific requirements for interfaces, performance, and design. An effective SRS is correct, unambiguous, complete, consistent, verifiable, modifiable, and traceable.
The document discusses different types of requirements for software systems including:
- User requirements written from the user's perspective
- System requirements that expand on user requirements for system design
- Software design specification requirements that provide an implementation-oriented description for developers
- Functional requirements that describe system services/functions, and non-functional requirements (NFRs) that define overall system qualities
Some examples of NFRs discussed are performance, reliability, usability, efficiency, maintainability, portability, scalability, and security. The document also describes problems with natural language requirements and different classifications of NFRs.
Software Requirements in Software Engineering SE5koolkampus
The document introduces software requirements and describes how they are used to define what a system should do. It explains that requirements can be functional or non-functional, and discusses how requirements are organized in documents. Requirements describe the services and constraints for the system from the perspectives of users and developers.
The document discusses software requirements including functional and non-functional requirements, user requirements, system requirements, and the software requirements document. It describes the requirement engineering process, types of requirements, and issues with requirements. It also provides details on how to specify and document requirements.
The document discusses software engineering requirements analysis and specification. It covers topics like software requirements types (functional and non-functional), requirement engineering process, feasibility studies, requirements elicitation and analysis. The requirement engineering process involves activities like requirements discovery, analysis, specification, validation and management. It also discusses preparing a software requirements document that defines system specifications.
The document discusses different types of requirements for software systems. It defines requirements as statements that describe what a system must do. There are two main types: functional requirements, which define the behaviors and functions of the system, and non-functional requirements, which define qualities like performance, reliability, and security. Requirements must be clear, unambiguous statements to avoid issues during system development. Domain requirements also exist that are specific to the application area of the system.
2. Requirements Engineering
helps software engineers better understand the problems they
are trying to solve
produce a written understanding of the customer's problem
begins during the software engineering communication activity
and continues into the modeling activity
* SEPA 6th ed, Roger S. Pressman
2 IF2036 RPL - SW Requirement
3. What is a Requirement ?
It may range from a high-level abstract statement of a service or of a
system constraint to a detailed mathematical functional specification
Requirements may serve a dual function:
May be the basis for a bid for a contract - therefore must be open to
interpretation
May be the basis for the contract itself - therefore must be defined in detail
Both these statements may be called requirements
* Software Engineering 7th ed, Ian Sommerville
3 IF2036 RPL - SW Requirement
4. Types of Requirement
User requirements
Statements in natural language plus diagrams of the services the system
provides and its operational constraints
Written for customers
System requirements
A structured document setting out detailed descriptions of the system’s
functions, services and operational constraints
Defines what should be implemented so may be part of a contract
between client and contractor
* Software Engineering 7th ed, Ian Sommerville
4 IF2036 RPL - SW Requirement
5. Definitions and Specifications
User requir ement definition
1. The softw are m ust pr ovide a means of representing and
1. accessing e xternal files cr ea ted b y other tools .
Sy stem requir ements specification
1.1 The user should be pr ovided with facilities to define the ty pe of
1.2 external files .
1.2 Each e xternal file ty pe ma y have an associa ted tool w hich m a y be
1.2 applied to the file .
1.3 Each e xternal file ty pe ma y be repr esented as a specific icon on
1.2 the user’ s displa y.
1.4 Facilities should be pr o vided for the icon r epresenting an
1.2 external file ty pe to be defined b y the user .
1.5 When a user selects an icon r epr esenting an e xternal file, the
1.2 effect of that selection is to apply the tool associated with the ty pe of
1.2 the external file to the file represented by the selected icon.
* Software Engineering 7th ed, Ian Sommerville
5 IF2036 RPL - SW Requirement
6. User Requirements
Should describe functional and non-functional
requirements in such a way that they are understandable
by system users who don’t have detailed technical
knowledge
User requirements are defined using natural language,
tables and diagrams as these can be understood by all
users
* Software Engineering 7th ed, Ian Sommerville
6 IF2036 RPL - SW Requirement
7. Problems with natural language
Lack of clarity
Precision is difficult without making the document difficult to read
Requirements confusion
Functional and non-functional requirements tend to be mixed-up
Requirements amalgamation
Several different requirements may be expressed together
* Software Engineering 7th ed, Ian Sommerville
7 IF2036 RPL - SW Requirement
8. System Requirements
More detailed specifications of system functions, services and
constraints than user requirements
They are intended to be a basis for designing the system
They may be incorporated into the system contract
System requirements may be defined or illustrated using system
models
* Software Engineering 7th ed, Ian Sommerville
8 IF2036 RPL - SW Requirement
9. Functional and Non-Functional Requirements
Functional requirements
Statements of services the system should provide, how the system should
react to particular inputs and how the system should behave in particular
situations
Non-functional requirements
constraints on the services or functions offered by the system such as timing
constraints, constraints on the development process, standards, etc
Domain requirements
Requirements that come from the application domain of the system and that
reflect characteristics of that domain
* Software Engineering 7th ed, Ian Sommerville
9 IF2036 RPL - SW Requirement
10. Functional Requirements
Describe functionality or system services
Depend on the type of software, expected users and
the type of system where the software is used
Functional user requirements may be high-level
statements of what the system should do but
functional system requirements should describe the
system services in detail
* Software Engineering 7th ed, Ian Sommerville
10 IF2036 RPL - SW Requirement
11. Functional Requirement – Examples
(Library System – LIBSYS)
The user shall be able to search either all of the initial set of
databases or select a subset from it
The system shall provide appropriate viewers for the user to read
documents in the document store
Every order shall be allocated a unique identifier (ORDER_ID),
which the user shall be able to copy to the account’s permanent
storage area
11 IF2036 RPL - SW Requirement
12. Non-functional Requirements Examples
(Library System – LIBSYS)
Product requirement
8.1 The user interface for LIBSYS shall be implemented as simple HTML
without frames or Java applets
Organisational requirement
9.3.2 The system development process and deliverable documents shall
conform to the process and deliverables defined in XYZCo-SP-STAN-95
External requirement
7.6.5 The system shall not disclose any personal information about customers
apart from their name and reference number to the operators of the
system
* Software Engineering 7th ed, Ian Sommerville
12 IF2036 RPL - SW Requirement
13. NF Requirements Measures
Property Measure
Speed Processed transactions/second
User/Event response time
Screen refresh time
Size M Bytes
Number of ROM chips
Ease of use Training time
Number of help frames
Reliability Mean time to failure
Probability of unavailability
Rate of failure occurrence
Availability
Robustness Time to restart after failure
Percentage of events causing failure
Probability of data corruption on failure
Portability Percentage of target dependent statements
Number of target systems
* Software Engineering 7th ed, Ian Sommerville
13 IF2036 RPL - SW Requirement
14. Requirements Interaction
Conflicts between different non-functional requirements
are common in complex systems
Spacecraft system
To minimise weight, the number of separate chips in the
system should be minimised.
To minimise power consumption, lower power chips should
be used.
However, using low power chips may mean that more chips
have to be used. Which is the most critical requirement?
* Software Engineering 7th ed, Ian Sommerville
14 IF2036 RPL - SW Requirement
15. Domain Requirements
Derived from the application domain and describe
system characteristics and features that reflect the
domain
Domain requirements can be a new functional
requirements, constraints on existing requirements or
define specific computations
If domain requirements are not satisfied, the system
may be unworkable
* Software Engineering 7th ed, Ian Sommerville
15 IF2036 RPL - SW Requirement
16. Domain Requirements Problems
Understandability
Requirements are expressed in the language of the application
domain
This is often not understood by software engineers developing
the system
Implicitness
Domain specialists understand the area so well that they do not
think of making the domain requirements explicit
* Software Engineering 7th ed, Ian Sommerville
16 IF2036 RPL - SW Requirement
17. Requirements Completeness and Consistency
In principle, requirements should be both complete and consistent
Complete; they should include descriptions of all facilities
required
Consistent; there should be no conflicts or contradictions in
the descriptions of the system facilities
In practice, it is impossible to produce a complete and consistent
requirements document
* Software Engineering 7th ed, Ian Sommerville
17 IF2036 RPL - SW Requirement
18. Requirements Imprecision
Problems arise when requirements are not precisely stated
Ambiguous requirements may be interpreted in different ways by
developers and users
Consider the term ‘appropriate viewers’
User intention - special purpose viewer for each different document type
Developer interpretation - Provide a text viewer that shows the contents of
the document
* Software Engineering 7th ed, Ian Sommerville
18 IF2036 RPL - SW Requirement
19. Guidelines for Writing Requirements
Invent a standard format and use it for all requirements
Use language in a consistent way. Use shall for mandatory
requirements, should for desirable requirements
Use text highlighting to identify key parts of the
requirement
Avoid the use of computer jargon
* Software Engineering 7th ed, Ian Sommerville
19 IF2036 RPL - SW Requirement
20. Alternatives to NL specification
Notation Description
Structured natural This approach depends on defining standard forms or templates to express the
language requirements specification.
Design This approach uses a language like a programming language but with more abstract
description features to specify the requirements by defining an operational model of the system.
languages This approach is not now widely used although it can be useful for interface
specifications.
Graphical A graphical language, supplemented by text annotations is used to define the
notations functional requirements for the system. An early example of such a graphical
language was SADT. Now, use-case descriptions and sequence diagrams are
commonly used .
Mathematical These are notations based on mathematical concepts such as finite-state machines or
specifications sets. These unambiguous specifications reduce the arguments between customer and
contractor about system functionality. However, most customers don’t understand
formal specifications and are reluctant to accept it as a system contract.
* Software Engineering 7th ed, Ian Sommerville
20 IF2036 RPL - SW Requirement
21. The Requirements Document
The requirements document is the official statement of
what is required of the system developers
Should include both a definition of user requirements and
a specification of the system requirements
It is NOT a design document.
As far as possible, it should set of WHAT the system should do
rather than HOW it should do it
* Software Engineering 7th ed, Ian Sommerville
21 IF2036 RPL - SW Requirement
22. Users of a Requirements Document
Specify the requirem ents and
read them to check that they
Sy stem
customers meet their needs. T hey
specify changes to the
requirements
Use the requirements
docum ent to plan a bid for
Managers
the sy stem and to plan the
sy stem development process
Sy stem Use the requirem ents to
eng ineers understand what sy stem is to
be developed
Sy stem test Use the requirem ents to
eng ineers develop validation tests for
the sy stem
Sy stem Use the requirements to help
maintenance understand the sy stem and
eng ineers the relationships between its
par ts
* Software Engineering 7th ed, Ian Sommerville
22 IF2036 RPL - SW Requirement
23. IEEE Requirements Standard
Defines a generic structure for a requirements document that
must be instantiated for each specific system
Introduction
General description
Specific requirements
Appendices
Index
* Software Engineering 7th ed, Ian Sommerville
23 IF2036 RPL - SW Requirement
24. Requirements Document
Structure
Preface
Introduction
Glossary
User requirements definition
System architecture
System requirements specification
System models
System evolution
Appendices
Index
* Software Engineering 7th ed, Ian Sommerville
24 IF2036 RPL - SW Requirement
25. Requirement Engineering Tasks
Inception
software engineers use context-free questions to establish a basic
understanding of the problem, the people who want a solution, the nature of
the solution, and the effectiveness of the collaboration between customers and
developers
Elicitation
find out from customers what the product objectives are, what is to be done,
how the product fits into business needs, and how the product is used on a day
to day basis
Elaboration
focuses on developing a refined technical model of software functions, features,
and constraints using the information obtained during inception and elicitation
* SEPA 6th ed, Roger S. Pressman
25 IF2036 RPL - SW Requirement
26. Requirement Engineering Tasks
(2)
Negotiation
requirements are categorized and organized into subsets, relations among
requirements identified, requirements reviewed for correctness,
requirements prioritized based on customer needs
Specification
written work products produced describing the function, performance,
and development constraints for a computer-based system
Requirements validation
formal technical reviews used to examine the specification work products
to ensure requirement quality and that all work products conform to
agreed upon standards for the process, project, and products
26 IF2036 RPL - SW Requirement
27. Requirements Checking
Validity. Does the system provide the functions which best
support the customer’s needs?
Consistency. Are there any requirements conflicts?
Completeness. Are all functions required by the customer
included?
Realism. Can the requirements be implemented given available
budget and technology
Verifiability. Can the requirements be checked?
* Software Engineering 7th ed, Ian Sommerville
27 IF2036 RPL - SW Requirement
28. Requirements Validation Techniques
Requirements reviews
Systematic manual analysis of the requirements
Prototyping
Using an executable model of the system to check requirements
Test-case generation
Developing tests for requirements to check testabilitys
* Software Engineering 7th ed, Ian Sommerville
28 IF2036 RPL - SW Requirement