The document discusses tools in the C++ standard library. It argues that while containers are commonly used, the more fundamental abstraction is iterators and algorithms. Generic programming is built on algorithmic operations that work on iterators rather than containers. Some examples are given of how using algorithms and iterators can simplify common tasks like looping and string manipulation compared to directly using containers. Typedefs are also discussed as a way to simplify iterator types in loops.
OOPs
The prime purpose of C++ programming was to add object orientation to the C programming language, which is in itself one of the most powerful programming languages.
The core of the pure object-oriented programming is to create an object, in code, that has certain properties and methods. While designing C++ modules, we try to see whole world in the form of objects. For example a car is an object which has certain properties such as color, number of doors, and the like. It also has certain methods such as accelerate, brake, and so on.
There are a few principle concepts that form the foundation of object-oriented programming:
Object
This is the basic unit of object oriented programming. That is both data and function that operate on data are bundled as a unit called as object.
Class
When you define a class, you define a blueprint for an object. This doesn't actually define any data, but it does define what the class name means, that is, what an object of the class will consist of and what operations can be performed on such an object.
Abstraction
Data abstraction refers to, providing only essential information to the outside world and hiding their background details, i.e., to represent the needed information in program without presenting the details.
For example, a database system hides certain details of how data is stored and created and maintained. Similar way, C++ classes provides different methods to the outside world without giving internal detail about those methods and data.
Encapsulation
Encapsulation is placing the data and the functions that work on that data in the same place. While working with procedural languages, it is not always clear which functions work on which variables but object-oriented programming provides you framework to place the data and the relevant functions together in the same object.
Inheritance
One of the most useful aspects of object-oriented programming is code reusability. As the name suggests Inheritance is the process of forming a new class from an existing class that is from the existing class called as base class, new class is formed called as derived class.
This is a very important concept of object-oriented programming since this feature helps to reduce the code size.
Polymorphism
The ability to use an operator or function in different ways in other words giving different meaning or functions to the operators or functions is called polymorphism. Poly refers to many. That is a single function or an operator functioning in many ways different upon the usage is called polymorphism.
Overloading
The concept of overloading is also a branch of polymorphism. When the exiting operator or function is made to operate on new data type, it is said to be overloaded.
This is a talk I gave to my Research Group about C++11/C++14.
Since many of our students know little about C++, I decided to refresh their knowledge of C++ and to teach them about the C++11 modern features.
When, why and for whom do practitioners detect technical debts?: An experienc...Norihiro Yoshida
First International Workshop on Technical Debt Analytics (TDA 2016), in conjunction with the 23rd Asia-Pacific Software Engineering Conference (APSEC 2016), University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand, 6th December 2016.
OOPs
The prime purpose of C++ programming was to add object orientation to the C programming language, which is in itself one of the most powerful programming languages.
The core of the pure object-oriented programming is to create an object, in code, that has certain properties and methods. While designing C++ modules, we try to see whole world in the form of objects. For example a car is an object which has certain properties such as color, number of doors, and the like. It also has certain methods such as accelerate, brake, and so on.
There are a few principle concepts that form the foundation of object-oriented programming:
Object
This is the basic unit of object oriented programming. That is both data and function that operate on data are bundled as a unit called as object.
Class
When you define a class, you define a blueprint for an object. This doesn't actually define any data, but it does define what the class name means, that is, what an object of the class will consist of and what operations can be performed on such an object.
Abstraction
Data abstraction refers to, providing only essential information to the outside world and hiding their background details, i.e., to represent the needed information in program without presenting the details.
For example, a database system hides certain details of how data is stored and created and maintained. Similar way, C++ classes provides different methods to the outside world without giving internal detail about those methods and data.
Encapsulation
Encapsulation is placing the data and the functions that work on that data in the same place. While working with procedural languages, it is not always clear which functions work on which variables but object-oriented programming provides you framework to place the data and the relevant functions together in the same object.
Inheritance
One of the most useful aspects of object-oriented programming is code reusability. As the name suggests Inheritance is the process of forming a new class from an existing class that is from the existing class called as base class, new class is formed called as derived class.
This is a very important concept of object-oriented programming since this feature helps to reduce the code size.
Polymorphism
The ability to use an operator or function in different ways in other words giving different meaning or functions to the operators or functions is called polymorphism. Poly refers to many. That is a single function or an operator functioning in many ways different upon the usage is called polymorphism.
Overloading
The concept of overloading is also a branch of polymorphism. When the exiting operator or function is made to operate on new data type, it is said to be overloaded.
This is a talk I gave to my Research Group about C++11/C++14.
Since many of our students know little about C++, I decided to refresh their knowledge of C++ and to teach them about the C++11 modern features.
When, why and for whom do practitioners detect technical debts?: An experienc...Norihiro Yoshida
First International Workshop on Technical Debt Analytics (TDA 2016), in conjunction with the 23rd Asia-Pacific Software Engineering Conference (APSEC 2016), University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand, 6th December 2016.
This ppt is a lengthy overview of what goes in to creating pdfs, and what sometimes makes them difficult for printing. There is some good information on how to create high quality pdfs that are up to ISO standards.
Inheritance Versus Roles - The In-Depth VersionCurtis Poe
This is the paper to accompany my slides explaining what's wrong with inheritance and how traits (roles) help to solve these issues: http://www.slideshare.net/Ovid/inheritance-versus-roles
Resultados preliminares da Pesquisa Doação BrasilIDIS
A apresentação traz os principais resultados extraídos da primeira etapa da Pesquisa Doação Brasil, que se propõe a identificar, entre outros elementos, como a sociedade brasileira enxerga a doação, quais as motivações dos doadores e quanto é doado anualmente no Brasil.
A apresentação foi realizada por Andréa Wolffenbüttel, diretora de Comunicação do IDIS, durante o V Fórum Brasileiro de Filantropos e Investidores Sociais, em 12 de novembro de 2015.
This ppt is a lengthy overview of what goes in to creating pdfs, and what sometimes makes them difficult for printing. There is some good information on how to create high quality pdfs that are up to ISO standards.
Inheritance Versus Roles - The In-Depth VersionCurtis Poe
This is the paper to accompany my slides explaining what's wrong with inheritance and how traits (roles) help to solve these issues: http://www.slideshare.net/Ovid/inheritance-versus-roles
Resultados preliminares da Pesquisa Doação BrasilIDIS
A apresentação traz os principais resultados extraídos da primeira etapa da Pesquisa Doação Brasil, que se propõe a identificar, entre outros elementos, como a sociedade brasileira enxerga a doação, quais as motivações dos doadores e quanto é doado anualmente no Brasil.
A apresentação foi realizada por Andréa Wolffenbüttel, diretora de Comunicação do IDIS, durante o V Fórum Brasileiro de Filantropos e Investidores Sociais, em 12 de novembro de 2015.
Software development effort reduction with Co-oplbergmans
This talks explains the motivations for the Co-op technology: what are the challenges it addresses, in particular focusing on reducing accidental complexity, where it comes from, and a general vision on how to resolve it. Then we continue to show practical application of Co-op, including experience figures from large-scale application of a previous generation of this technology. Show a little bit about its realization, and conclude with an evaluation of the technology.
Functional Patterns for C++ Multithreading (C++ Dev Meetup Iasi)Ovidiu Farauanu
Discussing Design Patterns and OOP popularity,
Multithreading and OOP,
Functional Design for Multithreaded programming
and how Multithreading does not mean always concurency but multicore paralelism.
Utah Code Camp, Spring 2016. http://utahcodecamp.com In this presentation I describe modern C++. Modern C++ assumes features introduced in the C++11/14 standard. An overview of the new features is presented and some idioms for mdoern C++ based on those features are presented.
Presented at .NET South West (2024-03-26)
https://www.meetup.com/dotnetsouthwest/events/299766807/
One of the greatest shifts in modern programming practices has been how programmers across many different domains, languages and environments have embraced unit testing. Good unit testing, however, is more than waving NUnit at your C# source. Tests help to make long-term product development cost effective rather than a cost centre, they underpin the effective flow of CI/CD and reduce failure demand on a team.
But the discussion of unit testing goes further than simply writing tests: what makes a good unit test? It is not enough to have tests; poor quality tests can hold back development just as good tests can streamline it. This session provides a perspective on what good unit tests (GUTs) can look like with a couple of examples.
Presented at Agile meets Architecture (2023-10-05)
Video at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LLEXAdO3X1o
One of the (most overlooked) principles of the Manifesto for Agile Software Development is that "Continuous attention to technical excellence and good design enhances agility". All too often, work that focuses on addressing technical issues is deprioritised in the name of focusing on business value.
Is there a case for technical excellence — in code, in architecture, in people — beyond its appearance on a might-as-well-be-hidden page on a manifesto that's over two decades old? Is technical excellence only the concern of technical roles? Is a good architecture in conflict with business value or a vehicle for it?
This session looks to go beyond buzzwords to build a case for technical excellence that appeals to all roles in a development organisation, noting that "The best architectures, requirements, and designs emerge from self-organizing teams".
Presented online for Build Stuff meetup (https://www.buildstuff.events/events/online-build-stuff-meetup-with-kevlin-henney-and-cassandra-faris)
Whether we are talking about software architecture, coding practices or our development process, it's important to keep it real. All too often we find ourselves attracted to ideas that sound great in theory, but may not work out in practice. All too often we assume we are right — the planned release schedule, the key architectural decisions, the good practices we saw in a blog — but fail to adjust for reality. We fail to acknowledge that our knowledge was incomplete or that the situation has changed, sticking to the plan and practice regardless.
In this talk we will look at what an empirical approach to development means in practice, why it is that up-front architecture is risky and expensive, why it is that most teams who say they're doing agile development are not, and how we can use uncertainty and instability to structure our time and our code.
Presented online for C++ on Sea (2020-07-17)
Video at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bai1DTcCHVE
Lambdas. All the cool kid languages have them. But does lambda mean what C++ and other languages, from Java to Python, mean by lambda? Where did lambdas come from? What were they originally for? What is their relationship to data abstraction?
In this session we will into the history, the syntax, the uses and abuses of lambdas and the way in which lambda constructs in C++ and other languages do (or do not) match the original construct introduced in lambda calculus.
Presented online for javaBin (2020-04-14)
Video at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=orcSUE0Jjdc
Lambdas. All the cool kid languages have them. But does ‘lambda’ mean what Java, JavaScript, etc. mean by ‘lambda’? Where did lambdas come from? What were they originally for? What is their relationship to data abstraction?
In this session we will look into the history, the syntax and the uses of lambdas and the way in which lambda constructs in Java and other languages do (or do not) match the original construct introduced in lambda calculus.
Presented at DevSum (2018-05-31)
The SOLID principles are often presented as being core to good code design practice. Each of S, O, L, I and D do not, however, necessarily mean what programmers expect they mean or are taught. By understanding this range of beliefs we can learn more about practices for objects, components and interfaces than just S, O, L, I and D.
This talk reviews the SOLID principles and reveals contradictions and different interpretations. It is through paradoxes and surprises we often gain insights. We will leave SOLID somewhat more fluid, but having learnt from them more than expected.
Presented at Foo Café (2019-03-21)
Video at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tLSKLLxrZyY
Programmers use coding katas to kick the tyres of their programming languages, paradigms and practices. Typically anchored in a TDD cycle, katas are simple problems that give programmers the opportunity to exercise deliberate practice and explore different approaches, whether programming style, pair programming or test-first programming.
But the simplicity can be deceptive, with many programmers tiring of these katas too soon, missing out on some of the more mind-bending and paradigm-expanding opportunities on offer.
This session will pick on a couple of katas and dig deeper into TDD, lambdas, language(s), (dys)functional programming and Alcubierre drive. It will present code in a variety of languages, highlight the weaknesses of some common mantras, play around with ideas — and blend code, humour and general nerdiness to be both an enjoyable and educational session.
Procedural Programming: It’s Back? It Never Went AwayKevlin Henney
Presented at ACCU Conference 2018 (2018-04-12)
Video at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mrY6xrWp3Gs
When programmers describe code as 'procedural', it’s generally not meant as a compliment. There is a belief that we have collectively moved pass such thinking and onto better paradigms. But a paradigm is no more than a pattern language, a family of solutions fit for a context. Change the kind of problem you are solving and you may find a different solution makes sense — even, in these days where pure functions battle it out with classy objects, procedural programming.
This talk takes a look at some of the past, present and future of procedural programming, looking at how there’s more to it than many first assume, how it has informed and continues to influence language design and how it relates to other paradigms, such as functional and OO.
Structure and Interpretation of Test CasesKevlin Henney
Presented at ACCU Cambridge (2018-10-23)
Throw a line of code into many codebases and it's sure to hit one or more testing frameworks. There's no shortage of frameworks for testing, each with their particular spin and set of conventions, but that glut is not always matched by a clear vision of how to structure and use tests — a framework is a vehicle, but you still need to know how to drive. The computer science classic, Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs, points out that "Programs must be written for people to read, and only incidentally for machines to execute". The same is true of test code.
This talk takes a deep dive into unit testing, looking at examples and counterexamples across a number of languages and frameworks, from naming to nesting, exploring the benefits of data-driven testing, the trade-offs between example-based and property-based testing, how to get the most out of the common given–when–then refrain and knowing how far to follow it.
Keynote present at Agile Tour Vienna (2018-10-06)
Velocity. Sprints. More points, more speed. An obsession with speed often overtakes the core values of agile software development. It’s not just development of software; it’s development of working software. Sprints are not about sprinting; they’re about sustainable pace. Time to market is less important than time in market. Full-stack development is normally a statement about technology, but it also applies to individuals and interactions. The full stack touches both the code and the world outside the code, and with that view comes responsibility and pause for thought. Doing the wrong thing smarter is not smart. The point of a team is its group intelligence not its numbers. Is scaling up the challenge, or is scaling down the real challenge? The distraction and misuse of speed, velocity, point-based systems, time, team size, scale, etc. is not the accelerant of agile development. Agility lies in experimentation, responsiveness and team intelligence.
Keynote presented at NewCrafts (2018-06-18)
Video available at https://vimeo.com/276832516
It has been said that immutability changes everything. But what does that mean in practice? What does it mean for existing code that looks more like the mutant apocalypse than an elegant application of mathematical thinking? Immutability can be an ideal that is hard to reach. Refactoring, on the other hand, is all about the art of the possible. In this talk we'll be clarifying motivation and exploring some approaches to help reducing state mutability in code.
Keynote presented at GOTO Chicago (2018-04-26)
Video available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AbgsfeGvg3E
Everything is changing. Everything is new. Frameworks, platforms and trends are displaced on a weekly basis. Skills are churning.
And yet... Beneath this seemingly turbulent flow there is a slow current, strong and steady, changing relatively little over the decades. Concepts with a long history appear in new forms and fads and technologies. Principles are revisited. Ideas once lost to the mainstream are found again.
In this keynote we revisit the present through the past, looking at the enduring principles that shape programming languages, architecture, development practice and development process, the ideas that cycle round, each time becoming perhaps a little better defined, a little more mature, and look to see what else might be on the horizon.
Presented at SwanseaCon (2017-09-26)
We default to considering systems from an insider's perspective; the view from outside can be quite different. Can we apply this inversion to more than just requirements?
We may say we want testing, but what do we want from testing? We may say we want logging, but what do we want from logging? We may say we want clean code, but what do we want from clean code? We may say we want an agile process, but what do we want from an agile process? These are harder questions, but their answers can make for better solutions.
Presented at .NET South West (2017-07-25)
Code is basically made up of three things: names, spacing and punctuation. With these three tools a programmer needs to communicate intent, and not simply instruct. But if we look at most approaches to naming, they are based on the idea that names are merely labels, so that discussion of identifier naming becomes little more than a discussion of good labelling.
A good name is more than a label; a good name should change the way the reader thinks. A good name should describe structure with intention, as opposed to the affix-heavy approach common to many naming conventions in current use, where the addition of more prefixes and suffixes becomes homeopathic, diluting the meaning. Good naming is part of good design. This session looks at why and what it takes to get a good name.
Clean Coders Hate What Happens To Your Code When You Use These Enterprise Pro...Kevlin Henney
Presented at code::dive (2016-11-15)
Video available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=brfqm9k6qzc
It is all to easy to dismiss problematic codebases on some nebulous idea of bad practice or bad programmers. Poor code, however, is rarely arbitrary and random in its structure or formulation. Systems of code, well or poorly structured, emerge from systems of practice, whether effective or ineffective. To improve code quality, it makes more sense to pick apart the specific practices and see their interplay — the cause — than to simply focus on the code itself — the effect. This talk looks at how a handful of coding habits, design practices and assumptions can systematically balloon code and compound its accidental complexity.
Thinking Outside the Synchronisation QuadrantKevlin Henney
Presented at code::dive (2016-11-16)
Video available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yl25p91flLY
Ask programmers what comes to mind when you say concurrency and most are likely to say threads. Ask what comes to mind when you say threads and most are likely to say locks or synchronisation. These assumptions are so deeply held that they define and constrain how programmers are taught and think about concurrency: thread safety is almost synonymous with the avoidance of race conditions and the guarded protection of mutable state. But this is only one quadrant of four possibilities, a quadrant diagram partitioned by mutable–immutable along one axis and shared–unshared along another. Modern C++ supports programmers in all four quadrants, not just the synchronisation quadrant. From immutability to actors, this talk will take a look at patterns and practices that encourage thinking and coding outside the locked box.
Presented at GOTO Amsterdam (2017-06-13)
Video available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YyhfK-aBo-Y
What is risk? Many people aren't sure, but it's not just uncertainty: risk is exposure to uncertainty.
Instead of just plastering over the cracks, security should also involve reducing the size and number of cracks, reducing the opportunities for cracks to appear, reducing the class of errors and oversights that can open a system to failure instigated from the outside. We can learn a lot from other kinds of software failure, because every failure unrelated to security can be easily reframed as a security-failure opportunity.
This is not a talk about access control models, authentication, encryption standards, firewalls, etc. This is a talk about reducing risk that lives in the code and the assumptions of architecture, reducing the risk in development practices and in the blind spot of development practices.
Keynote presented at SATURN (2nd May 2017)
Video available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MS3c9hz0bRg
"It's just a detail." Have you ever said that or been told that? Whether it's about implementation or requirements, we often use the word detail to suggest that something is not important enough to worry about. There are so many things to worry about in software development that we need to prioritize—too much detail, not enough focus. The problem is that in software, the details matter because that is what software is: lots of details brought together in combination. If we don't focus on the details, we get debt, defects, and delays.
Presented at Agile Bath & Bristol (21st March 2017)
If software development is a co-operative game, as Alistair Cockburn observed, then what kind of game is Scrum? Lots of people are playing it — or say they are — but there seems to be some disagreement about what the point of the game is, how to play it and even, in many cases, what the rules are. This talk looks at Scrum and other agile approaches through the lens of nomic games, hypothesis-driven development and fun.
Presented at the European Bioinformatics Institute (17th March 2017)
We often talk about good code — that we would like to write it, that there isn't enough of it, that it should not be considered an optional attribute of a codebase. We often talk about it but, when it comes to being precise, we don't always agree what constitutes good code, nor do we necessarily share a common view on its value.
Enhancing Research Orchestration Capabilities at ORNL.pdfGlobus
Cross-facility research orchestration comes with ever-changing constraints regarding the availability and suitability of various compute and data resources. In short, a flexible data and processing fabric is needed to enable the dynamic redirection of data and compute tasks throughout the lifecycle of an experiment. In this talk, we illustrate how we easily leveraged Globus services to instrument the ACE research testbed at the Oak Ridge Leadership Computing Facility with flexible data and task orchestration capabilities.
Prosigns: Transforming Business with Tailored Technology SolutionsProsigns
Unlocking Business Potential: Tailored Technology Solutions by Prosigns
Discover how Prosigns, a leading technology solutions provider, partners with businesses to drive innovation and success. Our presentation showcases our comprehensive range of services, including custom software development, web and mobile app development, AI & ML solutions, blockchain integration, DevOps services, and Microsoft Dynamics 365 support.
Custom Software Development: Prosigns specializes in creating bespoke software solutions that cater to your unique business needs. Our team of experts works closely with you to understand your requirements and deliver tailor-made software that enhances efficiency and drives growth.
Web and Mobile App Development: From responsive websites to intuitive mobile applications, Prosigns develops cutting-edge solutions that engage users and deliver seamless experiences across devices.
AI & ML Solutions: Harnessing the power of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning, Prosigns provides smart solutions that automate processes, provide valuable insights, and drive informed decision-making.
Blockchain Integration: Prosigns offers comprehensive blockchain solutions, including development, integration, and consulting services, enabling businesses to leverage blockchain technology for enhanced security, transparency, and efficiency.
DevOps Services: Prosigns' DevOps services streamline development and operations processes, ensuring faster and more reliable software delivery through automation and continuous integration.
Microsoft Dynamics 365 Support: Prosigns provides comprehensive support and maintenance services for Microsoft Dynamics 365, ensuring your system is always up-to-date, secure, and running smoothly.
Learn how our collaborative approach and dedication to excellence help businesses achieve their goals and stay ahead in today's digital landscape. From concept to deployment, Prosigns is your trusted partner for transforming ideas into reality and unlocking the full potential of your business.
Join us on a journey of innovation and growth. Let's partner for success with Prosigns.
How Recreation Management Software Can Streamline Your Operations.pptxwottaspaceseo
Recreation management software streamlines operations by automating key tasks such as scheduling, registration, and payment processing, reducing manual workload and errors. It provides centralized management of facilities, classes, and events, ensuring efficient resource allocation and facility usage. The software offers user-friendly online portals for easy access to bookings and program information, enhancing customer experience. Real-time reporting and data analytics deliver insights into attendance and preferences, aiding in strategic decision-making. Additionally, effective communication tools keep participants and staff informed with timely updates. Overall, recreation management software enhances efficiency, improves service delivery, and boosts customer satisfaction.
A Study of Variable-Role-based Feature Enrichment in Neural Models of CodeAftab Hussain
Understanding variable roles in code has been found to be helpful by students
in learning programming -- could variable roles help deep neural models in
performing coding tasks? We do an exploratory study.
- These are slides of the talk given at InteNSE'23: The 1st International Workshop on Interpretability and Robustness in Neural Software Engineering, co-located with the 45th International Conference on Software Engineering, ICSE 2023, Melbourne Australia
Atelier - Innover avec l’IA Générative et les graphes de connaissancesNeo4j
Atelier - Innover avec l’IA Générative et les graphes de connaissances
Allez au-delà du battage médiatique autour de l’IA et découvrez des techniques pratiques pour utiliser l’IA de manière responsable à travers les données de votre organisation. Explorez comment utiliser les graphes de connaissances pour augmenter la précision, la transparence et la capacité d’explication dans les systèmes d’IA générative. Vous partirez avec une expérience pratique combinant les relations entre les données et les LLM pour apporter du contexte spécifique à votre domaine et améliorer votre raisonnement.
Amenez votre ordinateur portable et nous vous guiderons sur la mise en place de votre propre pile d’IA générative, en vous fournissant des exemples pratiques et codés pour démarrer en quelques minutes.
May Marketo Masterclass, London MUG May 22 2024.pdfAdele Miller
Can't make Adobe Summit in Vegas? No sweat because the EMEA Marketo Engage Champions are coming to London to share their Summit sessions, insights and more!
This is a MUG with a twist you don't want to miss.
Exploring Innovations in Data Repository Solutions - Insights from the U.S. G...Globus
The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has made substantial investments in meeting evolving scientific, technical, and policy driven demands on storing, managing, and delivering data. As these demands continue to grow in complexity and scale, the USGS must continue to explore innovative solutions to improve its management, curation, sharing, delivering, and preservation approaches for large-scale research data. Supporting these needs, the USGS has partnered with the University of Chicago-Globus to research and develop advanced repository components and workflows leveraging its current investment in Globus. The primary outcome of this partnership includes the development of a prototype enterprise repository, driven by USGS Data Release requirements, through exploration and implementation of the entire suite of the Globus platform offerings, including Globus Flow, Globus Auth, Globus Transfer, and Globus Search. This presentation will provide insights into this research partnership, introduce the unique requirements and challenges being addressed and provide relevant project progress.
First Steps with Globus Compute Multi-User EndpointsGlobus
In this presentation we will share our experiences around getting started with the Globus Compute multi-user endpoint. Working with the Pharmacology group at the University of Auckland, we have previously written an application using Globus Compute that can offload computationally expensive steps in the researcher's workflows, which they wish to manage from their familiar Windows environments, onto the NeSI (New Zealand eScience Infrastructure) cluster. Some of the challenges we have encountered were that each researcher had to set up and manage their own single-user globus compute endpoint and that the workloads had varying resource requirements (CPUs, memory and wall time) between different runs. We hope that the multi-user endpoint will help to address these challenges and share an update on our progress here.
AI Fusion Buddy Review: Brand New, Groundbreaking Gemini-Powered AI AppGoogle
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(3) AI Partner & Profit Review: https://sumonreview.com/ai-partner-profit-review
(4) AI Ebook Suite Review: https://sumonreview.com/ai-ebook-suite-review
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Introducing Crescat - Event Management Software for Venues, Festivals and Eve...Crescat
Crescat is industry-trusted event management software, built by event professionals for event professionals. Founded in 2017, we have three key products tailored for the live event industry.
Crescat Event for concert promoters and event agencies. Crescat Venue for music venues, conference centers, wedding venues, concert halls and more. And Crescat Festival for festivals, conferences and complex events.
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1. H
UMANS ARE TOOL USERS AND THAT INCLUDES
software developers. Flicking through
the pages of Application Development
Advisor reveals the limitless range of soft-
ware tools on which you can spend your budget. And
if you believe many of the productivity promises –
based largely on the prevention of thinking, it seems
– the combined effect of half a dozen of these tools
should have your project completed single-handedly
before its start date.
In addition to the flashier, more expensive power
tools of the trade, we shouldn’t forget the smaller
utilities – the hammers and screwdrivers of the
software development world. C++ comes with a
number of language and library features that simplify
certain common or overlooked development tasks,
allowing attention to detail without the need for
intensive coding.
So, what’s the standard C++ equivalent of the
hammer or the screwdriver? For my money, there’s
no doubt what the hammer is – it’s containers. If
one part of the standard library has been embraced
above all others, it’s the container class templates –
most commonly vector, with map following a close
second. When many C++ programmers think of the
STL, this is what comes to mind. And as the saying
goes, when the only tool you have is a hammer, every-
thing else looks like a nail.
Contrary to popular myth, however, the point of
the STL is that it’s not really a container library: it’s
a specification of a library of algorithms and the
things algorithms work on. And what do algorithms
work on? Iterators, not containers. The only reason
that containers exist is to give certain iterators some-
thing to chew on.
Does this distinction matter? Is the reversal of
perspective anything more than an academic exer-
cise? Well, from the nail’s point of view, perspective
is everything... especially if the nail concerned is
actually a screw.
Group the loop
The common experience of iterators is that they are
nested within the scope of container class tem-
plates, so it’s often assumed that they’re secondary
abstractions – that is, that they’re less important and
merely following in the wake of containers. Although
the syntax for using iterators is simple enough – a
subset of pointer notation – the syntax for declar-
ing them almost seems to discourage their use.
Consider a list of strings, words, and a function, action,
that is applied to each string in the list:
for(std::list<std::string>::iterator at = words.begin();
at != words.end();
++at)
{
action(*at);
}
Not even the most ardent supporter of generic pro-
gramming will, hand on heart, describe the full
type declaration as either convenient or elegant. A
using directive or using declaration isn’t the solu-
tion. At best, it reduces type names by the amount
of std::. At worst, it negates the benefit of having name-
spaces in the first place.
But a simple tool exists in the language for sim-
plifying this syntax: typedef. Although not fully
redundant, typedef is used less in C++ than in C. It’s
often regarded as the poor cousin of the class because
it only creates type aliases rather than proper types
with their own distinct behaviour. And this is pre-
cisely why it’s useful as a local abbreviation facility:
typedef std::list<std::string>::iterator input;
for(input at = words.begin(); at != words.end(); ++at)
{
action(*at);
}
typedefs are a zero-overhead feature. That is, they
cost nothing in the generated code, their strength lying
in making code clearer and more expressive. Although
typedefs are commonly used at global or class scopes,
they can appear in any scope you want. The more
60 APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT ADVISOR q www.appdevadvisor.com
Kevlin Henney is an
independent software
development consultant
and trainer.He can be
reached at
www.curbralan.com
EFFECTIVE C++
q The C++ standard library offers a
number of fine-grained, tactical tools for
programming.
q Developers often look to the STL for
containers, but these are almost an
incidental feature of generic
programming.
q Generic programming is built on
algorithmic abstraction, which means
that the algorithm functions and
iterators precede containers in
importance.
q Common looping tasks can be greatly
simplified by taking such a view of
the STL.
FACTS AT A GLANCE
Why reinvent the wheel when the work has already been done in the STL?
Kevlin Henney dons his toolbelt for a whirlwind tour of the intricacies of
containers and iterators
If I had a hammer…
2. 62 APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT ADVISOR q www.appdevadvisor.com
EFFECTIVE C++
local their scope, the simpler you can make their name. In the
example shown, the iterator type is named after its category, which
is one of input, output, forward, bidirectional or random access. Only
input iterator operations – operators !=, ++ and reading through
* – are required for the loop, and the chosen type name reflects
this. This simple naming also leaves the loop code unaffected
should the underlying representation change, for example to a vector
or a deque.
Although the second example is neater than the first, we can
still do better. Why should we have to know the type at all? And
what’s the most important feature of this code – the fact that action
is being applied to each element in words, or the loop’s housekeeping
details? Hopefully the former, but looking at the code suggests
that if real estate is anything to go by, it’s the latter. Design is about
capturing and reflecting intent:
std::for_each(words.begin(), words.end(), action);
The fact that loops repeat doesn’t mean you have to keep
rewriting them. The std::for_each function template, found in the
<algorithm> header, is perhaps the simplest algorithm in the
STL, but it serves to demonstrate the basic idiom of generic pro-
gramming – the difference between loops for novices and loops
for experts1
. Most of the time, you shouldn’t need to worry
about how complex an iterator type name is because you never
see it: let the compiler do the work of deducing it. This approach
isn’t rocket science, but it’s certainly different from the container-
centric view.
Customer-facing code
Forms. Our life is full of them and, thanks to the web, it looks
set to remain that way for some time. Form processing is perhaps
the most common area of basic string manipulation encountered
by application programmers. However, there are times when you
feel that functional correctness and usability could be brought a
little closer together. A common experience is to fill in some kind
of number – such as dates, credit card numbers, telephone num-
bers and ISBNs – with what you might consider natural spacing
or separators, only to have them spat back at you.
The standard library offers a range of algorithms to make soft-
ware slightly more customer-facing with the minimum of fuss.
You can look in the std::basic_string class template interface to
resolve your string manipulation tasks, but the interface is
large and confused. It’s neither complete enough to be considered
fully general-purpose, nor consistent enough to be considered
cohesive2
. While many basic string processing operations are
supported directly within basic_string, the STL offers a more
minimal, extensible and consistent approach. std::basic_string
satisfies STL container requirements, including the posses-
sion of iterators. Consider replacing dashes in a piece of text with
spaces, for example from “7221-7691-7160-9691” to “7221 7691
7160 9691”:
std::replace(text.begin(), text.end(), '-', ' ');
Allowing spaces for convenience is another formatting con-
cession that’s worth offering the user. I recall once filling out a
30-digit licence code for a piece of software and having it
rejected, without explanation, because I had included spaces
every five digits, formatted just like the licence code printed in
the documentation.
Expecting users to type in 30 digits without spacing is a little
inhumane and does little to inspire confidence in the product you’re
going to so much trouble to install. A colleague suggested that
this wasn’t a programming problem, and that the user could type
the code with spaces and then manually remove them before pressing
“OK”. I can’t think of many users who would agree that such an
approach was “OK”.
To handle the removal of characters, the std::remove algo-
rithm seems like the obvious candidate. It’s part of the solution,
but it comes with a twist. The following code almost does what
we want:
std::remove(text.begin(), text.end(), ' ');
The twist is that, in spite of its name, the std::remove algorithm
doesn’t remove elements from the target container itself. Remember
that algorithms operate on iterators rather than containers. The
remove algorithm does effectively remove the given value from the
range, but it does not – and cannot – change the range itself. Its
return value is the end of the resulting range once all the values
have been shunted up, which means that the given string needs
to be resized to eliminate the leftovers:
std::string::iterator new_end =
std::remove(text.begin(), text.end(), ' ');
text.erase(new_end, text.end());
Or, more concisely, following the principle outlined earlier for
letting the compiler do the type deduction work:
text.erase(
std::remove(text.begin(), text.end(), ' '),
text.end());
The standard doesn’t specify what’s in the junk left at the end
of the range after removal, so ignoring or erasing it is about the
only reasonable thing you can do. This feature of remove high-
lights a terminology issue in the standard. It’s not so much an
issue of the name of the algorithm itself, although that’s
perhaps also an issue in this case, but of the use of the term algo-
rithm. Although the standard refers to them as algorithms,
the main header is called <algorithm> and all the STL literature
refers to them as algorithms, function templates like remove are
not algorithms.
An algorithm is a specification of control flow. Quicksort is an
algorithm that specifies a particular way to sort elements in a sequence
by recursive partitioning of that sequence. In addition to detail-
ing the intent and the performance characteristics, Quicksort is
a specification of the steps involved in performing this kind of
sort, as opposed to any other sorting algorithm. By contrast, the
std::sort function template doesn’t specify an algorithm – only the
requirements, both functional and non-functional, that are
placed on any algorithm used to implement it.
Making code count
Another demonstration of the ability of iterators and (so-called)
algorithms to reduce the amount of code involved in certain tasks
is to consider the humble word counter. Under Unix, or with a
set of Unix tools like Cygwin3
, you can quickly count the num-
ber of words, characters or lines in a particular text file, such as
a source file with wc. In environments that are poor in simple tools,
such as Windows, the alternative is to fire up a word processor
and hunt down the menu option to do this for you. There’s a
significant mismatch between the size of the tool and the size of
the problem – a sledgehammer to tap in a nail.
How difficult is it to write a word counter? If we restrict our-
selves to counting space-separated words coming in on the
standard input, so that to count the words in a file we redirect
it on the command line, all we need is a single executable
statement:
3. JULY–AUGUST 2001 63
EFFECTIVE C++
#include <iostream>
#include <iterator>
#include <string>
int main()
{
typedef std::istream_iterator<std::string> in;
std::cout << std::distance(in(std::cin), in())
<< std::endl;
return 0;
}
An istream_iterator takes an input stream object, such as cin, and
treats it as a sequence of values of its parameter type, in this case
std::string. The values read in are space separated, and the end of
the stream is indicated by a default constructed iterator. Note again
the use of the typedef to simplify the local use of an otherwise long-
winded name. The only other thing you need to know is that the
std::distance function template measures the distance from the begin-
ning to the end of the iterator range; that is, the number of iterations
needed to get from one to the other.
To count the number of characters on the input stream, only
a slight modification is required:
#include <iostream>
#include <iterator>
int main()
{
typedef std::istreambuf_iterator<char> in;
std::cout << std::distance(in(std::cin.rdbuf()), in())
<< std::endl;
return 0;
}
The difference here is that an istreambuf_iterator iterates over
the raw characters in the underlying stream buffer used by a for-
matting stream object. The rdbuf member function returns this
buffer for cin, and distance now counts individual characters rather
than words.
To count lines, it’s not the distance from the beginning to the
end of the stream that matters, but the number of newline
characters:
#include <algorithm>
#include <iostream>
#include <iterator>
int main()
{
typedef std::istreambuf_iterator<char> in;
std::cout << std::count(in(std::cin.rdbuf()), in(), 'n')
<< std::endl;
return 0;
}
What if, rather than taking input from the standard input, you
wanted the user to list files explicitly on the command line? A first
cut suggests surrounding the relevant counting code with an argu-
ment handling loop as follows:
#include <algorithm>
#include <fstream>
#include <iostream>
#include <iterator>
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
typedef std::istreambuf_iterator<char> in;
for(int arg = 1; arg < argc; ++arg)
{
std::ifstream file(argv[arg]);
std::cout << argv[arg] << 't'
<< std::count(in(file.rdbuf()), in(), 'n')
<< std::endl;
}
return 0;
}
With a little extra decomposition, however, we can do better
than this. What’s the intent of the code? For each named file, the
lines in that file are counted and reported back to the user, so we
can break up the solution along the following lines:
#include <algorithm>
#include <fstream>
#include <iostream>
#include <iterator>
void count_file(const char *filename)
{
typedef std::istreambuf_iterator<char> in;
std::ifstream file(filename);
std::cout << filename << 't'
<< std::count(in(file.rdbuf()), in(), 'n')
<< std::endl;
}
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
std::for_each(argv + 1, argv + argc, count_file);
return 0;
}
It’s left as an exercise for the reader to improve the error
checking and to default the input to the standard input stream
in the absence of any arguments.
Less code, more software
To make a genuine claim that you’re using the STL requires
more than just the use of a few container types. Iterators
and so-called algorithms are the screws and screwdrivers of gener-
ic programming, while the standard library, with containers
(and function objects) plays the supporting role, rather than
vice versa.
The generic programming approach allows us to be less distracted
by mechanism and to focus more on the intent of the small tasks
in a program. The basic message is a minimalist one – less code,
more software. We can achieve a greater functional effect for code
if we complement the traditional, coarse granularity of OO
design methods – which often lead to a lot of wasted effort if followed
through to a more detailed level – with the finer abstractions of
generic programming. s
References
1. Henney, Kevlin, “The Miseducation of C++”, Application
Development Advisor 5(3), April 2001
2. Henney, Kevlin, “Distinctly Qualified”, C/C++ Users
Journal online, www.cuj.com/experts/1905/henney.htm,
May 2001
3. Cygwin, www.cygwin.com