Task 2 structuring

1. WRITING Task 2
The process of academic Writing

2. writing
process
pre-writing
planning
writing &
revising
choosing &
narrowing a topic
brainstorming
selecting grouping
writing topic
sentence
outlining
writing first
draft
revising : contents
organization
vocabulary
grammar
writing
process
pre-writing
planning
writing &
revising
choosing &
narrowing a topic
brainstorming
selecting grouping outlining
writing topic
sentence
writing first
draft
revising : contents
organization
vocabulary
grammar

3. PRE-WRITING
NARROWING A
TOPIC
BRAINSTORMING

4. NARROWING A TOPIC
Working in pairs, narrowing the following topics.
Try to write 3 questions for each .This is an
example
Topic: Education
Narrowed :Student behavior-> problems -->
solutions?
Question: In many countries schools have severe
problems with student behavior. What do you
think are the causes of this? What solutions can
you suggest?

5. Crime and Law
Transportation
News and Media
NARROWING A TOPIC

6. Brainstorming

7. Brainstorming
The Key to
Successful Essay Writing

8. Brainstorming
What is it?
Why do we need it?
A gathering of ideas from your brain onto paper.
The variety of ideas and the use of your imagination assist
you in producing a lot of material with which to work.
It’s the best way to collect your thoughts.
It’s helpful for organization.
It ensures only quality ideas are used in the essay.

9. Brainstorming Technique
Number One
Freewriting
What is it?
Think about the topic. Then write, write, write. Whatever
comes into your brain – even if it doesn’t have to do with the
topic. Example:
"This paper is supposed to be on the politics of tobacco production
but even though I went to all the lectures and read the book I can't
think of what to say and I've felt this way for four minutes now and I
have 11 minutes left and I wonder if I'll keep thinking nothing during
every minute but I'm not sure if it matters that I am babbling and I
don't know what else to say about this topic and it is rainy today
and I never noticed the number of cracks in that wall before and
those cracks remind me of the walls in my grandfather's study and
he smoked and he farmed and I wonder why he didn't farm
tobacco..."

10. Number 1
Freewriting
When is it helpful?
When you have NO ideas about a topic
When you have TOO MANY ideas about a topic
Maybe I could say
this or maybe I
could say that…
hmmm
???
???
Brainstorming Technique

11. Brainstorming Technique
Number 2
Clustering
What is it?
When you write down words or concepts associated with
the topic – any ideas that come into your mind

12. Brainstorming Technique
Number Two
Clustering
Draw a bubble.
And write the topic above it.
Brainstorm!
Now look for words that connect with each other.
Circle the words and connect them with lines.
Global Warming
rainforests disappearing
extinction emissions dangerous
dying animals toxic world wide
Cars/SUVs factories
landscape changes no icebergs
expensive to fix? hurricanes
Reversible?
vocabulary

13. Brainstorming Technique
Number three
Tree Diagram
What is it?
This diagram has a central idea to which you add branches
that focus on details.

14. Number three
Tree Diagram
When do you use it?
This type of diagram is helpful in classification essays.
Media
Print Visual
Audio
Newspaper magazine booklet
television webpage movie
cd mp3 cassette
Brainstorming Technique
save time

15. Planning: selecting
– Your goal in selecting is to choose the best ideas that
support your thesis. (tuyên bố luận án)
– If they don’t back up (support) ,then you must leave
them out.
• Eliminate, cross out, delete
– the poor ideas
– the irrelevant ideas
– those that don’t support your Thesis
• Keep, circle, select
– the quality, excellent ideas
– the unique, interesting, fresh ideas
– those relevant and supportive of your Thesis

16. SELECTING & ORDERING
 From the remaining list of quality ideas
 choose the best 3-5 ideas
 Then narrow that list down again to the best 3.

17. practice
too many people
cars/suvs not recycling
chopping down trees
Global Warming
Crazy weather
loss of polar ice caps
dying animals

18. OUTLINING
 Now it’s time to
 draft your OUTLINE.
OUTLINE
THESIS:
I. POINT #1
A. SUPPORT
B. SUPPORT
II. POINT #2
A. SUPPORT
B. SUPPORT
III. POINT #3
A. SUPPORT
B. SUPPORT

19. OUTLINING
 THESIS STATEMENT:
◦ At the top of the Outline page write your Thesis
 in a complete sentence
 NUMBERED LIST:
◦ Then take the numbered ideas from the previous
Brainstorming Exercise and list them here
 in Emphatic Order
 use Roman numerals

20. OUTLINING
 MAIN IDEAS:
◦ The Roman Numerals indicate your Main Ideas
◦ each main idea = single paragraph
 MAIN IDEA =
◦ Reason
◦ Type or Role
◦ Similarity or Difference
◦ Cause or Effect

21. ORDERING
 Lastly, arrange these premium ideas in the
“EMPHATIC ORDER”
◦ putting last the “most important” or “most significant”
◦ Build up your argument first
 Leave your reader with a lasting
impression.

22. OUTLINING
 SUPPORT:
◦ Beneath each Main Point
◦ List your means of Support
 use capital letters for each
 TYPES of SUPPORT
◦ Examples, instances
◦ Stats, Anecdotes
◦ Quotes from experts

23. OUTLINING
 OUTLINE:
◦ An Outline for a
◦ 5-paragraph essay
◦ should look something
◦ like this:
◦ Each point =
◦ a Body paragraph
OUTLINE
THESIS:
I. POINT #1
A. SUPPORT
B. SUPPORT
II. POINT #2
A. SUPPORT
B. SUPPORT
III. POINT #3
A. SUPPORT
B. SUPPORT

24. revising : contents/organization/vocabulary/
grammar
 look at the symbol in the handout and do some revising
work
 Remember that you have to carry that handout with you
every lesson and be ready for peer revising

25. Peer Editing is Fun!
Working with your classmates to help
improve their writing can be lots of fun.
But first, you have to learn what it means
to “peer edit” and how to do it!

26. What is Peer Editing?
• A peer is someone your own age.
• Editing means making suggestions, comments,
compliments, and changes to writing.
Peer editing means working with someone
your own age – usually someone in your
class – to help improve, revise, and edit his
or her writing.

27. 3 Steps to Peer Editing
There are three important steps to remember
when you are peer editing another student’s
writing.
• Step 1 – Compliments
• Step 2 – Suggestions
• Step 3 - Corrections

28. 4 aspects need revising
• contents
• organization
• language use
• mechanism (Spelling mistakes,
Grammar mistakes, Missing
punctuation, Incomplete or run-on
sentences)

29. STEP 3
Corrections
Read through the paragraph again on
your worksheet. Circle, underline, or
use editing marks to correct errors
in spelling, punctuation, or grammar.

30. STEP 3
Corrections
• The third step in the peer editing process is
making corrections.
• Corrections means checking your peer’s paper
for:
– Spelling mistakes
– Grammar mistakes
– Missing punctuation
– Incomplete or run-on sentences

31. Practice
 Write about the following topic:
 Food can be produced much more cheaply today because
of improved facilities and better machinery. However,
some of the methods may be dangerous to human health,
and may have negative effects on local community. To
what extent do you agree or disagree?

32. What is the problem with this answer?
• introduction:
Food can be produced much more cheaply
today because of improved techniques and
facilities and better machinery. Some of
these methods however may be dangerous
to human health .

33. Organization - incoherence
• Using too many short, choppy sentences
• Organizing your sentences in an illogical
sequence
• Using weak transitions that fail to suit your
purposes, or not using transitions at all
• Alternating between different tones and styles

34. • Canadian software companies face several
tough challenges in the new millennium because
of ‘brain drain,’ and the monopoly held by their
American counterparts. However, the Canadian
dollar is getting stronger. ‘Brain drain’ is a bad
thing. Our greatest resources are leaving.
Microsoft is squeezing out its competitors. In
comparison, if the ‘brain drain’ continues,
Canadian companies will find it difficult to
produce innovative software. If the dollar doesn’t
stay strong, it will hurt us. It will help the
Americans.”

35. • [The paragraph above is incoherent
because it lacks unity, lacks variety in
sentence structure, organizes ideas
illogically, lacks transitions that show the
connections between ideas, alternates
between formal and informal style, and
uses both third person and first person
point of view inappropriately.]

36. how do you answer this question?
• Some people believe that money is the
most important factor for achieving
happiness. However, others believe that
happiness has nothing to do with money.
• Do you agree or disagree? Give reasons
for your answer and include any relevant
examples from your own knowledge or
experience.
• Make an outline

37. • Sample Answer:
• We live in a world that is surrounded by sorrows, suffering, grief and happiness. We
often try to make our souls happy through spiritual deeds and materialistic things.
Few individuals of a society believe that money is vital in bringing happiness in life;
others think that money is not associated with monetary funds. I personally believe
that not all, but money does play some role in bringing happiness.
• On the one hand, people commit their lives in earning a huge sum of money
because they consider money and happiness goes hand in hand and for them life
without money will be miserable therefor one cannot enjoy to the fullest extent. For
instance, people that find happiness in traveling, branded clothing or expensive
dining would not be able to enjoy life without money. Another example is of parents,
whose child is severely sick and needs expensive medication or treatment abroad,
with wealth, parents can buy happiness for their child. For them merriment and
capital funds are closely related to each other and one cannot imagine living without
it.
• On the other hand, there are several plausible arguments which say that money has
no relation with cheeriness. People believe that money cannot remove their sorrows
and sufferings. For instance, a mother who has lost her child in war, money is of no
value because her grievance and tears cannot be wiped through financial aid and to
make her glee. Soothing words and sympathy can calm her down and bring some
elation.
• To conclude, the above provides solid arguments in favor of both views. I personally
believe that money gives lots of benefit to people in terms of their status and
lifestyle but one should not equate money as the vital factor in bringing happiness.