2. Ideology refers to a system of beliefs, values,
ideas, and principles that form the basis of a
particular social, political, or economic theory
or policy.
It is a set of interconnected concepts and
assumptions about the nature of society, the
role of individuals and institutions within it.
3. 1. Beliefs and Values: Ideologies are built on
fundamental beliefs and values about human
nature, society, morality, justice, and other core
concepts.
2. Worldview: Ideologies offer a particular perspective
or worldview through which individuals interpret
events. This worldview shapes their understanding
of history, politics, culture, and societal dynamics.
3. Goals and Objectives: Ideologies often articulate
specific goals and objectives for society. These
goals may include achieving social equality,
promoting individual liberty,, or advancing a
particular cultural or religious identity.
4. 4- Normative Principles: Ideologies provide
normative principles or guidelines for how
society should be structured and governed.
These principles are used to design of
institutions, policies, and laws.
5- Political and Social Movements: Ideologies
can give rise to political and social movements
that seek to promote, defend, or transform
existing systems based on ideological
principles.
5. The creation of Pakistan in 1947 is deeply
rooted in historical, social, political, and
religious contexts that unfolded over several
decades.
1-British Colonial Rule: Britain controlled India
and its neighboring regions for a long time,
taking direct control in the 19th century.
2-Indian Nationalism: Indians started wanting
more say in their own affairs, forming groups
like the Indian National Congress to push for
rights and changes
6. 3- Muslim Identity: Muslims in India started
feeling they needed their own representation
and rights, leading to the formation of the All
India Muslim League.
4- Two-Nation Theory: Some Muslim leaders
believed Muslims and Hindus were different
nations and needed separate countries to
protect their interests.
5- Bengal Partition: The British split Bengal,
causing tensions among communities and
highlighting religious and regional differences.
7. 6- Khilafat and Non-Cooperation Movements:
Hindus and Muslims joined movements against
British rule, but differences arose about their
goals.
7- Communal Tensions: Conflicts between
Hindus and Muslims increased due to
economic problems, political disagreements,
and religious differences.
8- Demand for Pakistan: In 1940, the Muslim
League officially demanded separate Muslim-
majority states based on the Two-Nation
Theory, leading to the eventual partition of
India into India and Pakistan in 1947.
