This presentation includes content on introduction to behavioural sciences and sociology.

1. Introduction to behavioural sciences
& Sociology
Dr Ramya S

2. Main areas….
There are three main areas you need to consider:
 Social structures (the family, education, social
stratification)
 Social systems (culture and identity, agents of social
control)
 Social issues (causes of crime, impact of
unemployment)

3. 1. Why do people behave as they do?
2. Why do people react differently to same
situations?
3. What are the social factors influencing
various social problems?
4. What are the various social ties, social
networks and social organizations?

4. Social sciences
Scientific examination of human behavior
1. Sociology
2. Social psychology
3. Social anthropology
4. Economics
5. Political sciences

5. Sociology
 Socio-society (Latin); logos-science (Greek)
 Study of human relationships and of human
behaviour for a better understanding of the
pattern of human life

6. Social Psychology
 Science of behavior of individual in
society (group, crowd, mob, audience
and social situations)
 Attitudes of individuals towards
cultural and social values.

7. Society
 “Group of individuals drawn together by a
common bond of nearness and who act
together in general for the achievement
of certain common goals”
 Groups comprise social organization

8. Concepts in Sociology
 Customs:
Folkways Mores

9. Social groups
1. Family
2. Religion and caste
3. Temporary social groups
4. Permanent social groups

10. 1. The Family
 The family is the basic unit in all
societies.
 Most powerful example of social
cohesion

11. FAMILY
Group of biologically related individuals living
together and eating from a common kitchen
Types of family
1. Nuclear family
2. Joint family
3. Three generation family
4. Broken family
5. Problem family

12. Family

13. Nuclear family

14. Joint Family

15. Three Generation Family

16. 2. RELIGION AND CASTE
 Caste system in India
 Eg: of a "closed class”
 Each caste is governed by certain rules and sanctions
relating to food taboos, ritual purity
 Each caste group within a village is expected to give
certain services to the families of other castes.
 Eg: A carpenter repairs tools, a potter supplies
earthenware vessels.
 In the towns and cities and industrial areas, the caste
system is not rigid.

17. Religion

18. Temporary social groups : Crowd

19. Mob

20. Mob

21. Herd

22. 3. Temporary Social Groups
A) Crowd
 When a group of people come together temporarily, for
a short period, motivated by a common interest or
curiosity
 E.g. to witness a football match
 Lacks internal organization and leadership.
 When the interest is over the crowd disperses.

23. 3.Temporary Social Groups
(B) Mob
 The mob is a crowd, but has a leader who forces the
members into action.
 There may be a symbol in the shape of a flag or slogan.
 The mob is more emotional than a crowd.
 Like the crowd, it is unstable and without internal
organization.
 When the purpose of the mob is achieved, the group
disperses.

24. 3.Temporary Social Groups
(C) Herd
 This is also a crowd with a leader.
 Members have to follow the orders of the
leader without question
 Eg: Tourist group under a guide

25. Permanent spatial groups: Band

26. Village

27. Karaikal Town

28. Chennai City

29. The State
 An ecological social group based on territory.
 More stabilized and formalised.
 Heterogeneous in nature.
 The Indian Union is a large State.

30. 4. Permanent Spatial Groups
(a) The Band
 Most elementary community
 Few families living together
 Group has organized itself and follows a
pattern of Iife
 E.g: gypsies in India

31. (b) The Village
 “Small collection of people permanently
settled down in a locality with their homes and
cultural equipments”
 Basic unit in India: Population ~ 550
 “Little republics having nearly everything they
want within themselves”

32. (c)The Towns and Cities
 A relatively large, dense and permanent
settlement of socially heterogeneous
individuals.
 India- 5,545 towns and cities.
 Population > 1,00,000: City

33. (d) The State
 An ecological social group based on territory.
 More stabilized and formalised.
 Heterogeneous in nature.
 The Indian Union is a large State.

34. (E) Government And Political
Organization
 An association of which law is the institutional
activity
 Supreme agent authorised to regulate the social life
in the interests of the public
 To understand the organization of medical services
in any country, it is essential to know its social and
administrative organization.

35. Government and political
organization:Democracy

36. Autocracy: North Korea

37. Monarchy: Bhutan

38. China

39. Types of government
(1) Democracy
 This is government of the people, by the
people and for the people.
 Eg: India and USA

40. Types of government
(2) Autocracy
 The ruler is absolute in his power
 Eg: Jordan and Ethiopia

41. Types of government
3) Monarchy
 The head of the State is a monarch .
 UK, Nepal.

42. Types of government
(4) Socialism
 The production and wealth are
owned and controlled by the State.
 Ex: China, Poland.

43. Types of government
(5) Oligarchy
 The country is ruled by a family group
 Eg: Thailand, Cambodia, Saudi Arabia.

44. Family types
1. Nuclear family
2. Joint family
3. Three generation
4. Broken family
5. Problem family

45. Family life cycle
Formation Extension
Complete
extension
Contraction
Completed
contraction
Dissolution

46. Functions of family
Residence Homely life
Division of
labour
Socialization
Economic
security
Emotional
support
Bridging the
Generation
gap
Education Reproduction

47. Cultural factors in health
and disease
• Supernatural causes
• Physical causes
Concept of
aetiology and cure
• Open air defecation
• Waste disposal
Environmental
sanitation
• Hot and cold food
• Adulteration of milk
Food habits

48. Cultural factors in health
and disease
• Good, Bad
• Unimportant, uncertain
Maternal and child
health
• Oral hygiene
• Sleep
Personal hygiene
• Monogamy
• Polygamy, Polyandry
Sex and marriage

49. Acculturation

50. Acculturation
 “Cultural contact”
Trade, commerce, industrialization, propagation
of religion, education, conquest.

51. Social control mechanisms
Formal Informal

52. Social control mechanism

53. Social defence
 The Juvenile Justice Act, 2001
 The Child Labour Act,1986
 The Immoral Traffic Act,1956
 The Dowry Prohibition Act,1961
 The Narcotic Drugs And Psychotropic Substances
Act,1985

54. Defence
mechanism
Escape
mechanism
Displacement
Projection
Compensation
Regression
Rationalization

55. Social pathology
• Poverty, Illiteracy
• Migration
• Industrialization, urbanization
Social
constraints
• Gender bias
• Child abuse, child labour
• Prostitution
• Dowry
Social evil
• Drug abuse
• Suicide
• Juvenile delinquency
Social
deviance

56. Social class: measures of
social differentiation
Occupation Education Income
Religion Rural-urban

57. Socio-economic status scale
1. Modified Kuppuswamy
2. Modified BG Prasad
3. Pareek
4. Kulshrestha
5. Hollingshed

58. Social security
 Security that society furnishes through
appropriate organizations, against certain risks
 Risks which social security covers are,
Sickness, Invalidity, Maternity, Old age, Death
 It includes social insurance and assistance

59. Social security for industrial
workers
1) Workmen’s compensation Act,1923
2) Central maternity benefit Act,1961
3) Employees state insurance Act,1948
4) The family pension scheme,1971

60. Social security for civil
servants
 Employees of central and state
government have,
 Pension
 Gratuity
 Provident fund
 Family pension schemes

61. Social security for general
public
 The risk of death ,accident, fire are
covered by insurance schemes
 Life insurance corporation of India
 Public provident fund schemes

62. Medical Sociology
 Medical care - an industry?
 Doctor-patient relationship
 Emotional,cultural & intellectual plane
 Doctor-nurse relationship:
 The sick role
 Medical social worker

63. The Art of Interviewing
Types of
interview
Direct/
structured
Non-
directive/
unstructured
Focussed
Repetitive

64. Technique of interview
Establishing contact
Starting an interview
Securing rapport
Recall
Probe questions

65. Encouragement
Guiding the interview
Recording
Closing the interview
Report
Technique of interview

66. Operational research
Formulation of
problem
Data collection
Data analysis &
hypothesis formulation
Deriving solutions

67. Operational research
Choosing optimal
solution
Testing of solution
Implementing in
whole system

68. Thank you