The document discusses the ideology and constitution of Pakistan, emphasizing the significance of shared ideology among individuals and the emergence of nationalism as a response to oppression. It outlines the two-nation theory, initiated by figures like Sir Syed, Iqbal, and Jinnah, which argued for the Muslims' right to a separate nation due to their distinct identity. Factors such as historical, political, and cultural influences contributed to the formation of Muslim nationhood and the call for a separate electorate to maintain political representation.

1. IDEOLOGY AND
CONSTITUTION OF PAKISTAN
BY Rafia Zafar

2. Ideology
“Science of ideas, visionary speculations, manner of thinking, characteristics of
a class or individual ideas on the basis of some economic, social or political
theory or system.”
“Body of ideas concerning economic, social and political values with positive
action program for attaining these goals.”

3. Ideology
Constitutes a system of human life including theories, objectives and assertions
of life.
Individuals should ideally share common ideology in a society.
An ideology offers an interpretation of the past, an explanation of the present
and a vision of the future.

4. Ideology
Emerges when
• people feel strongly they are being mistreated under an existing order.
• their status is threatened by fundamental changes occurring in the society.
• the prevailing ideology no longer satisfies them.

5. Ideology
• Basis of Ideology of Pakistan
• Ideals of the Islamic system
• Reaction to the Hindu and British exploitation of the Muslims of the
subcontinent
• A revolt against then prevailing system in order to save it from annihilation
• Muslim nationalism

6. Nationalism
• Essentially European concept
• A consciousness, a sentiment, or a sympathy that binds a group of people
together.
• OR The desire of a group of individuals, who are already united by certain
ties, to live together and, if necessary, to die together.
• OR The wish of people who feel that they are one, to go on living as one.

7. Nationalism
• During medieval times, a group of students from one country studying in a
European university was called a “nation”.
• Modern Nationalism is made up of thirteen conditions or beliefs.

8. Nationalism
• Emotional basis
Common group feelings
Love for the fellow nationals
Common hostility to other similar groups
• Political and Social Apparatus
Common territory possessed The existence of a common sovereign government or the
desire for it The existence of common moral, social, or economic institutions or ideas

9. Nationalism
• Spiritual Equipment
Possession of some common cultural characteristics i.e., language, customs,
manners, literature, art, music and folk-lore
• Common religion
• Common history or common origin
• Common character shared by the national group

10. Nationalism
• Common pride in national achievements and common sorrow in national
tragedies.
• Simple devotion to the nation such as “My country, right or wrong”.
• Hope that the nation will one day become a great nation.
• Or if already a great nation, then hope for it to be the greatest in the world.

11. Religion and Nationalism
• “The politician in me has never dominated a single decision of mine, and if I
seem to take part in politics, it is only because politics encircle us today like
the coil of a snake from which one cannot get out, no matter how much one
tries. In order to wrestle with the snake……….., I have been experimenting
with myself and my friends by introducing religion into politics.”
(Mahatma Gandhi)

12. Religion and Nationalism
• “One lesson I have learnt from the history of Muslims. At critical moments
in their history, it is Islam that has saved Muslims and not vice versa.”
(Allama Iqbal)

13. Two-Nation Theory
• Materialization of Theory
• Initiated by Sir Syed, supported by the philosophy of Iqbal, the idea was
finally materialized by Jinnah and his colleagues.
• Constituent Assembly of Pakistan, by passing Objectives Resolution in
March 1949, gave it legal sanction.

14. Jinnah in Lahore Resolution
• “Notwithstanding [a] thousand years of close contact, nationalities which are
as divergent today as ever, cannot at any time be expected to transform
themselves into one nation merely by means of subjecting them to a
democratic constitution and holding them forcibly together by unnatural and
artificial methods of British Parliamentary statutes.”
• “Muslims are Nation according to any definition of a nation and they must
have their homeland, their territory and their state.”

15. Land of Nations
• “India is a land of nations.”
B.K. Krishna, 1939
• “The reality is that Muslim population in India - some 90 millions, with its
own system of law and social organization, its own distinct language, its own
historical traditions proves to be a separate nation.”
Economist, 1946

16. Mandate of the Two-Nation Theory
Separate Electorate (S.E.)
• The demand for S.E. was a manifestation of Muslim feelings of separateness.
• Six years before his death, Sir Syed for the first time demanded a separate electorate in
1892.
• Because of the minority status in British India, it was difficult for Muslim candidates to
be elected in general elections.
• If the two communities were not kept apart at polls, every election would result in riots.
• Wherever S.E. had been introduced, it secured peace.

17. Congress Attitude Towards S.E
• Separate Electorate (S.E.)
• Congress attitude towards S.E. was irritating.
• It could, by no means, compromise with this formula.
• Congress attitude further pushed the Muslims towards Separatism.

18. Factors Responsible for the Creation of Muslim
Nationhood
• Historical
• Political
• Religious
• Cultural
• Education
• Literature
• Philosophy
• Art
• Psychological
• National Consciousness