Ideology and the constitution of pakistan

1. Course Title: Ideology and
Constitution of Pakistan
Credit Hours: 02
LECTURE #01

2. Rationale Behind Study to this Course
This course is designed to provide students with a fundamental
exploration of the ideology and the constitution of Pakistan.
The course focuses on the underlying principles, beliefs, and aspirations
that have been instrumental in shaping the creation and development of
Pakistan as a sovereign state.
 Moreover, the course will enable students to understand the core
provisions of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan
concerning the fundamental rights and responsibilities of Pakistani citizens
to enable them function in a socially responsible manner.(Course outline.
Pp,01).

3. Course Learning Outcomes
After studying this course, students will be able to:
Demonstrate enhanced knowledge of the basis of the ideology of Pakistan with special
reference to the contributions of the founding fathers of Pakistan.
Demonstrate fundamental knowledge about the Constitution of Pakistan 1973 and its
evolution with special reference to state structure.
Explain about the guiding principles on rights and responsibilities of Pakistani citizens
as enshrined in the Constitution of Pakistan 1973.

4. Learning Outcomes of today’s Topic
To develop in-depth understanding about the genesis of the
ideology of Pakistan.
 Ability to explain and analyze the main components of the
Ideology of Pakistan.
 To understand the significance and relevance of the Ideology of
Pakistan in the historical context of British India.
 Analyzing the socio-political factors behind the creation of
Pakistan.

5. Introducing the Terminology of Ideology
Definition:
 The word “ideology” is composed of two Greek words “ideo” and “logos”. It
literally means “the science or study of ideas.
Ideology is defined by different scholars differently but it is believed that the
terminology of ideology was first coined by the French enlightened philosopher
Autoine Destull de Tracy in the early 19th
century (Pakistan Affairs, Pp.15).

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Ideology is derived from the French word “ideologie” which means the science of
ideas. According to Autoine Destull de Tracy “ideology is the science to study about
the origin, evolution, and the nature of ideas”.
As per Dario Fo “ideology is an inherent part of culture” while George Lewis
considers ideology as a plan or program which based upon philosophy(Pakistan
Affairs, Pp. 16).

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Explanation:
Ideology is the systemic set of concepts, thoughts and believes about the culture, life, and the politics
etc. so, therefore, as per many eminent scholars ideology is the inherent part of human culture.
Ideology is the reflection of the societal thinking and collective stance on any domain of life.
 Ideology of any nation reflects the ideals and aspirations of its people, and religion and cultural shape,
their thinking which binds them together.
An ideology in the positive sense is a system of beliefs, values, ideals, convictions, institutions, goals
and a body of knowledge which a people considers true, binding and practicable.

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How Ideology emerges?
Ideologies tend to arise in the times of crises and social stress. A society having no ideology,
when faced with a crisis, may find it difficult to decide by reacting to its ethical and practical
aspects as to whether to confront it with courage or retreat from it.
At such a moment, while ideology has its binding functions, it also provides a simple and sure
answer, leaving no chances for subsequent regrets. This is inherent it the fight for principle.
According to Reo M. Christenson (Ideologies and Modern Politics) that;
“An ideology emerges when people feel strongly that they are being mistreated under an existing
order when their status is threatened by fundamental changes occurring in society and when the
prevailing ideology no longer satisfies them”( Ideologies and Modern Politics. Pp. 10).

9. Characteristics of Ideology
Ideology must have the following few traits:
As per Willard A. Mullins:
 Ideology have must power over cognition.
It must be capable of guiding one’s evaluations and have to provide guidance towards actions.
Maximum people should be united under the umbrella of prevailing ideology.
 The ideology must be harmonized with the feelings, emotions, traditions, beliefs and values of
the nation.
 This can be obtained by collective efforts.
 An organized party of leaders to implement this ideology is imperatively required.

10. Significance of Ideology
Ideology is important in the Following ways;
Ideology is a motivating force for a nation, which is striving hard to bring stability and homogeneity to its
nationhood.
It provides the cement-binding base to the scattered groups in a society and brings them closer to each other on
a common platform.
Ideologies impel their adherents to follow a joint line of action for the accomplishment of their goals.
Ideologies give shape to the revolutions and give birth to new cultures and civilizations.
Ideologies stress on their adherents to insist on the realization of their ideals through total transformation of
society.
An ideology offers an interpretation of the past, and an explanation of the present and a vision of the future.

11. Prevailing Ideologies in the World
Dominant political ideologies which exists in the World and influence the national,
economic, political and religious life of the people.
Liberalism: committed towards certain political concepts, economic practices, and social
values. Like protection of fundamental rights, liberty, equality, individuality, rationality
democracy, and free-market economies.
 Conservatism: As per Samuel Huntington “ Conservatives are those who are defending the
existing institutions of their society”.
Socialism: Believing collective ownership of means of production, discouraging private
property, and stresses upon cooperation and social responsibilities, encouraging the single party
political systems.
Nationalism: Talks about self-determination, national character, national interest, and identity.

12. Ideology of Pakistan
Definition:

Ideology of Pakistan is constructed upon the religious, socio-economic and political principles of Islam. faith in the religion
of Islam differentiates the Muslims from their fellow human beings not only in the South Asia but in the whole world.

Pakistan’s ideology have been defined and explained by a number of scholars and political leaders but it has been defined by
the Quaid-I-Azam well verselly and very rationally.
By defining the ideology of Pakistan Quaid stated that “Pakistan was created the day first Indian national entered the
field of Islam”. Quaid further stated that “ the Hindus and the Muslims belong to two different religious philosophies,
social customs and literature. They neither intermarry, nor inter-dine together, and indeed they belong to two different
civilizations which are based mainly on conflicting ideas and conceptions”.

In short, Islamic principles of life are the foundational stone of the ideology of Pakistan. Ideology of Pakistan has deep
historical roots in the political history of Sub-continent and it have been evolved with in very prolong period of time.

13. Historical Background of the Ideology of
Pakistan
Sub-Continent and the Arabian Peninsula was interconnected before the revelation of
Islam in the early years of the 7th
century through sea and caravan trade. Islam was
reached in the Sub-Continent through sea trade, caravan trade, through the efforts of
Sufis, and through a series of military conquests.
 So, therefore, Islam as a complete code of life made a difference among the Muslims
and the non-Muslims subject in the Sub-Continent.
The ideology of Pakistan took shape through an evolutionary process. Historical
experiences provided the base for the ideology.
 Sheikh Ahmad Sirhindi emphasized for the protection of Muslim identity while Shah
Waliullah and his successors were the firm believers in the unique socio-political system
of Islam.

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British biased behavior and policies after the War of Independence of 1857 towards Muslims
was also the manifestation of the Muslims as a separate political entity.
Allama Iqbal gave it a philosophical explanation; Quaid-i-Azam translated it into a political
reality.
 The 1st
Constituent Assembly of Pakistan, by passing Objectives Resolution in March 1949,
gave it legal sanction.
It was due to the realization of the Muslims of South Asia that they are different from the
Hindus that they demanded separate electorates.
However when they realized that their future in a Democratic India dominated by Hindu
majority was not safe, they changed their demand to a separate state.
The basis of the Muslim nationhood was neither territorial nor racial or linguistic or ethnic
rather they were a nation because they belonged to the same faith, which is Islam.

15. Components of the Ideology of
Pakistan
Islamic beliefs: Islamic beliefs are the fundamental component of the ideology of Pakistan and their full
functionality and manifestation should be seen in the all domains of life in the State of Pakistan
 As Quaid stated that “ the Muslims demand Pakistan where they can rule in accordance with their own
system of life, their cultural development, their traditions and Islamic laws”.
Democratic system: Which meant that the governance structure of Pakistan will be democratic in which
people of Pakistan have a decisive role while electing their representatives and democratic government
should be functional under the golden principles laid down by the Religion of Islam to rule over the
people.
Supremacy of law in the light of Quran and Sunnah: “ we do not demand Pakistan simply to have a
piece of land but we want a laboratory where we could experiment on the Islamic principle”. (Quaid)

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Justice, fraternity, and equality: All citizens of Pakistan would be entitled their legal, political, and
economic rights without any type of discrimination by the State of Pakistan.
Territorial land: as Quaid stated that “nothing would be achieved simply by raising slogans for
nation. We are one nation and the nation cannot survive in the air, it requires an independent land to
settle where it can rule and our demand is the same”.
Urdu language: Urdu as medium of expression has emotionally, political ,and cultural attachment
with the Muslims of the Sub-Continent . As Moulavi Abdul Haque rightly said that “Urdu is the first
brick in the foundation of Pakistan”.

17. Significance of The Ideology of
Pakistan
Significance of the ideology of Pakistan can be summarized under following:
Upholder of Success: Ideology of Pakistan is a supporter of its success. The Muslims of Sub-Continent
were unified into oneness only because of ideology of Pakistan. They rank their differences entirely and
prompted for the attainment of Pakistan.
Bearer of high morality: Due to adoption of Ideology of Pakistan such a Muslim nation can be developed
which would have ethical traits, like honesty, good character and courageousness.
Islamic World Order: One of the fundamental aims of Ideology of Pakistan is to unify all the Muslims
world over and thus ideology apprises the Muslims of unity and fraternity.
Inevitable for Country and National Safety: It is inevitable for the safety and security of the nation. By
placing the people residing in different provinces at one platform and creates unity and national cohesion. It
will help to override on the aims of terrorists, saboteurs, time servers and vested interests elements.

18. Historical Context behind the Creation of
Pakistan
Pakistan was the result of imperishable sacrifices and long lasting political struggle by the Muslims
of India by witnessing the different socio-political events under the British Rule. Which can be
summarized under the social, political, and religious context.
 Arrival of British for trading purposes in the Era of Emperor Jahangir and later on transforming
into an unchallenging political force impacted the culture, politics, religion, economy, and social
fabric of the Sub-Continent.
 Events after the abolishment of nominal Mughal Rule in 1857 were in fact the consequences of
the British Rule.

19. Political Dynamics
Downfall of the Mughal Empire and subjection of indigenous patterns of governance in the
Sub-Continent.
 War of Independence 1857 as a revolutionary effort to reestablish the indigenous regime of
United India. Unfortunately, revolutionaries could not be able to achieve their goals due to a
number of reasons.
 Although, it was a collective effort by the different segments of the United India but Muslims
came under the aristocracies of the British Rule.
 British Crown abolished the East India Company immediately after the War of Independence in
1858 under the provisions of Indian Government Act 1858.
 A series of legislative acts started by the British Rulers to include the Indians in the political
process from 1861 to 1935.

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 Lord Ripon introduced the practice of elected type of local bodies in 1882 in the United India
that increased political participation of locals.
 later on, in 1885 another British civil servant Allan Octavian Hume(A.O. Hume) founded
Indian National Congress(INC) as political party for the Indians to represent their issues and
political aspirations in front of British Government.
 In 1892 2nd
legislation was passed for Indian in the form Indian Councils Act 1892 which
enlarged the Viceroy’s Executive Council and increased the mandate of Additional members.
 After the meaningful dialogue with the Lord Minto, Muslim leaders formed All India Muslim
League(AIML) in 1906 to represent the political demands of the Muslims.
 later on, Muslims witnessed a number of political events like Lack now pact 1916, Khalafat
Movement 1924, Siomon Commission 1927, and Indian Government Act of 1935.

21. Social Dynamics

Society of Sub-Continent was heterogeneous by means of ethnicity, religion, races, language, income,
form of governance, and cultural practices etc. Although, Muslims were constituted the second largest
communal group in the United India but the socio-economic conditions of Muslims were miserable and
demands a rigorous reformation.

Lord Macaulay had introduced the Western education system in the Sub-Continent that was expanded
in the different regions of India particularly in the urban centers like Bombay, Madras, and Calcutta.

The proliferation of modern/western education generated waves in the static Indian society but
Muslims could not be able to entertain themselves under that transformation.

Under this environment of despair, helplessness, and hopelessness. Sir Syed after a long thinking and
planning to uplift the poor conditions of the Muslims came with the agenda of Modern education which
we called Aligarh Movement .

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According to Prof. Amjad Ali Shakir, Sir Syed basically continued the intellectual and reformist agenda of the Shah
Waliullah(RU) for the reformation of the Muslim society. Another thing that inspired Sir Syed for the establishment of
modern educational institutions was his visit to England in 1869.
Muslims were far from modern education. As Hafeez Malik said about Sir Syed; “ Sir Syed was neither a politician nor
a political leader. He was essentially a social reformer and his panacea for all the ills of his community were education.”
Initially, Aligarh movement was apolitical and only works for the socio-educational progress of the Muslims of India but
later on, the Aligarh graduates were became the leading figures in the Pakistan Movement. E.g. Liquat Ali Khan
Aligarh Movement was the product of those circumstances when one empire/socio-political system has been eliminated
and another empire was to be established. As William Hunter, stated that “the English rulers would not recognize even the
existence of the Muslims”. As Graham stated that “Sir Syed’s motto was educate, educate, and educate.”

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
Under the Aligarh Movement schools, colleges, and later on, Aligarh University was established which not only increased
the literacy rates in the Muslim masses but also created political awareness and importance of education for the national
life of the Muslims. The translation of English books into Urdu for the convince of the students and knowledge leaners.

Publication centers, translating houses , and authoring a number of books on the social and religious spheres of life of the
Muslims were contributions of this Movement. A number of books have been written by Sir Syed and His colleagues on
the political, religious, and social domains of the Muslims of India.

All India Muhammadan Educational conference was established in 1890 for the educational development of the Muslims
of the Sub-Continent.

Anjuman-I-Tarakiay Urdu was established in 1893 for the protection and promotion of the Urdu language as a cultural and
literary identity of the Muslims of the India. The most famous Urdu literary personalities like Shibli Noumani, Altaf
Hussain Hali, Muhammad Hussain Azad, and Moulavi Abdul Haq were the products of Aligrah Movement which
contributed uncountable services for the promotion and protection of Urdu language.

24. Sindh Madrastual Islam and Islamia College
Peshawar
By following the footsteps of Aligarh there were a number of educational institutions were established in the different regions of
Sub-continent.
 Sindh Madrastual Islam(1885) of Hassanally Effendi and Islamia college of Peshawar(1912) was another kind example of
Aligarh’s educational influence over the Muslim leaders at that time.
 These were modelled on the patterns of Aligarh College. These institutions became the hub of knowledge and education in the
Northern Region of United India with in short span of time and provided modern and religious education to a larger number of the
students.
 European academicians like Sir Thomas Henry served as a principle of the College and this great institution produced alumni of
high caliber and stature like Quaid-I-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Sir Abdullah Haroon, and Sir Ghulam Hussain Hidayatullah.
Quaid-I-Azam visited this institution three times in his life and Quaid-I-Azam made his will about his wealth in 1940 in favor of
the great three educational institutions among those Islamia college Peshawar was one and remaining two were Aligarh Muslim
University and Sindh Madrastul Islam.

25. Religious Dynamics
Religious land scape of United India was plural in its nature and after encountered with the Western political system it
became volatile and the activities of christen missionaries under the governmental patronage further aggravated the
volatile situation.
Hindu reformers like Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Dayananda Saraswati, and Swami Vivekananda etc. were the
proponents of the social and religious reformation of the Hindus and other sentiments of the Indian society through
the reformists movements like Barhamo Samaj and Arya Samaj etc. The hidden aims under the banner of these
movements was the propagation of the Hinduism to non- Hindu sentiments of the society.
British discouraged imparting any type of Islamic education among the Muslim masses of India and destroyed the
existing education system of India.
With the introduction of modern/western education system in India, Muslim religious leaders felt the negative
impacts on the Muslim culture and religious identity.
Under these circumstances Muslim leaders and religious scholars decided to propagate the basic teachings of Islam to
the adherents of Islam by the establishment of different religious seminaries.

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So, therefore, Darul Uloom’s objectives were imparting the proper religious education among the
Muslim masses to retain the Islamic identity and to counter with negative sides of the British education.
Darul Uloom also would worked for the moral uplift of the Muslims and promoting unity among the
different segments of the Muslim society through the propagation of knowledge and education. It
produced a larger number of jurists, scholars, debaters, preachers, and experts of Hadiths.
These institutions and their alumni later on, played a decisive role in the overall struggle for Pakistan.
E.g. two first religious based political parties were established by the graduates of the Darul Uloom.
Like Jamiat-Ulema -I-Hind and Jamat Ulema-I- Islam.
British administration of India divided the education system of India into two fields. E.g. religious
verses secular.
 Nadwa focused on the propagation of religious education and the propagation of the secular education
in a balanced manner to uplift the Muslim society morally, religiously, and worldly.

27. Conclusion
 Ideology plays a decisive role in the national and individual lives of the human beings and it is inherent
part of the human society.
Ideology of Pakistan is based upon the fundamental teachings of Islam and endorses Islam as a living force
to guide the Muslims under all circumstances.
 Ideology of Pakistan was the basic foundational force behind the formation of Pakistan that motivated the
Muslim masses to struggle for their separate homeland.
Socio-religious and cultural fabric of United India was encountered with the British social order and
struggled for the survival.
 Political and economic landscape of United India witnessed a transformative phase under the British Rule.
 Demand for Pakistan and its creation was under the specific socio-political and economic circumstances
of the British India and ideological aspirations of the Muslims.

28. References/Further Readings:
I. A BRIEF HISTORY OF PAKISTAN ( JAMES WYNBRANDT). Pp. 41-Pp 45.
II. The Idea of Pakistan( Stephen Philip Cohen). Pp.1-15.
III. Trek to Pakistan(Khawaja Mansoor). Pp.1-8.