Identify the top two litigious areas for your selected health care o.pdf
•
0 likes•4 views
Identify the top two litigious areas for your selected health care organization and provide examples on how risk can be managed for those areas. Solution First one is ineffective communication between physician and patient,family members during adverse events.Physicians want to avoid the damaging affects of legal actions,they may not disclose to the patient the particulars that led to an adverse event.Patients resort to using malpractice claims in an effort to obtain information that may explain their undesired outcome.When adverse events happen,patients and their families are often devastated and confused.After an unanticipated outcome,patients wantto engage in open and honest communication with their physicians.They want basic information about the event;assurances that they won\'t suffer financially because of it;an apology;and prevention of similar events or errors in the future.Unfortunately,physicians may not communicate or provide the information in a manner that meets the patients needs.After an adverse event, patients and their families claim,their physicians would not listen,would not talk openly,attempted to mislead them and did not warn about long-term medical problems.Further,they resort to legal action. The public increased awareness of patient safety and demand for transparency of medical errors,along with the significant cost,complexity,and volume of malpractice cases,has opened the door for utilizing different methods for conflict resolution.Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) provides a more effective and less costly approach for patients and providers to deal with adverse events. Growth in managed care is changing the way care is financed,delivered,and evaluated. Managed care is a system that links financing and delivery of care and monitors usage, cost,and performance of health services.The vast and rapid changes in health care have many consequences for nurses.Many lawsuits are being made against nurses due to higher levels of standards of care,increased patient expectations,pressure to increase productivity and increased patient load and moreover the society had become highly litigous. Ways to ensure safe practice and avoid litigation:Adhere diligently within our Scope of Practice,educate ourselves regarding evidenced-based practice,stay abreast of changing trends in nursing through continuing education,educate ourselves regarding medical-legal issues and make sound,safe,and practical nursing judgments for all the patients..
Report
Share
Report
Share
Download to read offline
Recommended
From Patients to ePatients Driving a new paradigm for online clinical collabo...
CareTech eHealth Innovation Series
From Patients to ePatients Driving a new paradigm for online clinical collaboration and health management
David Bennett, SVP, Interactive Solutions
StayWell Custom Communications
Anthony Chipelo, Director, Portal Strategies
CareTech Solutions
5 The Physician–Patient Relationship Learning Objectives After.docx
5 The Physician–Patient Relationship
Learning Objectives
After completing this chapter, you will be able to:
· 1. Define the key terms.
· 2. Describe the rights a physician has when practicing medicine and when accepting a patient.
· 3. Discuss the nine principles of medical ethics as designated by the American Medical Association (AMA).
· 4. Summarize “A Patient’s Bill of Rights.”
· 5. Understand standard of care and how it is applied to the practice of medicine.
· 6. Discuss three patient self-determination acts.
· 7. Describe the difference between implied consent and informed consent.
Key Terms
Abandonment
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
Advance directive
Against medical advice (AMA)
Agent
Consent
Do not resuscitate (DNR)
Durable power of attorney
Human immunodeficiency
virus (HIV)
Implied consent
Informed (or expressed)
consent
Incompetent patient
In loco parentis
Living will
Minor
Noncompliant patient
Parens patriae authority
Privileged communication
Prognosis
Proxy
Uniform Anatomical Gift Act
THE CASE OF DAVID Z. AND AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS (ALS)
David, who has suffered with ALS for 20 years, is now hospitalized in a private religious hospital on a respirator. He spoke with his physician before he became incapacitated and asked that he be allowed to die if the suffering became too much for him. The physician agreed that, while he would not give David any drugs to assist a suicide, he would discontinue David’s respirator if asked to do so. David has now indicated through a prearranged code of blinking eye movements that he wants the respirator discontinued. David had signed his living will before he became ill, indicating that he did not want extraordinary means keeping him alive.
The nursing staff has alerted the hospital administrator about the impending discontinuation of the respirator. The administrator tells the physician that this is against the hospital’s policy. She states that once a patient is placed on a respirator, the family must seek a court order to have him or her removed from this type of life support. In addition, it is against hospital policy to have any staff members present during such a procedure. After consulting with the family, the physician orders an ambulance to transport the patient back to his home, where the physician discontinues the life support.
· 1. What were the primary concerns of the hospital?
· 2. What was the physician’s primary concern?
· 3. When should the discussion about the patient’s future plans have taken place with the hospital administrator?
Introduction
Few topics are as important as the physician–patient relationship. This relationship impacts the entire healthcare team. All healthcare professionals who interact with the patient must understand their responsibilities to both the patient and the physician. The patient’s right to confidentiality must always be paramount.
The first physicians were “medicine men,” witch doctors, or sorcerers. The physician–pa.
LITIGATION RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH HOSPITALIZATION
The document discusses medical malpractice and risk management in healthcare. It defines medical malpractice as situations where a patient is injured or dies as a direct or indirect result of negligent care by a healthcare professional. This can include misdiagnosis, medication errors, surgery mistakes, and more. It also outlines the key elements a patient must prove in a medical malpractice case. The document then discusses risk management strategies used by healthcare organizations to reduce risks and prevent compensable events, such as investigating incidents, developing safety policies, and educating staff.
Err is human
Err is human ....how could we minimize the preventable medical errors in our healthcare organization
Disaster Contact a disaster preparedness person at either a loca.docx
Disaster
Contact a disaster preparedness person at either a local hospital, or local city or county emergency services agency. NORTHEAST OHIO
1. Blackout 2003
2. Chardon Highschool shooting 2012
3. Great blizzard 1978
Interview your contact, asking the following questions:
1) "What do you consider to be the top three disasters for which you prepare?"
2) "What would you say are your top three lessons learned about managing a disaster?"
What Would the Best Future for Health Care Look Like?
Introduction
The one thing the debate over reforming health care taught us all is that there are as many opinions as there are interested groups, and all of them differ in meaningful ways. To look at the views on improving the systems of care delivery, it is important to note where they have points of agreement and where they differ. They are all driven by the values and principles of the constituencies and what they hope to achieve from changes in the delivery system. This module will explore points of agreement and differences between important groups that will influence the direction health care will go in the next decade.
Patients
It is an interesting point that all constituencies, in their public statements, emphasize that a strong health care system should focus on getting the best outcomes for patients. What would that be, from the perspective of patients? Typically, patients relate that they want top quality in their care and the latest technology, along with immediate and unrestricted access to care, at the lowest possible cost. This triad has become the stumbling block of change initiatives, since to date, no one has figured out how to deliver all three. However, when patients' views are explored and probed, some interesting facts emerge. When patients say they want top quality care, in general, they tend to define that as achieving a cure or return to health. They certainly do not want to leave the system feeling worse than when they came in. Patients have been heavily lobbied in the media by pharmaceutical and medical technology companies to convince them that the latest (and most expensive) technology will deliver the desired outcomes. However, very little real research on the true effectiveness of treatments and technology makes its way to most patients, and patients in general do not shop for their medical care as carefully as they would if they were purchasing new cars, for example. The language of research and medicine is difficult for patients to understand and is frequently not well-explained by providers.
So, the nuances of top quality care in terms of being able to deliver a cure or return to health are not well understood by the constituency with the most at risk. What patients do understand is whether they feel better or see improvement in their health and whether care was rendered without errors and in a compassionate way. The best health care system, from a patient's point of view, is one that can consistently deliver the good.
ETHICAL AND LEGAL ISSUES IN CARDIOVASCULAR AND THORACIC NURSING.pptx
Cardiovascular and thoracic nurses often face ethical and legal dilemmas that stem from advanced medical technologies. They must apply principles like autonomy, beneficence, and informed consent. Some common issues include promoting patient well-being, preventing harm, handling errors, withdrawal of life support, and allocating resources fairly. Evidence-based practice provides the best evidence to guide complex healthcare decisions and improve patient outcomes.
MHA6999 SEMINAR IN HEALTHCARE CASES-- WEEK 2 LECTURE, DISCUSSION,
MHA6999 SEMINAR IN HEALTHCARE CASES-- WEEK 2 LECTURE, DISCUSSION, AND PROJECT INSTRUCTIONS
Page | 1
Quality
Nearly fifteen years ago, the Institute of Medicine published the “To Err Is Human” report, which exposed the substantial impact of medical errors in the US healthcare system and called for a dramatic system change, including an improved understanding of those errors (McCarthy, Tuiskula, Driscoll, & Davis, 2017). Medical errors are considered to be failure to achieve the original goal or plan of action, and these errors may range from a patient falls to a mistake in the operating room. Not only do medical errors cause harm to the patient and jeopardize the patient’s trust, but they also cause a financial strain for the health system (“To Err is Human,” 1999). One of the contributing factors to medical errors is the lack of effective communication between doctors who are treating the same patient. This results in healthcare providers overprescribing medications for patients as well as increases the possibility of a patient having unnecessary tests or procedures performed. The report’s four-tiered approach includes:
· Focusing on creating a stronger foundation of education on patient safety
· Mandating a nationwide reporting system to encourage timely reporting of errors
· Increasing the standards of performance for healthcare providers
· Taking advantage of the security that safety systems offer (“To Err is Human,” 1999)
Creating a strong educational foundation for patient safety is most important. Healthcare personnel are much more likely to actively participate in reporting systems, encourage one another to perform at a higher level, and take advantage of safety systems when they are well educated on patient safety and the implications of medical errors. The reporting system seems to provide the least amount of impact on patient safety as they can result in losing patient trust in certain healthcare systems. The healthcare system as a whole has made progress in establishing a safe environment for patients when they are in need of care.
Challenges for Patient Safety and Steps for Improvement
Despite continuing evidence of problems in patient safety and gaps between the care that patients receive and the evidence about what they should receive, efforts to improve quality in healthcare show mostly inconsistent and patchy results.
Tap each image to know more.
Data Collection and Monitoring Systems
This always takes much more time and energy than anyone anticipates. It is worth investing heavily in data from the outset. Assess local systems, train people, and have quality assurance.
Tribalism and Lack of Staff Engagement
Overcoming a perceived lack of ownership and professional or disciplinary boundaries can be very difficult. Clarify who owns the problem and solution, agree roles and responsibilities at the outset, work to common goals, and use shared language.
Convince People That There's a Problem
Use hard data to secure emotional e ...
Running Head MEDICAL MALPRACTICE LAWSUIT1 MEDICAL MALPRACTICE .docx
Running Head: MEDICAL MALPRACTICE LAWSUIT 1
MEDICAL MALPRACTICE LAWSUIT 5
Term Paper “The Lawsuit of Medical Malpractice”
Marilyn Diaz
Professor George Ackerman
PLA4522 Health Care Law
July 17th, 2019
Abstract
This paper explores “Medical Malpractice” in the field of law in detailed explanation. The paper begins with an introduction to medical malpractice giving statistics and data. Data from the European Union is used to give a detailed illustration. The introduction is followed by elements of medical malpractice lawsuit, defenses to a medical malpractice lawsuit, ways of avoiding a medical malpractice lawsuit and the policy of medical insurance. The method used to gather information was reading of various articles on the subject. The results of the study revealed an increase in the number of medical malpractice cases. Results also revealed that some medical practitioners are using the defenses available in medical malpractice lawsuit to evade penalties. The study emphasizes on ways in which physicians can avoid malpractice by way of precautionary measures.
The Lawsuit of Medical Malpractice
Introduction
Medical malpractice is a precise kind of negligence defined as an act of omission by a physician during treatment of a patient that departs from accepted standards of practice in the health sector and causes an injury to the patient (Bal, 2009). In the last decade, medical malpractice has increased in Europe to double-digit percentage i.e. >50% in Eastern States, Great Britain and the Baltic, a maximum three-digit percentage i.e. 200-500% in Mediterranean area, Germany, the Iberian countries and Italy. France and Scandinavian counties have seen reduction in malpractice because of simplification of procedures and exemplary innovations.
The Special Eurobarometer on Medical Error in 2006 revealed that 80% of EU citizens view medical error as a key issue and close to 50% believed they would be tangled in a case of medical malpractice. This revealed that the public has become aware that claims of medical malpractice against health practitioners can be successful. In Sweden and Denmark between 2005-2010, the ratio of approval for compensatory claims rose to 40%, the average settlement of around €30,000 per case in EU countries. The European Hospital and Healthcare Federation Standing Committee estimates cost of coverage to be in excess of 200%. Costs fluctuated between 9 and 15 euros per capita with Britain exhibiting the highest figures (Ferrara, 2013).
Elements of a Medical Malpractice Lawsuit
The burden of proof in a Medical Malpractice Lawsuit lays on the plaintiff. The plaintiff needs to prove all the elements of medical malpractice in order to stand chance of success in a courtroom.
Existence of physician-patient relationship. Breach of duty of cared owed to patient by physician. Duty upheld at a professional standard of care. Duty of the physician to the patient established by the relationship. Patient sust.
Recommended
From Patients to ePatients Driving a new paradigm for online clinical collabo...
CareTech eHealth Innovation Series
From Patients to ePatients Driving a new paradigm for online clinical collaboration and health management
David Bennett, SVP, Interactive Solutions
StayWell Custom Communications
Anthony Chipelo, Director, Portal Strategies
CareTech Solutions
5 The Physician–Patient Relationship Learning Objectives After.docx
5 The Physician–Patient Relationship
Learning Objectives
After completing this chapter, you will be able to:
· 1. Define the key terms.
· 2. Describe the rights a physician has when practicing medicine and when accepting a patient.
· 3. Discuss the nine principles of medical ethics as designated by the American Medical Association (AMA).
· 4. Summarize “A Patient’s Bill of Rights.”
· 5. Understand standard of care and how it is applied to the practice of medicine.
· 6. Discuss three patient self-determination acts.
· 7. Describe the difference between implied consent and informed consent.
Key Terms
Abandonment
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
Advance directive
Against medical advice (AMA)
Agent
Consent
Do not resuscitate (DNR)
Durable power of attorney
Human immunodeficiency
virus (HIV)
Implied consent
Informed (or expressed)
consent
Incompetent patient
In loco parentis
Living will
Minor
Noncompliant patient
Parens patriae authority
Privileged communication
Prognosis
Proxy
Uniform Anatomical Gift Act
THE CASE OF DAVID Z. AND AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS (ALS)
David, who has suffered with ALS for 20 years, is now hospitalized in a private religious hospital on a respirator. He spoke with his physician before he became incapacitated and asked that he be allowed to die if the suffering became too much for him. The physician agreed that, while he would not give David any drugs to assist a suicide, he would discontinue David’s respirator if asked to do so. David has now indicated through a prearranged code of blinking eye movements that he wants the respirator discontinued. David had signed his living will before he became ill, indicating that he did not want extraordinary means keeping him alive.
The nursing staff has alerted the hospital administrator about the impending discontinuation of the respirator. The administrator tells the physician that this is against the hospital’s policy. She states that once a patient is placed on a respirator, the family must seek a court order to have him or her removed from this type of life support. In addition, it is against hospital policy to have any staff members present during such a procedure. After consulting with the family, the physician orders an ambulance to transport the patient back to his home, where the physician discontinues the life support.
· 1. What were the primary concerns of the hospital?
· 2. What was the physician’s primary concern?
· 3. When should the discussion about the patient’s future plans have taken place with the hospital administrator?
Introduction
Few topics are as important as the physician–patient relationship. This relationship impacts the entire healthcare team. All healthcare professionals who interact with the patient must understand their responsibilities to both the patient and the physician. The patient’s right to confidentiality must always be paramount.
The first physicians were “medicine men,” witch doctors, or sorcerers. The physician–pa.
LITIGATION RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH HOSPITALIZATION
The document discusses medical malpractice and risk management in healthcare. It defines medical malpractice as situations where a patient is injured or dies as a direct or indirect result of negligent care by a healthcare professional. This can include misdiagnosis, medication errors, surgery mistakes, and more. It also outlines the key elements a patient must prove in a medical malpractice case. The document then discusses risk management strategies used by healthcare organizations to reduce risks and prevent compensable events, such as investigating incidents, developing safety policies, and educating staff.
Err is human
Err is human ....how could we minimize the preventable medical errors in our healthcare organization
Disaster Contact a disaster preparedness person at either a loca.docx
Disaster
Contact a disaster preparedness person at either a local hospital, or local city or county emergency services agency. NORTHEAST OHIO
1. Blackout 2003
2. Chardon Highschool shooting 2012
3. Great blizzard 1978
Interview your contact, asking the following questions:
1) "What do you consider to be the top three disasters for which you prepare?"
2) "What would you say are your top three lessons learned about managing a disaster?"
What Would the Best Future for Health Care Look Like?
Introduction
The one thing the debate over reforming health care taught us all is that there are as many opinions as there are interested groups, and all of them differ in meaningful ways. To look at the views on improving the systems of care delivery, it is important to note where they have points of agreement and where they differ. They are all driven by the values and principles of the constituencies and what they hope to achieve from changes in the delivery system. This module will explore points of agreement and differences between important groups that will influence the direction health care will go in the next decade.
Patients
It is an interesting point that all constituencies, in their public statements, emphasize that a strong health care system should focus on getting the best outcomes for patients. What would that be, from the perspective of patients? Typically, patients relate that they want top quality in their care and the latest technology, along with immediate and unrestricted access to care, at the lowest possible cost. This triad has become the stumbling block of change initiatives, since to date, no one has figured out how to deliver all three. However, when patients' views are explored and probed, some interesting facts emerge. When patients say they want top quality care, in general, they tend to define that as achieving a cure or return to health. They certainly do not want to leave the system feeling worse than when they came in. Patients have been heavily lobbied in the media by pharmaceutical and medical technology companies to convince them that the latest (and most expensive) technology will deliver the desired outcomes. However, very little real research on the true effectiveness of treatments and technology makes its way to most patients, and patients in general do not shop for their medical care as carefully as they would if they were purchasing new cars, for example. The language of research and medicine is difficult for patients to understand and is frequently not well-explained by providers.
So, the nuances of top quality care in terms of being able to deliver a cure or return to health are not well understood by the constituency with the most at risk. What patients do understand is whether they feel better or see improvement in their health and whether care was rendered without errors and in a compassionate way. The best health care system, from a patient's point of view, is one that can consistently deliver the good.
ETHICAL AND LEGAL ISSUES IN CARDIOVASCULAR AND THORACIC NURSING.pptx
Cardiovascular and thoracic nurses often face ethical and legal dilemmas that stem from advanced medical technologies. They must apply principles like autonomy, beneficence, and informed consent. Some common issues include promoting patient well-being, preventing harm, handling errors, withdrawal of life support, and allocating resources fairly. Evidence-based practice provides the best evidence to guide complex healthcare decisions and improve patient outcomes.
MHA6999 SEMINAR IN HEALTHCARE CASES-- WEEK 2 LECTURE, DISCUSSION,
MHA6999 SEMINAR IN HEALTHCARE CASES-- WEEK 2 LECTURE, DISCUSSION, AND PROJECT INSTRUCTIONS
Page | 1
Quality
Nearly fifteen years ago, the Institute of Medicine published the “To Err Is Human” report, which exposed the substantial impact of medical errors in the US healthcare system and called for a dramatic system change, including an improved understanding of those errors (McCarthy, Tuiskula, Driscoll, & Davis, 2017). Medical errors are considered to be failure to achieve the original goal or plan of action, and these errors may range from a patient falls to a mistake in the operating room. Not only do medical errors cause harm to the patient and jeopardize the patient’s trust, but they also cause a financial strain for the health system (“To Err is Human,” 1999). One of the contributing factors to medical errors is the lack of effective communication between doctors who are treating the same patient. This results in healthcare providers overprescribing medications for patients as well as increases the possibility of a patient having unnecessary tests or procedures performed. The report’s four-tiered approach includes:
· Focusing on creating a stronger foundation of education on patient safety
· Mandating a nationwide reporting system to encourage timely reporting of errors
· Increasing the standards of performance for healthcare providers
· Taking advantage of the security that safety systems offer (“To Err is Human,” 1999)
Creating a strong educational foundation for patient safety is most important. Healthcare personnel are much more likely to actively participate in reporting systems, encourage one another to perform at a higher level, and take advantage of safety systems when they are well educated on patient safety and the implications of medical errors. The reporting system seems to provide the least amount of impact on patient safety as they can result in losing patient trust in certain healthcare systems. The healthcare system as a whole has made progress in establishing a safe environment for patients when they are in need of care.
Challenges for Patient Safety and Steps for Improvement
Despite continuing evidence of problems in patient safety and gaps between the care that patients receive and the evidence about what they should receive, efforts to improve quality in healthcare show mostly inconsistent and patchy results.
Tap each image to know more.
Data Collection and Monitoring Systems
This always takes much more time and energy than anyone anticipates. It is worth investing heavily in data from the outset. Assess local systems, train people, and have quality assurance.
Tribalism and Lack of Staff Engagement
Overcoming a perceived lack of ownership and professional or disciplinary boundaries can be very difficult. Clarify who owns the problem and solution, agree roles and responsibilities at the outset, work to common goals, and use shared language.
Convince People That There's a Problem
Use hard data to secure emotional e ...
Running Head MEDICAL MALPRACTICE LAWSUIT1 MEDICAL MALPRACTICE .docx
Running Head: MEDICAL MALPRACTICE LAWSUIT 1
MEDICAL MALPRACTICE LAWSUIT 5
Term Paper “The Lawsuit of Medical Malpractice”
Marilyn Diaz
Professor George Ackerman
PLA4522 Health Care Law
July 17th, 2019
Abstract
This paper explores “Medical Malpractice” in the field of law in detailed explanation. The paper begins with an introduction to medical malpractice giving statistics and data. Data from the European Union is used to give a detailed illustration. The introduction is followed by elements of medical malpractice lawsuit, defenses to a medical malpractice lawsuit, ways of avoiding a medical malpractice lawsuit and the policy of medical insurance. The method used to gather information was reading of various articles on the subject. The results of the study revealed an increase in the number of medical malpractice cases. Results also revealed that some medical practitioners are using the defenses available in medical malpractice lawsuit to evade penalties. The study emphasizes on ways in which physicians can avoid malpractice by way of precautionary measures.
The Lawsuit of Medical Malpractice
Introduction
Medical malpractice is a precise kind of negligence defined as an act of omission by a physician during treatment of a patient that departs from accepted standards of practice in the health sector and causes an injury to the patient (Bal, 2009). In the last decade, medical malpractice has increased in Europe to double-digit percentage i.e. >50% in Eastern States, Great Britain and the Baltic, a maximum three-digit percentage i.e. 200-500% in Mediterranean area, Germany, the Iberian countries and Italy. France and Scandinavian counties have seen reduction in malpractice because of simplification of procedures and exemplary innovations.
The Special Eurobarometer on Medical Error in 2006 revealed that 80% of EU citizens view medical error as a key issue and close to 50% believed they would be tangled in a case of medical malpractice. This revealed that the public has become aware that claims of medical malpractice against health practitioners can be successful. In Sweden and Denmark between 2005-2010, the ratio of approval for compensatory claims rose to 40%, the average settlement of around €30,000 per case in EU countries. The European Hospital and Healthcare Federation Standing Committee estimates cost of coverage to be in excess of 200%. Costs fluctuated between 9 and 15 euros per capita with Britain exhibiting the highest figures (Ferrara, 2013).
Elements of a Medical Malpractice Lawsuit
The burden of proof in a Medical Malpractice Lawsuit lays on the plaintiff. The plaintiff needs to prove all the elements of medical malpractice in order to stand chance of success in a courtroom.
Existence of physician-patient relationship. Breach of duty of cared owed to patient by physician. Duty upheld at a professional standard of care. Duty of the physician to the patient established by the relationship. Patient sust.
Running Head MEDICAL MALPRACTICE LAWSUIT1 MEDICAL MALPRACTICE .docx
Running Head: MEDICAL MALPRACTICE LAWSUIT 1
MEDICAL MALPRACTICE LAWSUIT 5
Term Paper “The Lawsuit of Medical Malpractice”
Marilyn Diaz
Professor George Ackerman
PLA4522 Health Care Law
July 17th, 2019
Abstract
This paper explores “Medical Malpractice” in the field of law in detailed explanation. The paper begins with an introduction to medical malpractice giving statistics and data. Data from the European Union is used to give a detailed illustration. The introduction is followed by elements of medical malpractice lawsuit, defenses to a medical malpractice lawsuit, ways of avoiding a medical malpractice lawsuit and the policy of medical insurance. The method used to gather information was reading of various articles on the subject. The results of the study revealed an increase in the number of medical malpractice cases. Results also revealed that some medical practitioners are using the defenses available in medical malpractice lawsuit to evade penalties. The study emphasizes on ways in which physicians can avoid malpractice by way of precautionary measures.
The Lawsuit of Medical Malpractice
Introduction
Medical malpractice is a precise kind of negligence defined as an act of omission by a physician during treatment of a patient that departs from accepted standards of practice in the health sector and causes an injury to the patient (Bal, 2009). In the last decade, medical malpractice has increased in Europe to double-digit percentage i.e. >50% in Eastern States, Great Britain and the Baltic, a maximum three-digit percentage i.e. 200-500% in Mediterranean area, Germany, the Iberian countries and Italy. France and Scandinavian counties have seen reduction in malpractice because of simplification of procedures and exemplary innovations.
The Special Eurobarometer on Medical Error in 2006 revealed that 80% of EU citizens view medical error as a key issue and close to 50% believed they would be tangled in a case of medical malpractice. This revealed that the public has become aware that claims of medical malpractice against health practitioners can be successful. In Sweden and Denmark between 2005-2010, the ratio of approval for compensatory claims rose to 40%, the average settlement of around €30,000 per case in EU countries. The European Hospital and Healthcare Federation Standing Committee estimates cost of coverage to be in excess of 200%. Costs fluctuated between 9 and 15 euros per capita with Britain exhibiting the highest figures (Ferrara, 2013).
Elements of a Medical Malpractice Lawsuit
The burden of proof in a Medical Malpractice Lawsuit lays on the plaintiff. The plaintiff needs to prove all the elements of medical malpractice in order to stand chance of success in a courtroom.
Existence of physician-patient relationship. Breach of duty of cared owed to patient by physician. Duty upheld at a professional standard of care. Duty of the physician to the patient established by the relationship. Patient sust.
Presentation1
The document discusses key aspects of implementing a disease management program including:
1. Encouraging early detection of diseases through various forms of advertising and utilizing guidelines from organizations like the CDC and WHO.
2. Providing incentives for patients to proactively manage their health like lower costs, support groups, and easy access to their medical records.
3. Addressing factors like ensuring quality of care through measurements, making facilities accessible, and emphasizing the importance of prescription management.
Disease Management
The document discusses key aspects of implementing an effective disease management program, including encouraging early detection of diseases, providing patient incentives, establishing physician incentives, selecting appropriate facilities, measuring quality of care, managing prescription benefits, and using case management strategies. It emphasizes preventing disease through screening, education, and lifestyle changes can improve patients' health while lowering overall healthcare costs. Future directions include increased use of electronic medical records and data analytics to track outcomes and continuously improve programs.
Barry Furrow, "Smashing into Windows: The Limits of Consumer Sovereignty in H...
Barry Furrow, "Smashing into Windows: The Limits of Consumer Sovereignty in H...The Petrie-Flom Center for Health Law Policy, Biotechnology, and Bioethics
April 28, 2017
Transparency is a relatively new concept to the world of health and health care, considering that just a few short decades ago we were still in the throes of a “doctor-knows-best” model. Today, however, transparency is found on almost every short list of solutions to a variety of health policy problems, ranging from conflicts of interest to rising drug costs to promoting efficient use of health care resources, and more. Doctors are now expected to be transparent about patient diagnoses and treatment options, hospitals are expected to be transparent about error rates, insurers about policy limitations, companies about prices, researchers about data, and policymakers about priorities and rationales for health policy intervention. But a number of important legal and ethical questions remain. For example, what exactly does transparency mean in the context of health, who has a responsibility to be transparent and to whom, what legal mechanisms are there to promote transparency, and what legal protections are needed for things like privacy, intellectual property, and the like? More specifically, when can transparency improve health and health care, and when is it likely to be nothing more than platitude?
This conference aimed to: (1) identify the various thematic roles transparency has been called on to play in American health policy, and why it has emerged in these spaces; (2) understand when, where, how, and why transparency may be a useful policy tool in relation to health and health care, what it can realistically be expected to achieve, and when it is unlikely to be successful, including limits on how patients and consumers utilize information even when we have transparency; (3) assess the legal and ethical issues raised by transparency in health and health care, including obstacles and opportunities; (4) learn from comparative examples of transparency, both in other sectors and outside the United States. In sum, we hope to reach better understandings of this health policy buzzword so that transparency can be utilized as a solution to pressing health policy issues where appropriate, while recognizing its true limitations.
Learn more on our website: http://petrieflom.law.harvard.edu/events/details/2017-annual-conferenceCasual consent to treatment muhammad saaiq
This document discusses the issue of casual consent to treatment in Pakistan's healthcare system. It argues that while internationally the concept of informed consent is recognized, consent is still largely neglected in Pakistan. Doctors often view consent as a formality rather than properly informing patients. This fails to respect patient autonomy and leaves doctors legally vulnerable. The article calls for reforms to establish proper informed consent standards and processes in Pakistan.
East zone medico legal services pvt
This document provides an overview of East Zone Medico Legal Services Pvt. Ltd., a private company that provides medico-legal consulting services. It was established in 2013 in Patna, Bihar, India and assists hospitals, doctors, and medical professionals with legal issues related to their work, including defending clients in litigation, conducting audits, and providing training. The document outlines some common types of medical negligence claims and legal issues that doctors and hospitals face.
Legal issues in nursing
This document discusses several legal issues related to nursing practice. It begins by explaining the importance of nurses being aware of the legal aspects of patient care. It then covers various topics of law that nurses must understand, including their duty to advocate for patients, ensure informed consent, maintain confidentiality and proper documentation, among other responsibilities. Nurses can be held liable for negligence, malpractice or other issues if they fail to meet the appropriate standards of care.
Bed side management and patient safety
The document discusses the importance of bedside manner and interprofessional cooperation in healthcare. It states that poor communication among healthcare personnel is a major factor in hospital errors. Bedside manner refers to a healthcare provider's medical knowledge, personality, and ability to understand and communicate with the patient. The document emphasizes the need for etiquette, respectful relationships, and high standards among all healthcare professionals when interacting with patients and colleagues.
What Patients Really Expect from Medical Treatment: A Comprehensive Guide
As healthcare services become increasingly accessible, more and more people are expecting the best possible medical treatment. Patients want to be sure that they will receive the highest quality of care and that their expectations for their health will be met.
Helping People Heal
Study and survey results indicate that digital can best be deployed by healthcare and life sciences/pharmaceuticals practitioners and companies to offer "warm" treatment that encourages and empowers patients in order to yield excellent health outcomes and operational efficiencies.
Professional Work Experience Paper
The document provides details about the author's professional work experience and education. It lists degrees earned including a Bachelor of Arts in English from the University of Florida in 2010 and a certificate in victim witness services from the Florida Crime Prevention Training Institute the same year. It also describes professional work experience providing advocacy support and referral services for victims and witnesses of crimes in Florida. The document indicates the author has knowledge of US healthcare laws and the legal rights of clients.
Bioethics shruti
This document discusses several key issues in medical ethics, including informed consent, patient capacity, disclosure, and the relationship between doctors and patients. It emphasizes that informed consent requires doctors to disclose appropriate information to patients regarding treatment procedures, risks, and alternatives so patients can make voluntary decisions. Patient capacity and surrogate decision makers are also addressed. Maintaining patient confidentiality and truth telling are presented as important principles underpinning the trust between doctors and those seeking medical care.
November 1999I N S T I T U T E O F M E D I C I N E S.docx
November 1999
I N S T I T U T E O F M E D I C I N E
Shaping the Future for Health
TO ERR IS HUMAN:
BUILDING A SAFER HEALTH SYSTEM
Health care in the United States is not as safe as it should be--and can be. At least 44,000 people, and perhaps as many as 98,000 people, die in hospitals each year as a result of medical errors that could have
been prevented, according to estimates from two major studies. Even using
the lower estimate, preventable medical errors in hospitals exceed attributable
deaths to such feared threats as motor-vehicle wrecks, breast cancer, and
AIDS.
Medical errors can be defined as the failure of a planned action to be
completed as intended or the use of a wrong plan to achieve an aim. Among
the problems that commonly occur during the course of providing health care
are adverse drug events and improper transfusions, surgical injuries and
wrong-site surgery, suicides, restraint-related injuries or death, falls, burns,
pressure ulcers, and mistaken patient identities. High error rates with serious
consequences are most likely to occur in intensive care units, operating rooms,
and emergency departments.
Beyond their cost in human lives, preventable medical errors exact
other significant tolls. They have been estimated to result in total costs (in
cluding the expense of additional care necessitated by the errors, lost income
and household productivity, and disability) of between $17 billion and $29
billion per year in hospitals nationwide. Errors also are costly in terms of loss
of trust in the health care system by patients and diminished satisfaction by
both patients and health professionals. Patients who experience a long hospi
tal stay or disability as a result of errors pay with physical and psychological
discomfort. Health professionals pay with loss of morale and frustration at
not being able to provide the best care possible. Society bears the cost of er
rors as well, in terms of lost worker productivity, reduced school attendance
by children, and lower levels of population health status.
A variety of factors have contributed to the nation’s epidemic of medi
cal errors. One oft-cited problem arises from the decentralized and frag
mented nature of the health care delivery system--or “nonsystem,” to some
observers. When patients see multiple providers in different settings, none of
whom has access to complete information, it becomes easier for things to go
Errors…are costly
in terms of loss of
trust in the health
care system by pa
tients and dimin
ished satisfaction
by both patients
and health profes
sionals.
Types of Errors
Diagnostic
Error or delay in diagnosis
Failure to employ indicated tests
Use of outmoded tests or therapy
Failure to act on results of monitoring or testing
Treatment
Error in the performance of an operation, procedure, or test
Error in administering the treatment
Error in the dose or method of using a drug
Avoidable delay in treatmen.
Medical Malpractice
Medical malpractice refers to professional negligence by a health care provider. It can result in injury or death. Around 44,000 to 98,000 hospital patients may die each year from preventable medical errors. When claims are filed, the plaintiff must prove the provider owed a duty of care, breached that duty, caused injury, and damages occurred. High insurance premiums have led to a malpractice crisis with less coverage available. Possible solutions include peer review, practice guidelines, and restraints on insurer rates.
ethical & legal issues.ppt
Health care providers like midwives and nurses face complex ethical issues in their work with women of reproductive age due to interactions with patients and advanced technology. Knowledge of ethics helps nurses make decisions based on codes of ethics and understand their responsibilities to patients. Some key ethical principles that guide nurses include respecting patient autonomy and dignity, doing no harm, being fair, keeping promises, and protecting the vulnerable. Nurses may encounter ethical dilemmas when caring for patients undergoing procedures like abortion given their own moral beliefs, or when the rights of the mother and fetus conflict. Incident reports and informed consent are important tools to document any issues, protect legal rights, and ensure safe, ethical care.
March 2001I N S T I T U T E O F M E D I C I N E Shap.docx
March 2001
I N S T I T U T E O F M E D I C I N E
Shaping the Future for Health
CROSSING THE QUALITY CHASM:
A NEW HEALTH SYSTEM FOR THE 21ST CENTURY
The U.S. health care delivery system does not provide consistent, high-quality medical care to all people. Americans should be able to count on receiving care that meets their needs and is based on the best scien
tific knowledge--yet there is strong evidence that this frequently is not the
case. Health care harms patients too frequently and routinely fails to deliver
its potential benefits. Indeed, between the health care that we now have and
the health care that we could have lies not just a gap, but a chasm.
A number of factors have combined to create this chasm. Medical sci
ence and technology have advanced at an unprecedented rate during the past
half-century. In tandem has come growing complexity of health care, which
today is characterized by more to know, more to do, more to manage, more to
watch, and more people involved than ever before. Faced with such rapid
changes, the nation’s health care delivery system has fallen far short in its
ability to translate knowledge into practice and to apply new technology
safely and appropriately. And if the system cannot consistently deliver to-
day’s science and technology, it is even less prepared to respond to the ex
traordinary advances that surely will emerge during the coming decades.
The public’s health care needs have changed as well. Americans are
living longer, due at least in part to advances in medical science and techno l
ogy, and with this aging population comes an increase in the incidence and
prevalence of chronic conditions. Such conditions, including heart disease,
diabetes, and asthma, are now the leading cause of illness, disability, and
death. But today’s health system remains overly devoted to dealing with
acute, episodic care needs. There is a dearth of clinical programs with the
multidisciplinary infrastructure required to provide the full complement of
services needed by people with common chronic conditions.
The health care delivery system also is poorly organized to meet the
challenges at hand. The delivery of care often is overly complex and uncoor
dinated, requiring steps and patient “handoffs” that slow down care and de-
crease rather than improve safety. These cumbersome processes waste re-
sources; leave unaccountable voids in coverage; lead to loss of information;
Faced with such
rapid changes, the
nation’s health care
delivery system has
fallen far short in its
ability to translate
knowledge into
practice and to ap
ply new technology
safely and appro
priately.
CARE SYSTEM
Supportive
payment and
regulatory en
vironment
Organizations
that facilitate
the work of
patient-
centered teams
High perform
ing patient-
centered teams
Outcomes:
• Safe
• Effective
• Efficient
• Personalized
• Timely
• Equitable
REDESIGN IMPERATIVES: SIX CHALLENGES
• Reeng.
Deadly Medical Practices by Trudy Newman (c) 2003
The writing is already spread further online by others as well, but in respect to her work and the value of it, just posting it here again with the references at the end, which are not always put online with.
The more people spread the copy, the more democratic awareness on the issue we may get. With gratitude and admiration for Trudy Newman her valuable writing (c) 2003.
White Paper: Money talks - Rethinking what it means to put patients first
The document discusses how healthcare organizations can better engage patients in financial conversations earlier in the revenue cycle process. It recommends training staff to feel confident discussing costs and payment options with patients upfront. It also suggests educating patients about rising healthcare costs and their obligations. The document proposes implementing data-driven workflows at key points like patient access, financial navigation, and revenue recovery to simplify financial conversations and enable continuous process improvements. The goal is to empower staff to act as financial advocates for patients, improve outcomes like collections and bad debt, and create happier employees and more satisfied patients.
how does malpractice affect quality of healthcare service What are .pdf
how does malpractice affect quality of healthcare service? What are two options of malpractice
reform?
Solution
Any sort of unskilled or negligent treatment on the part of healthcare providers, be it a doctor,
dentist, nurse, even the hospital or any other professional of the domain, towards the patients can
be treated as \'malpractice\'. And it can have several adverse effects on the patients as well as
doctors. Following lists a few of them:
The most obvious effect is the reluctance among patients to seek medical help at the hour of
need. This is as a result of the lack of trust in the patients for the whole system of treatment,
which ultimately affects the basis of doctor and patient relationship.
Malpractice claims can also affect the cost of treatment, ultimately making them exorbitantly
high for the patients to be able to afford it. Easy access to helathcare by patients can also become
difficult due to a rise in the insurance premiums.
Claims of negligence by the patients can also lead to a potential threat amongst the doctors. This
results in the latter becoming more conscious or defensive in choosing their line of treatment,
where they end up prescribing all sorts of additional diagnostic tests. The ultimately results in
excess cost incurred in the part of the patients, who then find it increasinly difficult to afford it.
As for the doctors, they could be involved in lawsuits and that can jeopardise their career, induce
stress, and in extreme scenarios, when the cost of malpractice insurance becomes too high, they
can even look for alternative careers.
The most common type of malpractice reform is the traditional tort reform, that can be both
direct as well as indirect. The direct reform puts a cap of the costs incurred in the hospital but it
generally doesnot impact the quality of healthcare that is provided to the potential patient.
Indirect reforms, on the other hand, puts a cap on the liability cost, such as attorney\'s fees in
case of a lawsuit. This as well has no effect on the quality of treatment. The traditional tort
reform can however reduce the occurance of defensive medication. According to Daniel Kessler,
there is a need for a more aggressive reform system that can address issues such as errors on the
part of healthcare provides, transactional costs incurred in the system, and the slow
compensation rate for the injured patients. And in turn he proposed the \"administrative
compensation system\". According to this system, there are two models to be followed for
reforms, the health court and the no fault models..
Medical Billing Fraud
Potential factor of rising health care cost. Presentation will drive around introduction,facts, statistics, tactics and solutions regarding fraud & abuse. I would like to thank Imran Bhai for his suggestions
Need to revise working code below,A good design means the applicat.pdf
Need to revise working code below,
A good design means the application should scale easily -- that is, the application should be
designed so that additional processing requirements can be added without making having to
rewrite the application each time. Revise code below to add the following design features:
Move the code to display the menu to it\'s own method.
Create a method to handle capturing the shape dimensions. One approach may be to pass to the
method the dimension to enter (\"base\", \"height\", \"side\" or \"radius\") as a String.
Processing for each of the shapes matched in the switch statement should also be moved to their
own methods.
Notes -
The program should \"look and feel\" like the code below.
The program should display the menu and prompt the user for a shape (or an exit).
If the user enters a value that corresponds to a shape, program control (via the switch statement)
should transfer control to a method specific to the shape that will pass control to prompt for the
appropriate dimensions to another method, then calculate the area and perimeter (circumference)
as directed in PLP06, and display the result.
The program should repeat from step 1 above.
import java.util.Scanner;
public class Pickashape {
//Declaring constant
public static final double PI = 3.14159;
public static void main(String[] args) {
//Declaring variable
int choice;
//Scanner class Obejct is used to read the inputs entered by the user
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
//This loop continues to execute until user enters choice \'5\'
do {
//Displaying the menu
System.out.println(\"\ \ Choose the shape\");
System.out.println(\"1. Square\");
System.out.println(\"2. Rectangle\");
System.out.println(\"3. Circle\");
System.out.println(\"4. Triangle\");
System.out.println(\"5. Quit\");
System.out.print(\"Enter your choice:\");
choice = sc.nextInt();
//Based on the User selection the corresponding case will be executed
switch (choice) {
//This case will calculate the area and perimeter of the square
case 1: {
//Declaring variables
double side, area, perimeter;
//Getting the side of the square entered by the user
System.out.print(\"Enter the side (as a decimal):\");
side = sc.nextDouble();
//calculating the area of the square
area = side * side;
//calculating the perimeter of the square
perimeter = 4 * side;
//Displaying the area of the square
System.out.println(\"The area is \" + area);
//Displaying the perimeter of the square;
System.out.println(\"The perimeter is \" + perimeter);
break;
}
case 2: {
//Declaring variables
double firstside, secondside, area, perimeter;
//Getting the first side of the rectangle
System.out.print(\"Enter the first side (as a decimal):\");
firstside = sc.nextDouble();
//Getting the second side of the rectangle
System.out.print(\"Enter the second side (as a decimal):\");
secondside = sc.nextDouble();
//Calculating the area of the rectangle
area = firstside * secondside;
//Calculating the perimeter of the rectangle
perimeter = 2 * fi.
MolluscaIdentify the distinguishing characteristics of Phylum Moll.pdf
Mollusca
Identify the distinguishing characteristics of Phylum Mollusca, in terms of body plan, embryonic
development, symmetry, organ systems, etc
Describe the process of torsion and identify which class of mollusk undergoes torsion
Describe differences among the different classes of mollusks as discussed in class, give examples
of each
What are the distinguishing characteristics of Phylum Rotifera?
Understand the differences in cephalization among the mollusk classes and be able to give
reasons why.
Know the difference between external and internal fertilization.
Solution
Identify the distinguishing characteristics of Phylum Mollusca, in terms of body plan, embryonic
development, symmetry, organ systems, etc
ANS: some characcteristic of phylum Mollusca are :
they have unsegmented and have bilateral symmetry,they have reduced coelom,have complete
digestive sysytem,have large complex metanephridia,Mantle for braething and excretion,head
foot and visceral mass.
Describe the process of torsion and identify which class of mollusk undergoes torsion
Ans: A visceral mass is present which starts twisting during development in such a way that one
side of the mass grows faster than the other side.This leads to the uneven growth.This uneven
growth rotates visceral mass and take to the position of 1800 relative to head.This is called
Torsion.This is a important or key characterictic of this group,along with a foot which is
modified for crawling.
Describe differences among the different classes of mollusks as discussed in class, give examples
of each
Ans: different classes of Mollusks are:
a) Aplacophora-eg Worms like animals.
b) Monoplacophora:eg- Neopilina galatheae
c)Polyplacophora: eg- Chitons -Lepidopleurus.
d) Bivalvia:eg oysters,musseles.
e) Gastropoda eg: garden snails,conispiral
f) Cephalopoda: eg:octopus
What are the distinguishing characteristics of Phylum Rotifera?
Ans: They are tiny multicellular organisms,They have pseudocoelum,have alimentary
canal.separate mouth and anus.
Understand the differences in cephalization among the mollusk classes and be able to give
reasons why.
ANS:The cephalization in different classes of mollusks are in cephalopoda they are moslty
cephalised and used for camouflage. And polyplacophoda they are nomewhat cephalized and
used for survival.
Know the difference between external and internal fertilization.
ANS: Fertilization is a process in which sperm and egg unite to form a new individual. The
difference between internal and external fertilization is that in internal fertilization sperm
fertilizes the egg within the female and female give birth to a live individual whereas in external
fertilization both sperm and egg release into external environment and sperm will fertilize egg in
outside environment . for example in spawning..
More Related Content
Similar to Identify the top two litigious areas for your selected health care o.pdf
Running Head MEDICAL MALPRACTICE LAWSUIT1 MEDICAL MALPRACTICE .docx
Running Head: MEDICAL MALPRACTICE LAWSUIT 1
MEDICAL MALPRACTICE LAWSUIT 5
Term Paper “The Lawsuit of Medical Malpractice”
Marilyn Diaz
Professor George Ackerman
PLA4522 Health Care Law
July 17th, 2019
Abstract
This paper explores “Medical Malpractice” in the field of law in detailed explanation. The paper begins with an introduction to medical malpractice giving statistics and data. Data from the European Union is used to give a detailed illustration. The introduction is followed by elements of medical malpractice lawsuit, defenses to a medical malpractice lawsuit, ways of avoiding a medical malpractice lawsuit and the policy of medical insurance. The method used to gather information was reading of various articles on the subject. The results of the study revealed an increase in the number of medical malpractice cases. Results also revealed that some medical practitioners are using the defenses available in medical malpractice lawsuit to evade penalties. The study emphasizes on ways in which physicians can avoid malpractice by way of precautionary measures.
The Lawsuit of Medical Malpractice
Introduction
Medical malpractice is a precise kind of negligence defined as an act of omission by a physician during treatment of a patient that departs from accepted standards of practice in the health sector and causes an injury to the patient (Bal, 2009). In the last decade, medical malpractice has increased in Europe to double-digit percentage i.e. >50% in Eastern States, Great Britain and the Baltic, a maximum three-digit percentage i.e. 200-500% in Mediterranean area, Germany, the Iberian countries and Italy. France and Scandinavian counties have seen reduction in malpractice because of simplification of procedures and exemplary innovations.
The Special Eurobarometer on Medical Error in 2006 revealed that 80% of EU citizens view medical error as a key issue and close to 50% believed they would be tangled in a case of medical malpractice. This revealed that the public has become aware that claims of medical malpractice against health practitioners can be successful. In Sweden and Denmark between 2005-2010, the ratio of approval for compensatory claims rose to 40%, the average settlement of around €30,000 per case in EU countries. The European Hospital and Healthcare Federation Standing Committee estimates cost of coverage to be in excess of 200%. Costs fluctuated between 9 and 15 euros per capita with Britain exhibiting the highest figures (Ferrara, 2013).
Elements of a Medical Malpractice Lawsuit
The burden of proof in a Medical Malpractice Lawsuit lays on the plaintiff. The plaintiff needs to prove all the elements of medical malpractice in order to stand chance of success in a courtroom.
Existence of physician-patient relationship. Breach of duty of cared owed to patient by physician. Duty upheld at a professional standard of care. Duty of the physician to the patient established by the relationship. Patient sust.
Presentation1
The document discusses key aspects of implementing a disease management program including:
1. Encouraging early detection of diseases through various forms of advertising and utilizing guidelines from organizations like the CDC and WHO.
2. Providing incentives for patients to proactively manage their health like lower costs, support groups, and easy access to their medical records.
3. Addressing factors like ensuring quality of care through measurements, making facilities accessible, and emphasizing the importance of prescription management.
Disease Management
The document discusses key aspects of implementing an effective disease management program, including encouraging early detection of diseases, providing patient incentives, establishing physician incentives, selecting appropriate facilities, measuring quality of care, managing prescription benefits, and using case management strategies. It emphasizes preventing disease through screening, education, and lifestyle changes can improve patients' health while lowering overall healthcare costs. Future directions include increased use of electronic medical records and data analytics to track outcomes and continuously improve programs.
Barry Furrow, "Smashing into Windows: The Limits of Consumer Sovereignty in H...
Barry Furrow, "Smashing into Windows: The Limits of Consumer Sovereignty in H...The Petrie-Flom Center for Health Law Policy, Biotechnology, and Bioethics
April 28, 2017
Transparency is a relatively new concept to the world of health and health care, considering that just a few short decades ago we were still in the throes of a “doctor-knows-best” model. Today, however, transparency is found on almost every short list of solutions to a variety of health policy problems, ranging from conflicts of interest to rising drug costs to promoting efficient use of health care resources, and more. Doctors are now expected to be transparent about patient diagnoses and treatment options, hospitals are expected to be transparent about error rates, insurers about policy limitations, companies about prices, researchers about data, and policymakers about priorities and rationales for health policy intervention. But a number of important legal and ethical questions remain. For example, what exactly does transparency mean in the context of health, who has a responsibility to be transparent and to whom, what legal mechanisms are there to promote transparency, and what legal protections are needed for things like privacy, intellectual property, and the like? More specifically, when can transparency improve health and health care, and when is it likely to be nothing more than platitude?
This conference aimed to: (1) identify the various thematic roles transparency has been called on to play in American health policy, and why it has emerged in these spaces; (2) understand when, where, how, and why transparency may be a useful policy tool in relation to health and health care, what it can realistically be expected to achieve, and when it is unlikely to be successful, including limits on how patients and consumers utilize information even when we have transparency; (3) assess the legal and ethical issues raised by transparency in health and health care, including obstacles and opportunities; (4) learn from comparative examples of transparency, both in other sectors and outside the United States. In sum, we hope to reach better understandings of this health policy buzzword so that transparency can be utilized as a solution to pressing health policy issues where appropriate, while recognizing its true limitations.
Learn more on our website: http://petrieflom.law.harvard.edu/events/details/2017-annual-conferenceCasual consent to treatment muhammad saaiq
This document discusses the issue of casual consent to treatment in Pakistan's healthcare system. It argues that while internationally the concept of informed consent is recognized, consent is still largely neglected in Pakistan. Doctors often view consent as a formality rather than properly informing patients. This fails to respect patient autonomy and leaves doctors legally vulnerable. The article calls for reforms to establish proper informed consent standards and processes in Pakistan.
East zone medico legal services pvt
This document provides an overview of East Zone Medico Legal Services Pvt. Ltd., a private company that provides medico-legal consulting services. It was established in 2013 in Patna, Bihar, India and assists hospitals, doctors, and medical professionals with legal issues related to their work, including defending clients in litigation, conducting audits, and providing training. The document outlines some common types of medical negligence claims and legal issues that doctors and hospitals face.
Legal issues in nursing
This document discusses several legal issues related to nursing practice. It begins by explaining the importance of nurses being aware of the legal aspects of patient care. It then covers various topics of law that nurses must understand, including their duty to advocate for patients, ensure informed consent, maintain confidentiality and proper documentation, among other responsibilities. Nurses can be held liable for negligence, malpractice or other issues if they fail to meet the appropriate standards of care.
Bed side management and patient safety
The document discusses the importance of bedside manner and interprofessional cooperation in healthcare. It states that poor communication among healthcare personnel is a major factor in hospital errors. Bedside manner refers to a healthcare provider's medical knowledge, personality, and ability to understand and communicate with the patient. The document emphasizes the need for etiquette, respectful relationships, and high standards among all healthcare professionals when interacting with patients and colleagues.
What Patients Really Expect from Medical Treatment: A Comprehensive Guide
As healthcare services become increasingly accessible, more and more people are expecting the best possible medical treatment. Patients want to be sure that they will receive the highest quality of care and that their expectations for their health will be met.
Helping People Heal
Study and survey results indicate that digital can best be deployed by healthcare and life sciences/pharmaceuticals practitioners and companies to offer "warm" treatment that encourages and empowers patients in order to yield excellent health outcomes and operational efficiencies.
Professional Work Experience Paper
The document provides details about the author's professional work experience and education. It lists degrees earned including a Bachelor of Arts in English from the University of Florida in 2010 and a certificate in victim witness services from the Florida Crime Prevention Training Institute the same year. It also describes professional work experience providing advocacy support and referral services for victims and witnesses of crimes in Florida. The document indicates the author has knowledge of US healthcare laws and the legal rights of clients.
Bioethics shruti
This document discusses several key issues in medical ethics, including informed consent, patient capacity, disclosure, and the relationship between doctors and patients. It emphasizes that informed consent requires doctors to disclose appropriate information to patients regarding treatment procedures, risks, and alternatives so patients can make voluntary decisions. Patient capacity and surrogate decision makers are also addressed. Maintaining patient confidentiality and truth telling are presented as important principles underpinning the trust between doctors and those seeking medical care.
November 1999I N S T I T U T E O F M E D I C I N E S.docx
November 1999
I N S T I T U T E O F M E D I C I N E
Shaping the Future for Health
TO ERR IS HUMAN:
BUILDING A SAFER HEALTH SYSTEM
Health care in the United States is not as safe as it should be--and can be. At least 44,000 people, and perhaps as many as 98,000 people, die in hospitals each year as a result of medical errors that could have
been prevented, according to estimates from two major studies. Even using
the lower estimate, preventable medical errors in hospitals exceed attributable
deaths to such feared threats as motor-vehicle wrecks, breast cancer, and
AIDS.
Medical errors can be defined as the failure of a planned action to be
completed as intended or the use of a wrong plan to achieve an aim. Among
the problems that commonly occur during the course of providing health care
are adverse drug events and improper transfusions, surgical injuries and
wrong-site surgery, suicides, restraint-related injuries or death, falls, burns,
pressure ulcers, and mistaken patient identities. High error rates with serious
consequences are most likely to occur in intensive care units, operating rooms,
and emergency departments.
Beyond their cost in human lives, preventable medical errors exact
other significant tolls. They have been estimated to result in total costs (in
cluding the expense of additional care necessitated by the errors, lost income
and household productivity, and disability) of between $17 billion and $29
billion per year in hospitals nationwide. Errors also are costly in terms of loss
of trust in the health care system by patients and diminished satisfaction by
both patients and health professionals. Patients who experience a long hospi
tal stay or disability as a result of errors pay with physical and psychological
discomfort. Health professionals pay with loss of morale and frustration at
not being able to provide the best care possible. Society bears the cost of er
rors as well, in terms of lost worker productivity, reduced school attendance
by children, and lower levels of population health status.
A variety of factors have contributed to the nation’s epidemic of medi
cal errors. One oft-cited problem arises from the decentralized and frag
mented nature of the health care delivery system--or “nonsystem,” to some
observers. When patients see multiple providers in different settings, none of
whom has access to complete information, it becomes easier for things to go
Errors…are costly
in terms of loss of
trust in the health
care system by pa
tients and dimin
ished satisfaction
by both patients
and health profes
sionals.
Types of Errors
Diagnostic
Error or delay in diagnosis
Failure to employ indicated tests
Use of outmoded tests or therapy
Failure to act on results of monitoring or testing
Treatment
Error in the performance of an operation, procedure, or test
Error in administering the treatment
Error in the dose or method of using a drug
Avoidable delay in treatmen.
Medical Malpractice
Medical malpractice refers to professional negligence by a health care provider. It can result in injury or death. Around 44,000 to 98,000 hospital patients may die each year from preventable medical errors. When claims are filed, the plaintiff must prove the provider owed a duty of care, breached that duty, caused injury, and damages occurred. High insurance premiums have led to a malpractice crisis with less coverage available. Possible solutions include peer review, practice guidelines, and restraints on insurer rates.
ethical & legal issues.ppt
Health care providers like midwives and nurses face complex ethical issues in their work with women of reproductive age due to interactions with patients and advanced technology. Knowledge of ethics helps nurses make decisions based on codes of ethics and understand their responsibilities to patients. Some key ethical principles that guide nurses include respecting patient autonomy and dignity, doing no harm, being fair, keeping promises, and protecting the vulnerable. Nurses may encounter ethical dilemmas when caring for patients undergoing procedures like abortion given their own moral beliefs, or when the rights of the mother and fetus conflict. Incident reports and informed consent are important tools to document any issues, protect legal rights, and ensure safe, ethical care.
March 2001I N S T I T U T E O F M E D I C I N E Shap.docx
March 2001
I N S T I T U T E O F M E D I C I N E
Shaping the Future for Health
CROSSING THE QUALITY CHASM:
A NEW HEALTH SYSTEM FOR THE 21ST CENTURY
The U.S. health care delivery system does not provide consistent, high-quality medical care to all people. Americans should be able to count on receiving care that meets their needs and is based on the best scien
tific knowledge--yet there is strong evidence that this frequently is not the
case. Health care harms patients too frequently and routinely fails to deliver
its potential benefits. Indeed, between the health care that we now have and
the health care that we could have lies not just a gap, but a chasm.
A number of factors have combined to create this chasm. Medical sci
ence and technology have advanced at an unprecedented rate during the past
half-century. In tandem has come growing complexity of health care, which
today is characterized by more to know, more to do, more to manage, more to
watch, and more people involved than ever before. Faced with such rapid
changes, the nation’s health care delivery system has fallen far short in its
ability to translate knowledge into practice and to apply new technology
safely and appropriately. And if the system cannot consistently deliver to-
day’s science and technology, it is even less prepared to respond to the ex
traordinary advances that surely will emerge during the coming decades.
The public’s health care needs have changed as well. Americans are
living longer, due at least in part to advances in medical science and techno l
ogy, and with this aging population comes an increase in the incidence and
prevalence of chronic conditions. Such conditions, including heart disease,
diabetes, and asthma, are now the leading cause of illness, disability, and
death. But today’s health system remains overly devoted to dealing with
acute, episodic care needs. There is a dearth of clinical programs with the
multidisciplinary infrastructure required to provide the full complement of
services needed by people with common chronic conditions.
The health care delivery system also is poorly organized to meet the
challenges at hand. The delivery of care often is overly complex and uncoor
dinated, requiring steps and patient “handoffs” that slow down care and de-
crease rather than improve safety. These cumbersome processes waste re-
sources; leave unaccountable voids in coverage; lead to loss of information;
Faced with such
rapid changes, the
nation’s health care
delivery system has
fallen far short in its
ability to translate
knowledge into
practice and to ap
ply new technology
safely and appro
priately.
CARE SYSTEM
Supportive
payment and
regulatory en
vironment
Organizations
that facilitate
the work of
patient-
centered teams
High perform
ing patient-
centered teams
Outcomes:
• Safe
• Effective
• Efficient
• Personalized
• Timely
• Equitable
REDESIGN IMPERATIVES: SIX CHALLENGES
• Reeng.
Deadly Medical Practices by Trudy Newman (c) 2003
The writing is already spread further online by others as well, but in respect to her work and the value of it, just posting it here again with the references at the end, which are not always put online with.
The more people spread the copy, the more democratic awareness on the issue we may get. With gratitude and admiration for Trudy Newman her valuable writing (c) 2003.
White Paper: Money talks - Rethinking what it means to put patients first
The document discusses how healthcare organizations can better engage patients in financial conversations earlier in the revenue cycle process. It recommends training staff to feel confident discussing costs and payment options with patients upfront. It also suggests educating patients about rising healthcare costs and their obligations. The document proposes implementing data-driven workflows at key points like patient access, financial navigation, and revenue recovery to simplify financial conversations and enable continuous process improvements. The goal is to empower staff to act as financial advocates for patients, improve outcomes like collections and bad debt, and create happier employees and more satisfied patients.
how does malpractice affect quality of healthcare service What are .pdf
how does malpractice affect quality of healthcare service? What are two options of malpractice
reform?
Solution
Any sort of unskilled or negligent treatment on the part of healthcare providers, be it a doctor,
dentist, nurse, even the hospital or any other professional of the domain, towards the patients can
be treated as \'malpractice\'. And it can have several adverse effects on the patients as well as
doctors. Following lists a few of them:
The most obvious effect is the reluctance among patients to seek medical help at the hour of
need. This is as a result of the lack of trust in the patients for the whole system of treatment,
which ultimately affects the basis of doctor and patient relationship.
Malpractice claims can also affect the cost of treatment, ultimately making them exorbitantly
high for the patients to be able to afford it. Easy access to helathcare by patients can also become
difficult due to a rise in the insurance premiums.
Claims of negligence by the patients can also lead to a potential threat amongst the doctors. This
results in the latter becoming more conscious or defensive in choosing their line of treatment,
where they end up prescribing all sorts of additional diagnostic tests. The ultimately results in
excess cost incurred in the part of the patients, who then find it increasinly difficult to afford it.
As for the doctors, they could be involved in lawsuits and that can jeopardise their career, induce
stress, and in extreme scenarios, when the cost of malpractice insurance becomes too high, they
can even look for alternative careers.
The most common type of malpractice reform is the traditional tort reform, that can be both
direct as well as indirect. The direct reform puts a cap of the costs incurred in the hospital but it
generally doesnot impact the quality of healthcare that is provided to the potential patient.
Indirect reforms, on the other hand, puts a cap on the liability cost, such as attorney\'s fees in
case of a lawsuit. This as well has no effect on the quality of treatment. The traditional tort
reform can however reduce the occurance of defensive medication. According to Daniel Kessler,
there is a need for a more aggressive reform system that can address issues such as errors on the
part of healthcare provides, transactional costs incurred in the system, and the slow
compensation rate for the injured patients. And in turn he proposed the \"administrative
compensation system\". According to this system, there are two models to be followed for
reforms, the health court and the no fault models..
Medical Billing Fraud
Potential factor of rising health care cost. Presentation will drive around introduction,facts, statistics, tactics and solutions regarding fraud & abuse. I would like to thank Imran Bhai for his suggestions
Similar to Identify the top two litigious areas for your selected health care o.pdf (20)
Running Head MEDICAL MALPRACTICE LAWSUIT1 MEDICAL MALPRACTICE .docx
Running Head MEDICAL MALPRACTICE LAWSUIT1 MEDICAL MALPRACTICE .docx
Barry Furrow, "Smashing into Windows: The Limits of Consumer Sovereignty in H...
Barry Furrow, "Smashing into Windows: The Limits of Consumer Sovereignty in H...
What Patients Really Expect from Medical Treatment: A Comprehensive Guide
What Patients Really Expect from Medical Treatment: A Comprehensive Guide
November 1999I N S T I T U T E O F M E D I C I N E S.docx
November 1999I N S T I T U T E O F M E D I C I N E S.docx
March 2001I N S T I T U T E O F M E D I C I N E Shap.docx
March 2001I N S T I T U T E O F M E D I C I N E Shap.docx
White Paper: Money talks - Rethinking what it means to put patients first
White Paper: Money talks - Rethinking what it means to put patients first
how does malpractice affect quality of healthcare service What are .pdf
how does malpractice affect quality of healthcare service What are .pdf
More from archgeetsenterprises
Need to revise working code below,A good design means the applicat.pdf
Need to revise working code below,
A good design means the application should scale easily -- that is, the application should be
designed so that additional processing requirements can be added without making having to
rewrite the application each time. Revise code below to add the following design features:
Move the code to display the menu to it\'s own method.
Create a method to handle capturing the shape dimensions. One approach may be to pass to the
method the dimension to enter (\"base\", \"height\", \"side\" or \"radius\") as a String.
Processing for each of the shapes matched in the switch statement should also be moved to their
own methods.
Notes -
The program should \"look and feel\" like the code below.
The program should display the menu and prompt the user for a shape (or an exit).
If the user enters a value that corresponds to a shape, program control (via the switch statement)
should transfer control to a method specific to the shape that will pass control to prompt for the
appropriate dimensions to another method, then calculate the area and perimeter (circumference)
as directed in PLP06, and display the result.
The program should repeat from step 1 above.
import java.util.Scanner;
public class Pickashape {
//Declaring constant
public static final double PI = 3.14159;
public static void main(String[] args) {
//Declaring variable
int choice;
//Scanner class Obejct is used to read the inputs entered by the user
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
//This loop continues to execute until user enters choice \'5\'
do {
//Displaying the menu
System.out.println(\"\ \ Choose the shape\");
System.out.println(\"1. Square\");
System.out.println(\"2. Rectangle\");
System.out.println(\"3. Circle\");
System.out.println(\"4. Triangle\");
System.out.println(\"5. Quit\");
System.out.print(\"Enter your choice:\");
choice = sc.nextInt();
//Based on the User selection the corresponding case will be executed
switch (choice) {
//This case will calculate the area and perimeter of the square
case 1: {
//Declaring variables
double side, area, perimeter;
//Getting the side of the square entered by the user
System.out.print(\"Enter the side (as a decimal):\");
side = sc.nextDouble();
//calculating the area of the square
area = side * side;
//calculating the perimeter of the square
perimeter = 4 * side;
//Displaying the area of the square
System.out.println(\"The area is \" + area);
//Displaying the perimeter of the square;
System.out.println(\"The perimeter is \" + perimeter);
break;
}
case 2: {
//Declaring variables
double firstside, secondside, area, perimeter;
//Getting the first side of the rectangle
System.out.print(\"Enter the first side (as a decimal):\");
firstside = sc.nextDouble();
//Getting the second side of the rectangle
System.out.print(\"Enter the second side (as a decimal):\");
secondside = sc.nextDouble();
//Calculating the area of the rectangle
area = firstside * secondside;
//Calculating the perimeter of the rectangle
perimeter = 2 * fi.
MolluscaIdentify the distinguishing characteristics of Phylum Moll.pdf
Mollusca
Identify the distinguishing characteristics of Phylum Mollusca, in terms of body plan, embryonic
development, symmetry, organ systems, etc
Describe the process of torsion and identify which class of mollusk undergoes torsion
Describe differences among the different classes of mollusks as discussed in class, give examples
of each
What are the distinguishing characteristics of Phylum Rotifera?
Understand the differences in cephalization among the mollusk classes and be able to give
reasons why.
Know the difference between external and internal fertilization.
Solution
Identify the distinguishing characteristics of Phylum Mollusca, in terms of body plan, embryonic
development, symmetry, organ systems, etc
ANS: some characcteristic of phylum Mollusca are :
they have unsegmented and have bilateral symmetry,they have reduced coelom,have complete
digestive sysytem,have large complex metanephridia,Mantle for braething and excretion,head
foot and visceral mass.
Describe the process of torsion and identify which class of mollusk undergoes torsion
Ans: A visceral mass is present which starts twisting during development in such a way that one
side of the mass grows faster than the other side.This leads to the uneven growth.This uneven
growth rotates visceral mass and take to the position of 1800 relative to head.This is called
Torsion.This is a important or key characterictic of this group,along with a foot which is
modified for crawling.
Describe differences among the different classes of mollusks as discussed in class, give examples
of each
Ans: different classes of Mollusks are:
a) Aplacophora-eg Worms like animals.
b) Monoplacophora:eg- Neopilina galatheae
c)Polyplacophora: eg- Chitons -Lepidopleurus.
d) Bivalvia:eg oysters,musseles.
e) Gastropoda eg: garden snails,conispiral
f) Cephalopoda: eg:octopus
What are the distinguishing characteristics of Phylum Rotifera?
Ans: They are tiny multicellular organisms,They have pseudocoelum,have alimentary
canal.separate mouth and anus.
Understand the differences in cephalization among the mollusk classes and be able to give
reasons why.
ANS:The cephalization in different classes of mollusks are in cephalopoda they are moslty
cephalised and used for camouflage. And polyplacophoda they are nomewhat cephalized and
used for survival.
Know the difference between external and internal fertilization.
ANS: Fertilization is a process in which sperm and egg unite to form a new individual. The
difference between internal and external fertilization is that in internal fertilization sperm
fertilizes the egg within the female and female give birth to a live individual whereas in external
fertilization both sperm and egg release into external environment and sperm will fertilize egg in
outside environment . for example in spawning..
Match the directional term with its Correct ipsilateral media in.pdf
This document provides definitions for common anatomical directional terms by matching each term with its correct definition. Terms defined include ipsilateral, medial, inferior, superficial, proximal, posterior, distal, anterior, lateral, contralateral, deep, and superior. Definitions specify location such as same side, center, below, surface, closer to the trunk, back, farther from the trunk, front, side, other side, internal, and above.
LithiumA. has a very narrow therapeutic range.B. completely cro.pdf
Lithium:
A. has a very narrow therapeutic range.
B. completely crosses into the brain.
C. crosses the blood-brain barrier rapidly.
D. is metabolized in the liver into two active metabolites.
Solution
Answer: A. has a very narrow therapeutic range.
Lithium is potent mood stabilizer but has very narrow therapeutic range because therapeutic dose
is very nearer to toxic dose. Therefore, close monitoring is essential when a patient is prescribed
with this drug. Lithium cannot cross blood-brain barrier easily.
Let Z be the group of all integers under the operation of addition. E.pdf
Let Z be the group of all integers under the operation of addition. Explain why the subset {n
belongs to Z: n greaterthanorequalto 0} is not a subgroup of Z.
Solution
Identity element of given group is 0..
and the inverse of an element \'a\' is \'-a\'..
means the negative counterparts of postive numbers..which are missing in the group..
since we have only number which are greater than or equal to 0..
hence inverses are missing..therefore it is not a group itself...
In the United States today, nearly all of our electricity isproduc.pdf
In the United States today, nearly all of our electricity is
produced by fossil-fuel power plants burning coal or natural
gas, nuclear power plants, and hydroelectric power plants.
Using the Internet, determine
environmental considerations associated with it and how such
environmental aspects affect the respective plant design,
operation, and cost. Write a report with at least three references.
Solution
What is Fossil Fuel Power Station??
A fossil-fuel power station is a power station which burns fossil fuel such as coal, natural gas or
petroleum to produce electricity.
Fossil fueled power stations are major emitters of carbon dioxide (CO2), a greenhouse gas which
according to a consensus opinion of scientific organisations is a contributor toglobal warming.
In 2011, utility coal plants in the United States emitted a total of 1.7 billion tons of CO2
Other harmful pollutants emitted annually from a typical, uncontrolled coal plant include
approximately:
NATURAL RESOURCES IMPACT
1) AIR
Operating Power Plants will produce Air pollutents like SO2,CO2 into atmosphere which
requiring pollution control equipements to reduce emissions
When Air Pollution levels increases in a particular area which may lead to health problems in
people
2) Water Quantity:
Many power plants use water from lakes,rivers or ground water acquifers. Surface water is often
used for plant cooling and plant water is often for plant processes.
So if water is often drawn from Acquifers,pumping of underground waters in a large quantities
will creats cone depression around the well,lowering water levels around some region to the
place where we will utilised ground water
3) Water Quality
Power plants must discharge purified and cleaned water they should carry a little heat or newly
dissolved materials as possible
4)Vegetation
Vegetation impacts can be of two basic kinds:
• Direct impacts of vegetation removal or damage during construction.
• Indirect impacts on vegetation from air pollution or surface water impacts caused by the power
plant
COMMUNITY RESOURCES IMPACT
1) Agriculturals
Farm fields outside the proposed power plant property could also be affected, at least
temporarily, by construction of ancillary facilities like natural gas or water pipelines or electric
transmission lines.
2)Air Space
Tall power plant structures such as transmission towers, exhaust stacks, or wind turbines can be
potential hazards to aircraft attempting to land or take off. Whether the airport is a public facility
or a private landing strip, the safety of the people in the aircraft must be considered.
The level of safety can be maintained by building tall power plant structures in locations clear of
runway alignments and aircraft approach paths, where planes reduce altitude and turn to
approach the runway at a safe height and speed
3)Fog and Ice
Fossil-fueled power plants that use steam to turn the turbines must condense the steam afterward
and re-circulate the water back into the system
4)Noise
Noise .
In a radio link is required to send digital voice at 4800bps,but can.pdf
In a radio link is required to send digital voice at 4800bps,but can only support a symbol rate of
1200 baud, how many symbol states must be used for this implementation?
Solution
Ans)
As we need speed of 4800 bps but radio link supports 1200 baud,
then number of bits represented by each symbol is 4800/1200=4 bits/symbol
then number of symbol states =2(number of bits/symbol)=24=16
so answer is required symbol states =16.
hi i have to write a java program involving link lists. i have a pro.pdf
hi i have to write a java program involving link lists. i have a problem with the nodes, as it is
posting errors with the nodes.
please help me with this problem. thank you.
public class LinkLists {
/* only need to store a single pointer to the node at the head
* of the list.
* The pointer is null if the list is empty.
* Also record the size of the list.
*/
protected Node head;
/* invariant: size is the number of nodes in the list pointed to by head */
protected int size;
/* no-arguments default constructor creates an empty list */
public LinkLists() {
head = null; // start with an empty list
size = 0;
}
/* accessor method */
public int size() {
return size;
}
/* value to add to the end of the list
*/
public void add(T value) {
head = addAtEnd(head, value);
size++;
}
/* node of the list to which the value should be added
* value to add to the end of the list
*/
private Node addAtEnd(Node node, T value) {
if (node == null) { // special case
return new Node(value, null);
} else if (node.getNext() == null) { // other special case
node.setNext(new Node(value, null));
} else {
addAtEnd(node.getNext(), value);
}
return node;
}
/* iterative implementation of the same method
* value to add to the end of the list
*/
public void add2(T value) {
if (head == null) {
head = new Node(value, null);
} else {
Node node = head; // guaranteed not to be null initially
while (node.getNext() != null) {
node = node.getNext(); // guaranteed not to be null here
}
// now, node.getNext() is guaranteed to be null
// similar to the second special case in addAtEnd
node.setNext(new Node(value, null));
}
size++;
}
public void remove(int position) throws BadItemCountException {
if ((position < 1) || (position > size)) {
throw new
BadItemCountException(\"invalid position \" + position +
\", only 1..\" + size + \" available\");
}
if (position == 1) {
head = head.getNext();
} else {
Node node = head;
for (int i = 2; i < position; i++) {
node = node.getNext();
}
node.setNext(node.getNext().getNext());
}
size--; // one less item
}
public String toString() {
return toString(head);
}
private String toString(Node node) {
if (node == null) {
return \"\";
} else {
return node.getValue() + \"\ \" + toString(node.getNext());
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
/* create two empty lists, make sure they print out correctly */
LinkLists list1 = new LinkLists();
LinkLists list2 = new LinkLists();
System.out.println(\"list1 = \'\" + list1 + \"\', list2 = \'\" + list2 + \"\'\");
System.out.println(\"list1.size() = \" + list1.size() +
\", list2.size() = \" + list2.size());
/* insert some items, keep checking */
list1.add(\"hello\");
list1.add(\"world\");
list2.add(\"foo\");
list2.add(\"bar\");
list2.add(\"baz\");
System.out.println(\"list1 = \'\" + list1 + \"\', list2 = \'\" + list2 + \"\'\");
System.out.println(\"list1.size() = \" + list1.size() +
\", list2.size() = \" + list2.size());
/* remove an item at an invalid position */
boolean caught = false;
try {
list2.remove(4);
} catch .
Glial cells were originally thought to play a very minor role in the .pdf
Glial cells were originally thought to play a very minor role in the nervous system. In fact, their
name is derived from the Greek word for glue. However, recent findings have demonstrated a
number of functions for these cells. Discuss these functions and their importance in allowing
neurons to function.
Solution
Glial cells are indeed very important for the proper functioning of the nervous system. Their
importance becomes apparent from the fact that the central nervous system has more glial cells
than neurons.
Glial cells of the central nervous system (CNS):
In the peripheral nervous system (PNS), only one Schwann cell forms the myelin sheath of only
one neuron. Satellite cells are glial cells of the PNS responsible for providing nutrients and
structural support to neurons..
Fungal reproductive cycle. Place the appropriate label in the correct.pdf
Fungal reproductive cycle. Place the appropriate label in the correct sequence of the fungal
reproductive cycle.
Solution
these re the steps of fungal reproductive cycle
1. Nuclear fusion and the production of haploid spore.
2. Gamete fuse producing dikaryotic hypae.
3.Hypae grow through the substrate.
4. New myecelium forms.
5. Fruiting body formation..
Explain the concept of distributive justiceSolutiondistributiv.pdf
Explain the concept of distributive justice
Solution
distributive justice speaks about the distribution of goods and services among the people
irrespecitve of their income levels and other social factors like wealth, fame and name in the
society. the main moto is treat all the people same and treat them equally while offering a benefit
to them.
do not discriminate people based on their income, wealth, profession or anything. treat in an
equal manner and fair manner only. and it is our responsibility to practice and implement this
system to eliminate the inequalities among the people..
Fecal-oral infections are often a result of _____ droplet transmissi.pdf
Fecal-oral infections are often a result of _____ droplet transmission bodily fluid transmission
airborne transmission foodborne transmission
Solution
food borne transmission
Parasitic infections,which have direct life cycle and do not need an intermediate host to infect a
new host and are spread via faecal contamination of food and drinks are often referred to as
faecal orally transmitted parasites.Infections acquired through direct ingestion of infective eggs
or cyst is intimately linked with the level of personal hygiene and sanitation in the Community..
Dr. Z conducts a study examining the effect of socioeconomic status .pdf
Dr. Z conducts a study examining the effect of socioeconomic status (SES) on depression. Half
of her participants were raised in low SES homes; the other half was raised in high SES homes.
Depression was assessed using the Beck Depression Inventory, an interval scale. Which of the
following statements is true?
a. The DV was a manipulated variable
b. The IV was a manipulated variable
c. The IV was a subject variable
d. The study used a within-subjects design
e. None of the above are true
Solution
a. The DV was a manipulated variable.
Double branded DNA viruses (select only one answer) all insert their.pdf
Double branded DNA viruses (select only one answer) all insert their genome into the host\'s
genome to be translated and transcribed likely have a slower rates of mutation than RNA viruses
never cause diseases are more common than RNA viruses are responsible for 45% of the
human genome because of their insertions
Solution
The double-stranded DNA viruses are unique pathogens which require a DNA intermediate for
replication of new viral particles using reverse transcriptase enzyme. These viruses are
particularly shown to be highly active pathogens for human and higher vertebrate infections from
primitive times. They are less common than RNA viruses. However, like other RNA/DNA
viruses, they too possess high mutation rates owing to faulty replication and lack of proof-
reading by polymeraes. Importantly, as a mode of infection, all of these viruses do insert their
genome or a part of it in the host cell\'s genome to promotes its transcription and translation. This
is why double-stranded DNA viruses are difficult to eradicate from human/vertebrate hosts
because they very easily modulate their molecular functions according to the host machinery.
Some examples of diseases caused by such viruses are small pox, herpes infection etc.
Thus, the above explanations states that choice 1 is most correct..
Discuss the mechanisms by which antibiotic resistance genes can be h.pdf
Discuss the mechanisms by which antibiotic resistance genes can be horizontally transferred and
the significance of this in terms of clinical antibiotic resistance.
Solution
The mechanisms by which antibiotic resistance genes can be horizontally transferred are:
Transformation :Process by which bacteria take up DNA from outside environment.
Conjugation : Process by which bacteria transfers gene to other cell directly through a plasmid
via cell to cell contact.
Transduction :Process by which gene is transferred from one bacteria to other via bacteriophage.
The significance of this is that pathogenic bacteria continue to evolve thus resulting in bacteria
that become more resistant to bacteria.This in turn poses difficulties to identify new strains
produced and design drugs for them..
Develop two biologically relevant and researchable questions comparin.pdf
Develop two biologically relevant and researchable questions comparing the plank tonic habitat
to the benthic habitat (or to the flocculent material habitat in deep water) at Lake Herrick (you
will be sampling from a pier or a bridge). Each question should address at least one of the
following bulleted points. both biotic and abiotic components of both benthic and planktonic
habitats. organism abundance. bacteria and/or fungi. be answerable using equipment available
at the lake (Section Two, Lab equipment available in Section Two, Lab 2 (look ahead to these
labs for equipment choices). have an answer that can be obtained from data and samples
collected at the lake and analyzed in more detail in Section Two, Lab 2.
Solution
1. Comparision of bacterial and fungal population present at the planktonic and benthic habitat of
the Lake Herrick in different seasons and thwir ohylogenetic analysis.
2. Analysis of BOD from the samples collected from benthic and Planktonic habitat of Lake
Herrick and effect on the environment according to their presence in the different habitat..
Describe two methods for communicating the material in an Informatio.pdf
Describe two methods for communicating the material in an Information Security policy to the
staff of an organization. What are the strengths and weaknesses of each?
Solution
Information security means protecting information (data) and information systems from
unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification, or destruction.
Information Security management is a process of defining the security controls in order to
protect the information assets.
Security Program
The first action of a management program to implement information security is to have a
security program in place. Though some argue the first act would be to gain some real \"proof of
concept\" and \"explainable thru display on the monitor screen\" security knowledge. Start with
maybe understanding where OS passwords are stored within the code inside a file within a
directory. If you don\'t understand Operating Systems at the root directory level maybe you
should seek out advice from somebody who does before even beginning to implement security
program management and objectives.
Security Program Objectives
· Protect the company and its assets.
· Manage Risks by Identifying assets, discovering threats and estimating the risk
· Provide direction for security activities by framing of information security policies,
procedures, standards, guidelines and baselines
· Information Classification
· Security Organization and
· Security Education
Security Management Responsibilities
· Determining objectives, scope, policies,re expected to be accomplished from a security
program
· Evaluate business objectives, security risks, user productivity, and functionality
requirements.
· Define steps to ensure that all the above are accounted for and properly addressed
Approaches to Build a Security Program
· Top-Down Approach
· The initiation, support, and direction comes from the top management and work their way
through middle management and then to staff members.
· Treated as the best approach but seems to based on the I get paid more therefor I must
know more about everything type of mentality.
· Ensures that the senior management who are ultimately responsible for protecting the
company assets is driving the program.
· Bottom-Up Approach
· The lower-end team comes up with a security control or a program without proper
management support and direction.
· It is oft considered less effective and doomed to fail for the same flaw in thinking as
above; I get paid more therefor I must know more about everything.
Since advancement is directly tied to how well you can convince others, who often fall outside of
your of job duties and department, as to your higher value to the company as stated by your own
effective written communication this leads to amazing resume writers and take no blame style of
email responses that seems to definitely lead to the eventual failure of company\'s standards and
actual knowledge. It is often covered up by relationships which form at the power levels within
any gr.
Describe the following structuresfunctions or cells Dermal, vascul.pdf
Describe the following structures/functions or cells: Dermal, vascular, and ground tissues Root,
stem, leaf - Monocot leaves and eudicot leaves Parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, water-
conducting cells of the xylem, and sugar-conducting cells of the phloem - Sieve-tube element
and companion cell Explain the phenomenon of apical dominance Distinguish between
determinate and indeterminate growth. Explain function of meristem. Describe and compare the
three basic organs of vascular plants. Describe primary growth of stem and root and the
formation of lateral roots. Distinguish between morphogenesis, differentiation, and growth
Explain the ABC hypothesis of genetic control of flowering. Describe the use of Arabidopsis to
understand plant development.
Solution
1.
2.Apical dominance is the phenomenon in which the main stem of the plant is dominant over the
side lateral stems.The dominance is mainly due to the exclusive control of terminal bud present
at shoot apex over the growth of lateral bud present in the lateral shoots.This allows the plant to
grow only vertically.
3.Determinate growth means the growth continues till a structure is formed and stops after that
while indeterminate growth never terminates and the growth continues.The meristem tissues
undergo indeterminate growth and therefore function in active division of plant parts such as
stem and roots.
4.The three basic organs of vascular plants are roots, shoot and leaves.Root consists of a root cap
and root hairs to increase the surface area of absorption of water and minerals.Stem is the
vertical axis of the plant that consists of nodes and internodes.It consists of three tissues,
dermal,ground and vascular tissues.Leaves consists of upper and lower epidermis with a
mesophyll layer in betwee them.There is an upper palisade layer and a lower spongy layer in the
mesophyll.Presence of green pigment called chlorophyll present in the leaves to carry out
photosynthesis.Roots function to absorb water and dissolve nutrients from the soil and help the
plant to anchor in the soil. Stems provide support to the plant and and transport water and food
throughout the plant. Leaves function in photosynthesis and gaseous exchange.
5.When there is an increase in the length of stem and the root of plant , it is known as primary
growth. It results due to the division of cell present at the apical meristem of stem and
roots.Lateral roots are formed by division of cells present in the pericycle of the xylem radius of
the root.
6.Morphogenesis is the process by which an organism starts to develop its morphology i.e
size,shape and structure while differentiation is the process by which cells or tissues or organs
develop specialised characters the development process while growth is the process by which the
cell increases in size.
7.According to the ABC hypothesis,there are 3 classes of genes known as A,B and C that are
transcription factors required to form different whorls of the flower. A genes form whor.
Describe the accounting and finance structure in an organization..pdf
Describe the accounting and finance structure in an organization.
Solution
The accounting and finance departments structure in an organisation will depend on the size of
the organisation, the kind of products or services it provides and requirements of law of the
land.The larger the company, the more accounts clerks and accountants for the processing of the
various transaction and business entries are required. Like-wise for a smaller firm only three to
four accoutants and clerks are required in the finance and accounting department. The other
structure of Accounting and finance department are :
(a) Account Clerks : The data entry of the transaction and making of the vouchers are done by
the account clerks. They also fulfills the responsibilities like filing of documents and getting the
authorisation on the vouchers. They also process the bill and their payments. They also take care
of the bank transactions and reconciliations.
(b) Accountants and Full Charge Bookkeepers : The Accountants are the supervisors of the
accounts and finance department who controls and guide the accounts clerks at the operatinal
level. They provides services like making of adjusting entries and processing the payroll
transactions of the company at the end of the month.
c) Department Controllers and Accounts Managers : The managers have the role of supervisors
who guides the Accountants and clerks and ensures the control over the departments activities
and working according to the requirement at various point of time. They are respoinsible for all
the frauds to happen, so the Controllers takes all the steps to prevent any fraud to happen. The
internal controls are in their hands. Controllers are also responsible for preparing financial
documents like budgets, financial statements and audit reports and rectification reports.
(d) Chief Financial Officer : The Chief Financial Officer (CFO) is the top-most position of the
Accounting and Finance Department of the organization. They are mainly responsible for the
hiring of persons in the department and keep a close look at the working and results of the
department. They are also responsible for the fulfilment of other departments requirements and
paying off the taxes and minimisation of the tax expenses using various options to evade tax. The
controlling of the cost accounting of the organisation is also in their hands.
Thus, the above points constitutes the Accounting and Finance Departments\' structure of an
organisation.
============================================.
Consider an assembly of thousands of people, all screaming, yelling,.pdf
Consider an assembly of thousands of people, all screaming, yelling, and drinking, while a
smaller group in the center of the assembly area fights over the remains of a dead pig. Why
might this be seen as significant in anthropological terms if it were part of the research described
in Horace Miner’s interpretations of Nacirema culture?
a. It helps to understand how to avoid judgment about cultural beliefs and practices.
b. It affords a window into the nature of spectacle.
c. It illustrates mass ritual effectively.
d. It is a powerful example of participant observation.
Solution
If it were a part of the research described in Horace Miner’s interpretations of Nacirema culture
this might be seen as significant in anthropological terms because It helps to understand how to
avoid judgment about cultural beliefs and practices.
(a. It helps to understand how to avoid judgment about cultural beliefs and practices.).
More from archgeetsenterprises (20)
Need to revise working code below,A good design means the applicat.pdf
Need to revise working code below,A good design means the applicat.pdf
MolluscaIdentify the distinguishing characteristics of Phylum Moll.pdf
MolluscaIdentify the distinguishing characteristics of Phylum Moll.pdf
Match the directional term with its Correct ipsilateral media in.pdf
Match the directional term with its Correct ipsilateral media in.pdf
LithiumA. has a very narrow therapeutic range.B. completely cro.pdf
LithiumA. has a very narrow therapeutic range.B. completely cro.pdf
Let Z be the group of all integers under the operation of addition. E.pdf
Let Z be the group of all integers under the operation of addition. E.pdf
In the United States today, nearly all of our electricity isproduc.pdf
In the United States today, nearly all of our electricity isproduc.pdf
In a radio link is required to send digital voice at 4800bps,but can.pdf
In a radio link is required to send digital voice at 4800bps,but can.pdf
hi i have to write a java program involving link lists. i have a pro.pdf
hi i have to write a java program involving link lists. i have a pro.pdf
Glial cells were originally thought to play a very minor role in the .pdf
Glial cells were originally thought to play a very minor role in the .pdf
Fungal reproductive cycle. Place the appropriate label in the correct.pdf
Fungal reproductive cycle. Place the appropriate label in the correct.pdf
Explain the concept of distributive justiceSolutiondistributiv.pdf
Explain the concept of distributive justiceSolutiondistributiv.pdf
Fecal-oral infections are often a result of _____ droplet transmissi.pdf
Fecal-oral infections are often a result of _____ droplet transmissi.pdf
Dr. Z conducts a study examining the effect of socioeconomic status .pdf
Dr. Z conducts a study examining the effect of socioeconomic status .pdf
Double branded DNA viruses (select only one answer) all insert their.pdf
Double branded DNA viruses (select only one answer) all insert their.pdf
Discuss the mechanisms by which antibiotic resistance genes can be h.pdf
Discuss the mechanisms by which antibiotic resistance genes can be h.pdf
Develop two biologically relevant and researchable questions comparin.pdf
Develop two biologically relevant and researchable questions comparin.pdf
Describe two methods for communicating the material in an Informatio.pdf
Describe two methods for communicating the material in an Informatio.pdf
Describe the following structuresfunctions or cells Dermal, vascul.pdf
Describe the following structuresfunctions or cells Dermal, vascul.pdf
Describe the accounting and finance structure in an organization..pdf
Describe the accounting and finance structure in an organization..pdf
Consider an assembly of thousands of people, all screaming, yelling,.pdf
Consider an assembly of thousands of people, all screaming, yelling,.pdf
Recently uploaded
Hindi varnamala | hindi alphabet PPT.pdf
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
বাংলাদেশ অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা (Economic Review) ২০২৪ UJS App.pdf
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
clinical examination of hip joint (1).pdf
described clinical examination all orthopeadic conditions .
Your Skill Boost Masterclass: Strategies for Effective Upskilling
Your Skill Boost Masterclass: Strategies for Effective UpskillingExcellence Foundation for South Sudan
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.The History of Stoke Newington Street Names
Presented at the Stoke Newington Literary Festival on 9th June 2024
www.StokeNewingtonHistory.com
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
CACJapan - GROUP Presentation 1- Wk 4.pdf
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP Module
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docx
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Azure Interview Questions and Answers PDF By ScholarHat
Azure Interview Questions and Answers PDF By ScholarHat
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold Method
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRM
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
ANATOMY AND BIOMECHANICS OF HIP JOINT.pdf
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
PCOS corelations and management through Ayurveda.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Recently uploaded (20)
বাংলাদেশ অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা (Economic Review) ২০২৪ UJS App.pdf
বাংলাদেশ অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা (Economic Review) ২০২৪ UJS App.pdf
Your Skill Boost Masterclass: Strategies for Effective Upskilling
Your Skill Boost Masterclass: Strategies for Effective Upskilling
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion
Liberal Approach to the Study of Indian Politics.pdf
Liberal Approach to the Study of Indian Politics.pdf
Azure Interview Questions and Answers PDF By ScholarHat
Azure Interview Questions and Answers PDF By ScholarHat
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold Method
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold Method
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRM
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRM
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...
Identify the top two litigious areas for your selected health care o.pdf
- 1. Identify the top two litigious areas for your selected health care organization and provide examples on how risk can be managed for those areas. Solution First one is ineffective communication between physician and patient,family members during adverse events.Physicians want to avoid the damaging affects of legal actions,they may not disclose to the patient the particulars that led to an adverse event.Patients resort to using malpractice claims in an effort to obtain information that may explain their undesired outcome.When adverse events happen,patients and their families are often devastated and confused.After an unanticipated outcome,patients wantto engage in open and honest communication with their physicians.They want basic information about the event;assurances that they won't suffer financially because of it;an apology;and prevention of similar events or errors in the future.Unfortunately,physicians may not communicate or provide the information in a manner that meets the patients needs.After an adverse event, patients and their families claim,their physicians would not listen,would not talk openly,attempted to mislead them and did not warn about long-term medical problems.Further,they resort to legal action. The public increased awareness of patient safety and demand for transparency of medical errors,along with the significant cost,complexity,and volume of malpractice cases,has opened the door for utilizing different methods for conflict resolution.Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) provides a more effective and less costly approach for patients and providers to deal with adverse events. Growth in managed care is changing the way care is financed,delivered,and evaluated. Managed care is a system that links financing and delivery of care and monitors usage, cost,and performance of health services.The vast and rapid changes in health care have many consequences for nurses.Many lawsuits are being made against nurses due to higher levels of standards of care,increased patient expectations,pressure to increase productivity and increased patient load and moreover the society had become highly litigous. Ways to ensure safe practice and avoid litigation:Adhere diligently within our Scope of Practice,educate ourselves regarding evidenced-based practice,stay abreast of changing trends in nursing through continuing education,educate ourselves regarding medical-legal issues and make sound,safe,and practical nursing judgments for all the patients.