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Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
2. Cont:
An electrocardiogram — also called ECG Or EKG
INDICATION FOR USE
Noninvasive – Used to diagnose many common heart problems.
A health care provider might use an electrocardiogram to determine or detect the
following:
Irregular heart rhythms (arrhythmias)
If blocked or narrowed arteries in the heart (coronary artery disease) are causing
chest pain or a heart attack
Whether you have had a previous heart attack
How well certain heart disease treatments, such as a pacemaker, are working
3. Signs and symptoms
• Patients may need ECG if they have the following symptoms
• Chest pain
• Dizziness, lightheadedness or confusion
• Heart palpitations
• Rapid pulse
• Shortness of breath
• Weakness, fatigue or a decline in ability to exercise
4. Cont:
If symptoms come and go, they may not be detected during a standard ECG
recording.
A health care provider might recommend remote or continuous ECG monitoring .
5. Types
Holter monitor. A Holter monitor is a small, wearable device that records a
continuous ECG, usually for 24 to 48 hours.
Event monitor. This portable device is similar to a Holter monitor, but it records
only at certain times for a few minutes at a time.
Can be worn longer than a Holter monitor, typically 30 days.
Patient can push a button when they feel symptoms.
Some devices automatically record when an irregular rhythm is detected.
6.
7. Application
During an ECG, up to 12 sensors (electrodes) are attached to the chest and limbs
The electrodes are sticky patches with wires that connect to a monitor.
They record the electrical signals that make the heart beat.
A computer records the information and displays it as waves on a monitor or on
paper.
Patient can breathe during the test, but will need to lie still.
Keep the patient warm and ready to lie still.
Moving, talking or shivering may interfere with the test results.
A standard ECG takes a few minutes.
8. RESULTS OF ECG
ECG results can give a health care provider details about the following:
Heart rate.
Usually, heart rate can be measured by checking the pulse.
An ECG may be helpful if the pulse is difficult to feel or too fast or too irregular to
count accurately.
An ECG can help identify an unusually fast heart rate (tachycardia) or an
unusually slow heart rate (bradycardia).
Heart rhythm.
An ECG can detect irregular heartbeats (arrhythmias).
An arrhythmia may occur when any part of the heart's electrical system doesn't
work properly.
9. Cont:
Heart attack.
An ECG can show evidence of a previous heart attack or one that's currently
happening.
The patterns on the ECG may help determine which part of the heart has been
damaged, as well as the extent of the damage.
Blood and oxygen supply to the heart.
An ECG done while having symptoms can help health care provider determine
whether reduced blood flow to the heart muscle is causing the chest pain.
Heart structure changes.
An ECG can provide clues about an enlarged heart, heart defects and other heart
problems.
10. Application
Ask the patient to undress down to the waist and lie down
Remove excess hair where necessary
Attach limb leads (anywhere on the limb)
Attach the chest leads
o V1 and V2: either side of the sternum on the fourth rib (count down from the sternal angle, the second rib
insertion)
o V4: on the apex of the heart (feel for it)
o V3: halfway between V2 and V4
o V5 and V6: horizontally laterally from V4 (not up towards the axilla)
Ask the patient to relax
Press record
12. Limb leads
Three bipolar leads and three unipolar leads are obtained from three electrodes attached to
the left arm, the right arm, and the left leg, respectively.
(An electrode is also attached to the right leg, but this is an earth electrode.)
The bipolar limb leads reflect the potential difference between two of the three limb
electrodes:
lead I: right arm–left arm
lead II: right arm–left leg
lead III: left leg–left arm
13. Cont:
The unipolar leads reflect the potential difference between one of the three limb electrodes
and an estimate of zero potential – derived from the remaining two limb electrodes.
These leads are known as augmented leads.
The augmented leads and their respective limb electrodes are:
aVR lead: right arm
aVL lead: left arm
aVF lead: left leg
14. Chest leads
Another six electrodes, placed in standard positions on the chest wall, give rise to a further
six unipolar leads – the chest leads (also known as precordial leads), V1–V6.
The potential difference of a chest lead is recorded between the relevant chest electrode and
an estimate of zero potential – derived from the average potential recorded from the three limb
leads.
16. Cont:
P wave
The P wave is a small deflection wave that represents atrial depolarization.
PR interval
The PR interval is the time between the first deflection of the P wave and the first deflection of
the QRS complex.
QRS wave complex
The three waves of the QRS complex represent ventricular depolarization.
Note: the most confusing aspects of ECG reading is the labeling of these waves.
The rule is: if the wave immediately after the P wave is an upward deflection, it is an R wave; if
it is a downward deflection, it is a Q wave:
17. Cont:
Small Q waves correspond to depolarization of the interventricular septum.
Q waves can also relate to breathing and are generally small and thin.
They can also signal an old myocardial infarction (in which case they are big and wide)
the R wave reflects depolarization of the main mass of the ventricles –hence it is the largest
wave
the S wave signifies the final depolarization of the ventricles, at the base of the heart
18. Cont:
ST segment
The ST segment, which is also known as the ST interval, is the time between the end of the
QRS complex and the start of the T wave.
It reflects the period of zero potential between ventricular depolarization and repolarization.
T wave
T waves represent ventricular repolarization (atrial repolarization is obscured by the large
QRS complex).
20. Heart Rate
Identify the QRS complex (this is generally the biggest wave); count the number of large
squares between one QRS wave and the next; divide 300 by this number to determine the rate
21. Cont:
Number of large squares between QRS complexes Heart rate (bpm)
5 60
4 75
3 100
2 150
22. Heart Rhythm
P waves are the key to determining whether a patient is in sinus rhythm or not.
If P waves are not clearly visible in the chest leads, look for them in the other leads.
The presence of P waves immediately before every QRS complex indicates sinus rhythm.
If there are no P waves, note whether the QRS complexes are wide or narrow, regular or
irregular.
23. No P waves and irregular narrow QRS
Complexes
This is the hallmark of atrial fibrillation.
Sometimes the baseline appears "noisy" and sometimes it appears entirely flat.
However, if there are no P waves and the QRS complexes appear at randomly irregular
intervals, the diagnosis is atrial fibrillation.
25. Sawtooth P waves
A sawtooth waveform signifies atrial flutter .
The number of atrial contractions to one ventricular contraction should be specified.
27. ST Segment Changes
The ST segment extends from the end of the S wave to the start of the T wave.
It should be flat or slightly upsloping and level with the baseline.
Elevation of more than two small squares in the chest leads or one small square in the limb
leads, combined with a characteristic history, indicates the possibility of MI
ST depression is diagnostic of ischemia .
It is worth noting that although ST elevation can localize the lesion (eg, anterior MI,
inferior MI), ST depression cannot.
Concave upwards ST elevation in all 12 leads is diagnostic of pericarditis.
28. T waves
In a normal ECG, T waves are upright in every lead except aVR.
T-wave inversion can represent current ischemia or previous infarction .
In combination with LVH and ST depression, it can represent "strain". This form of LVH
carries a poor prognosis.
30. QT
Long QT syndrome may also be drug-induced.
Once this occurs, the responsible drug needs to be discontinued.
31. Question
A Nurse is caring for a patient with Atrial Fibrillation, in addition to
antidysrhythmic, what other medication does the nurse administer?
a. Heparin
b. Atropin
c. Amoxicillin
d. Magnesium sulphate