This document discusses a conceptual paper on the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and the commercialization of university research products in Malaysia. The paper proposes that entrepreneurial orientation, which includes innovation, risk-taking, and proactiveness, has a positive relationship with the commercialization of research products from public universities. The paper reviews literature on entrepreneurial orientation and commercialization, and develops hypotheses to test the relationships. If supported, the findings could help increase commercialization rates of university research in Malaysia.
Effect of On-The-Job Training on Employee Performance in Kenya: Case of Mumia...paperpublications3
This document summarizes a study on the effect of on-the-job training on employee performance at Mumias Sugar Company in Kenya. It provides background on the importance of training employees and discusses previous research showing a relationship between training and improved performance. The objectives of the current study were to examine how on-the-job training affects employee performance, task requirements, and job satisfaction at Mumias Sugar Company. A descriptive research design was used involving questionnaires distributed to employees. The findings suggested that on-the-job training enhances employee capabilities and improves performance.
The document discusses knowledge shifting processes when an energy company changes its vision and mission to extend its business scope. It uses Pertamina, an Indonesian energy company, as a case study. The key points are:
1) Pertamina changed its vision from an oil and gas company to an energy company to include new and renewable energy due to environmental regulations.
2) This led to three phases - changing vision and mission, changing strategy/business processes/organization, and shifting knowledge.
3) Knowledge shifting involves managing existing employees' new knowledge and hiring new employees with knowledge matching the extended scope.
4) A knowledge shifting process model is proposed based on knowledge-based view theory to
The Theoretical Link Between Cash Flow Statement Usage and Decision Making In...CSCJournals
South African Small, Medium and Micro Enterprises (SMMEs) are of great importance to the national economy due to their socio-economic value-adding abilities. Despite being responsible for contributing generously to the national Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and providing employment opportunities to more than half of the national workforce, research shows that up to 80% of these business entities fail after being in operation for three years. The latter dispensation is often blamed on unmanaged economic factors and subsequent risks; including that of poor cash flow management. To assess the cash flow situation of a business entity, a cash flow statement is generally used. According to academic literature, South African SMMEs do not make adequate use of cash flow statements which, in turn, may have negative repercussions on business decision making within South African SMMEs. The inadequate use of cash flow statements can be attributable to the isomorphic changes which these business entities undergo, particularly mimetic isomorphism. Therefore, the primary research objective of this study was to determine whether South African SMMEs’ limited utilisation of cash flow statements, as brought about by mimetic isomorphism, has an adverse influence on their business decision making in a theoretical dispensation. This study was non-empirical and qualitative and made use of an online desktop review approach by scrutinising secondary data to, in turn, develop propositions for further empirical testing. From the research conducted it appears that South African SMMEs’ limited utilisation of cash flow statements may adversely influence business decision making within these business entities, at least in a theoretical sense.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the dominant types of strategic orientation among telecommunication firms in Nigeria. The study identified technological orientation and market orientation as the two main strategic orientations. A survey was conducted of 123 employees across the major telecommunication firms in Nigeria, with 98 responses analyzed. The results indicated that while both orientations are moderately demonstrated, the firms exhibit a stronger market orientation compared to a technological orientation. The study suggested future research should use a longitudinal design and compare the extent of implementing strategic orientations among companies.
This study examines knowledge transfer across boundaries within business incubation centers in China. Through interviews with employees at several incubation centers, the study identifies key boundary conditions and factors impacting knowledge transfer in the Chinese context. The results show that shared values and trust help knowledge transfer by reducing pragmatic boundaries between organizations. Additionally, entrepreneurial orientation and use of information-rich media within small-to-medium enterprises positively influence knowledge transfer across boundaries. The findings provide insights into knowledge management practices in emerging markets like China.
Evaluation of Human Resource Management Practices on the Productivity and Per...IOSR Journals
The objective of any organization or firm is to achieve higher productivity. The concept of Human Resources within organizations is very vital in the management and survival of any organization; this is because their performance is influenced by a set of human resource practices. The main focus of this study is to determine if human resources management practices (Human resources (HR) Planning, training and development) affect productivity and performance of Transport Organizations. The human resource management practices or HRM practices have to be addressed in this position, in order to examine productivity and performance of the organization. In analyzing the data, both descriptive and inferential statistics were used. A total of 75 questionnaires was distributed out of which 60 was returned. Result of analysis showed that training and development enhances productivity of transport organizations and also adequate human resources planning promotes employee productivity and organizational performance. It is therefore recommended that all level of employees receive adequate training and proper human resource planning should be in place to promote productivity and performance of the Transport industry in Nigeria.
Effect of On-The-Job Training on Employee Performance in Kenya: Case of Mumia...paperpublications3
This document summarizes a study on the effect of on-the-job training on employee performance at Mumias Sugar Company in Kenya. It provides background on the importance of training employees and discusses previous research showing a relationship between training and improved performance. The objectives of the current study were to examine how on-the-job training affects employee performance, task requirements, and job satisfaction at Mumias Sugar Company. A descriptive research design was used involving questionnaires distributed to employees. The findings suggested that on-the-job training enhances employee capabilities and improves performance.
The document discusses knowledge shifting processes when an energy company changes its vision and mission to extend its business scope. It uses Pertamina, an Indonesian energy company, as a case study. The key points are:
1) Pertamina changed its vision from an oil and gas company to an energy company to include new and renewable energy due to environmental regulations.
2) This led to three phases - changing vision and mission, changing strategy/business processes/organization, and shifting knowledge.
3) Knowledge shifting involves managing existing employees' new knowledge and hiring new employees with knowledge matching the extended scope.
4) A knowledge shifting process model is proposed based on knowledge-based view theory to
The Theoretical Link Between Cash Flow Statement Usage and Decision Making In...CSCJournals
South African Small, Medium and Micro Enterprises (SMMEs) are of great importance to the national economy due to their socio-economic value-adding abilities. Despite being responsible for contributing generously to the national Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and providing employment opportunities to more than half of the national workforce, research shows that up to 80% of these business entities fail after being in operation for three years. The latter dispensation is often blamed on unmanaged economic factors and subsequent risks; including that of poor cash flow management. To assess the cash flow situation of a business entity, a cash flow statement is generally used. According to academic literature, South African SMMEs do not make adequate use of cash flow statements which, in turn, may have negative repercussions on business decision making within South African SMMEs. The inadequate use of cash flow statements can be attributable to the isomorphic changes which these business entities undergo, particularly mimetic isomorphism. Therefore, the primary research objective of this study was to determine whether South African SMMEs’ limited utilisation of cash flow statements, as brought about by mimetic isomorphism, has an adverse influence on their business decision making in a theoretical dispensation. This study was non-empirical and qualitative and made use of an online desktop review approach by scrutinising secondary data to, in turn, develop propositions for further empirical testing. From the research conducted it appears that South African SMMEs’ limited utilisation of cash flow statements may adversely influence business decision making within these business entities, at least in a theoretical sense.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the dominant types of strategic orientation among telecommunication firms in Nigeria. The study identified technological orientation and market orientation as the two main strategic orientations. A survey was conducted of 123 employees across the major telecommunication firms in Nigeria, with 98 responses analyzed. The results indicated that while both orientations are moderately demonstrated, the firms exhibit a stronger market orientation compared to a technological orientation. The study suggested future research should use a longitudinal design and compare the extent of implementing strategic orientations among companies.
This study examines knowledge transfer across boundaries within business incubation centers in China. Through interviews with employees at several incubation centers, the study identifies key boundary conditions and factors impacting knowledge transfer in the Chinese context. The results show that shared values and trust help knowledge transfer by reducing pragmatic boundaries between organizations. Additionally, entrepreneurial orientation and use of information-rich media within small-to-medium enterprises positively influence knowledge transfer across boundaries. The findings provide insights into knowledge management practices in emerging markets like China.
Evaluation of Human Resource Management Practices on the Productivity and Per...IOSR Journals
The objective of any organization or firm is to achieve higher productivity. The concept of Human Resources within organizations is very vital in the management and survival of any organization; this is because their performance is influenced by a set of human resource practices. The main focus of this study is to determine if human resources management practices (Human resources (HR) Planning, training and development) affect productivity and performance of Transport Organizations. The human resource management practices or HRM practices have to be addressed in this position, in order to examine productivity and performance of the organization. In analyzing the data, both descriptive and inferential statistics were used. A total of 75 questionnaires was distributed out of which 60 was returned. Result of analysis showed that training and development enhances productivity of transport organizations and also adequate human resources planning promotes employee productivity and organizational performance. It is therefore recommended that all level of employees receive adequate training and proper human resource planning should be in place to promote productivity and performance of the Transport industry in Nigeria.
Corporate entrepreneurship as a strategic approach for internal innovation pe...Ying wei (Joe) Chou
This document discusses corporate entrepreneurship as a strategic approach for improving internal innovation performance. It reviews literature on corporate entrepreneurship and the relationship between intrapreneurship and strategic models. The paper proposes a conceptual framework that focuses on internal innovation over external mergers and acquisitions. Key factors for enhancing internal innovation include developing systems to motivate innovative behavior, concentrating entrepreneurial ventures, and educating employees on corporate entrepreneurship. Implementing strategic approaches can help corporations innovate internally and improve growth and profits, while accepting failure as part of the innovation process.
Diffusion of innovation through individual and collective entrepreneurship an...Ying wei (Joe) Chou
This document discusses a study that explores the relationship between individual entrepreneurship, collective (team-based) entrepreneurship, and innovation in small and medium enterprises (SMEs). The study develops a theoretical framework and tests relationships using structural equation modeling on survey data from 700 entrepreneurs in SMEs in Pakistan. The results confirm that both individual entrepreneur traits and collective team efforts contribute to innovation in SMEs. Specifically, entrepreneur personality traits directly impact innovation while centralized decision-making does not, and factors like communication and collaboration among team members contribute to collective entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial orientation, which both directly impact innovation. The study aims to provide a more holistic view of entrepreneurship and innovation by considering both individual and collective dimensions.
This document summarizes a research study that analyzed factors influencing innovativeness among small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Uzbekistan. The researchers conducted surveys of 150 SMEs and used logistic regression models to analyze the data. They identified several internal and external factors as independent variables that could influence innovation outputs as dependent variables. The statistical analysis found relationships between innovation outputs like new products/services and process innovations, and factors like research and development, marketing, CEO perspectives, employee engagement, networking, and government incentives. The study provides insights into promoting innovation among SMEs in emerging economies like Uzbekistan.
Research on dynamic effects of employability of vocational college students i...ijcsit
This study used the dynamic scenario simulation of system dynamics to perform simulation on the effects of
education policies, trend of employment demand, and employability qualities of vocational college
graduates on the development of employment demand in Taiwan’s technology industry. According to the
research results, dynamic situational simulation of system dynamics can be used to simulate the effect of
changes in education policy system with time on the development and trend of employment demand in
technology industry. The simulation results of policy scenario showed that the talent shortage in technology
industry should be overcome by improving education policy. The problem of talent shortage cannot be
effectively alleviated until the matching rate between education policy and employment demand reaches
90%. The simulation results of this study can be provided as reference for education policy planners to
improve the employability of vocational college students. It is intended to provide valuable suggestions to
reduce the unemployment rate of vocational college graduates and to substantially reduce the gap between
industries and academia, in order to further enhance Taiwan’s competitiveness in the global economic
system.
THE IMPACT OF KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT ON THE FUNCTION OF EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE AP...IJMIT JOURNAL
The study aimed at identifying the impact of knowledge management on the function of employee performance appraisals (it is one of the most important functions of human resources management) in Jordanian industrial public shareholding companies, relying on the descriptive analytical approach. A questionnaire has been developed and distributed on individuals of the study sample consisting of managers of departments and sections of human resources in each company. The number of questionnaire retrieved and valid for statistical analysis (294) representing (86.5%) of the distributed questionnaires. In order to analyze the study sample, reliance was placed on descriptive statistics, represented in the
arithmetic means and standard deviations, in addition to the multiple linear regression analysis in hypothesis testing. The study reached a number of findings, most importantly, the presence of statistically significant impact at the level of (α=0.05) for the knowledge management including its dimensions (knowledge generation, knowledge storage, knowledge sharing, knowledge application) on the function of
employee performance appraisals in Jordanian industrial public shareholding companies. The study has recommended that the Jordanian industrial public shareholding companies should follow an efficient evaluationsystem capable of identifying the employees’ weaknesses
The Impact of Entrepreneurial Orientation on Business Performance: A Study of...ijtsrd
The present study aims to examine the impact of entrepreneurial orientation on business performance of 30 horticulture related firms in Kashmir. The entrepreneurial orientation is measured by five dimensions identified from the literature on the subject and financial performance; a dependent variable, is treated as a measurement for business performance. The correlation and regression analysis was used to analyze the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and business performance of the sampled firms. Sameer Ahmad Shalla"The Impact of Entrepreneurial Orientation on Business Performance: A Study of SMEs in Horticulture Sector" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-5 , August 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd2291.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/management/strategic-management/2291/the-impact-of-entrepreneurial-orientation-on-business-performance-a-study-of-smes-in-horticulture-sector/sameer-ahmad-shalla
A Study on Attitude of Commerce Graduating Students Towards Entrepreneurship ...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: India is plagued by high levels of unemployment. Government in collaboration with private stakeholders have initiated numerous interventions to encourage entrepreneurship, however not enough progress has been made up to date. This can be attributed to the lack of understanding of the attitudes and perceptions among the youth towards entrepreneurship. The current interventions are mostly focused on dealing with the most common obstacles such as the cultural and social norms, financial support, regulation, while ignoring to foster the correct attitudes towards entrepreneurship as a career choice. The Kerala state is known to be the high literacy area of India being the highest graduates as well as commerce graduate qualified of the country. The scarcity of employment opportunities in the formal market is the source of the high unemployment rate among graduates. The University students possess a high potential in terms of starting their own businesses ventures due to their levels of education. The question is: Do they possess a positive attitude towards entrepreneurship? Problem of poor attitudes towards Entrepreneurship among graduates will continue to contribute towards high levels of unemployment.
Open Innovation practices and challenges among Indian SMEs- full papersumukh Hungund
This document summarizes a research paper on open innovation practices and challenges among small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in India. It begins with an introduction on the importance of innovation for business growth and competitive advantage. It then discusses open innovation and its benefits and challenges. The document reviews previous literature that has studied open innovation practices in SMEs in various countries and industries. It focuses on the lack of studies on open innovation among SMEs in India. The paper aims to address this gap by studying open innovation awareness, practices and challenges among SMEs in the Indian software product industry. It will use a mixed-method approach including interviews and secondary data collection. The results could help guide policymaking to support innovation among Indian
This document discusses a qualitative research study on the role of talent management in human resources management within the aviation industry. The study was conducted through semi-structured interviews with 10 human resources managers over a 6 month period. The results revealed relationships between talent management and concepts like performance, potential, efficiency, effectiveness, qualification, suitability, and quality. It was observed that businesses need to identify and retain talented employees to adapt to technological, sociological, and scientific changes. Talent management aims to ensure talented individuals, the most valuable asset, participate in business processes and stay with the company long-term.
This study examines how corporate entrepreneurship, national policies, and supply chain collaboration impact innovativeness among LED manufacturers in Malaysia. It analyzes survey data from manufacturers using partial least squares. The study finds that corporate entrepreneurship plays a moderating role in the relationships between national policies, supply chain collaboration, and innovativeness. The study expands literature by providing empirical evidence on these relationships from the perspective of an emerging country and examining the moderating role of corporate entrepreneurship. It has implications for helping local companies understand how to enhance innovativeness and expand their role in global supply chains.
The Challenges Managing Brand Positioning: Small Medium Entreprises’ (SME) In...inventionjournals
Small and Medium Enterprise (SMEs) play an important roles in the economic development in Malaysia. However, SMEs entrepreneurs still not emphasis their brand positioning both its products and services. The main thrust of this study was on to examine the challenges and strategies that had been made while managing brand positioning of food products for Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Malaysia country. The findings will reveal challenges that SMEs entrepreneur had to branding their product positioning may definitely improve their strategy that offering SMEs brand.
Entrepreneurial learning from failure a systematic reviewYing wei (Joe) Chou
This document provides a literature review on entrepreneurial learning from failure. It systematically collects and organizes relevant research according to Kolb's model of experiential learning, which includes four stages: concrete experience, reflective observation, abstract conceptualization, and active experimentation. The review finds that existing research provides insights into all stages of learning from failure. Areas that have received significant attention include the nature of failure, factors influencing reflection like emotions and attributions, the content of learning, and applying learning in new ventures. However, other topics remain underexplored, such as alternative recovery modes, personal characteristics' impact on reflection, cognitive processes underlying reflection, transforming observations into concepts, and applying learning outside of entrepreneurship. This
This document discusses a study that investigates how absorptive capacity and marketing capabilities influence innovation commercialization in manufacturing and service firms in Nigeria.
The study uses data from the 2012 Nigeria Innovation Survey to test the hypotheses that absorptive capacity measures like openness and formal training, as well as marketing capabilities like new product marketing and marketing innovation, are positively associated with innovation performance.
The findings show that absorptive capacity measures comprising openness and formal training are positively associated with innovation performance. Marketing capabilities indicated by new product marketing and marketing innovation are also positively associated with innovation performance.
This document summarizes a study on implementing the financial strategy of Arena Corner's business plan. It analyzes the feasibility of the sports venue startup's investment using Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Payback Period, and Return on Investment (ROI) under optimistic, normal, and pessimistic conditions. The results show that the investment is feasible and profitable under optimistic and normal conditions based on positive NPV and IRR. The payback period is about 2 years under optimistic conditions. Therefore, the financial strategy and business plan of the sports venue startup Arena Corner is concluded to be feasible and capable of attracting the right investors.
A Study on the Motivational Aspects of the Employees of Datong Coal Mining Gr...paperpublications3
Abstract: Every year, a lot of people died or injured as they work in coal mine. Their companies are not aware of their protection and they are weak in the implementation of safety strategies in their organisation. Also because of these, employees are acting unsafe behaviour and it casing fatal accidents in the workplace. So this research has attempt to investigate the motivational factors of the employees of Datong Coal Mining Company, therefore, this motivated employees avoided to act unsafe behaviours and workplace would be less hazardous. This research has taken on Datong Coal Mining Company and data has collected through interviews and questionnaires approaches. This research tried to investigate managerial gap of this company which directly or indirectly responsible for fatal accidents in that company. Moreover, in term of motivational factors for employees, this research tried to enlighten some limitations of this company and give a recommendation.
This study is aiming to investigate influencing factor of entrepreneurship collaborative learning performances by using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling approach (PLS-SEM). A hypothetical conceptual model for improving entrepreneurship learning performance develop based on the previous study, which composed of four enablers called university’s vision and mission, entrepreneurial background lecturer, strong culture and rewards system.The methodology used to test the conceptual model was delivering the questionnaire survey to 72 (seventy two) lecturers in business field. The unit analysis of this study is the universities, both public and private universities in South of Tangerang. Sample was selected using simple random sampling. The questionnaires were developed from the past studies in similar area of entrepreneurship in higher education, before distributed to the respondents. The findings from this study provide insight to construction that the relationships of variable vision and mission to effectiveness have path coefficient value 0.195 and the lecture background is 0.040. Meanwhile, reward and culture shows stronger influence to Entrepreneurship collaborative Learning Effectiveness with the patch coefficient values are 0.296 and 0.335.
This document summarizes a research study that assessed the impact of public sector interventions on business start-up rates among university entrepreneurship graduates in Nigeria. The study used a mixed-methods approach, surveying 391 graduates and interviewing 10. The results found that graduates exhibited high levels of entrepreneurial awareness and willingness to start businesses despite challenges in Nigeria's business environment. The study recommends that the government continue supporting university entrepreneurship programs and work to address obstacles in the business environment hindering new venture formation.
Industry school interface following professional education model to impart pr...Alexander Decker
This document discusses the need for greater collaboration between business schools and industry to make business education more practical. It proposes a model called Pragmatic Business Edification (PBE) where business schools and industry would formally partner together. Key aspects of the PBE model include industry helping to determine curriculum and providing expertise to ensure graduates learn needed skills. The roles of both business schools and industry in the partnership are discussed, with business schools continuing to manage education but consulting industry on requirements. Formal research collaboration is also suggested to mutually benefit schools and industry. Overall, the document argues a school-industry partnership could help address criticism of business education being too theoretical and not aligned with business needs.
Measuring entrepreneurial orientation & business performance relationshipIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study on the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and business performance among Indian seafood exporting firms. The study found that entrepreneurial orientation, measured by factors like innovativeness, risk-taking, and proactiveness, was positively correlated with various measures of business performance. Firms with higher entrepreneurial orientation tended to have better overall performance, return on investment, and sales compared to competitors. The study concludes that Indian seafood firms should focus on developing their entrepreneurial orientation in order to improve competitive capabilities and deal with the risks inherent in the industry. Some limitations of the study are noted, and further research is suggested.
An empirical analysis of the effect of entrepreneurial orientation on firm pe...Alexander Decker
This study examined the influence of entrepreneurial orientation on business performance among auto artisans in Cape Coast, Ghana. A survey was conducted of 118 auto artisans using a questionnaire to measure the dimensions of entrepreneurial orientation (innovativeness, proactiveness, risk-taking, autonomy, competitive aggressiveness) and business performance. Regression analysis revealed that the dimensions of entrepreneurial orientation positively influenced business performance both individually and collectively. The study recommends that auto artisans take advantage of government technical training programs to improve their skills and allow employees more creative freedom in their work.
Corporate entrepreneurship as a strategic approach for internal innovation pe...Ying wei (Joe) Chou
This document discusses corporate entrepreneurship as a strategic approach for improving internal innovation performance. It reviews literature on corporate entrepreneurship and the relationship between intrapreneurship and strategic models. The paper proposes a conceptual framework that focuses on internal innovation over external mergers and acquisitions. Key factors for enhancing internal innovation include developing systems to motivate innovative behavior, concentrating entrepreneurial ventures, and educating employees on corporate entrepreneurship. Implementing strategic approaches can help corporations innovate internally and improve growth and profits, while accepting failure as part of the innovation process.
Diffusion of innovation through individual and collective entrepreneurship an...Ying wei (Joe) Chou
This document discusses a study that explores the relationship between individual entrepreneurship, collective (team-based) entrepreneurship, and innovation in small and medium enterprises (SMEs). The study develops a theoretical framework and tests relationships using structural equation modeling on survey data from 700 entrepreneurs in SMEs in Pakistan. The results confirm that both individual entrepreneur traits and collective team efforts contribute to innovation in SMEs. Specifically, entrepreneur personality traits directly impact innovation while centralized decision-making does not, and factors like communication and collaboration among team members contribute to collective entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial orientation, which both directly impact innovation. The study aims to provide a more holistic view of entrepreneurship and innovation by considering both individual and collective dimensions.
This document summarizes a research study that analyzed factors influencing innovativeness among small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Uzbekistan. The researchers conducted surveys of 150 SMEs and used logistic regression models to analyze the data. They identified several internal and external factors as independent variables that could influence innovation outputs as dependent variables. The statistical analysis found relationships between innovation outputs like new products/services and process innovations, and factors like research and development, marketing, CEO perspectives, employee engagement, networking, and government incentives. The study provides insights into promoting innovation among SMEs in emerging economies like Uzbekistan.
Research on dynamic effects of employability of vocational college students i...ijcsit
This study used the dynamic scenario simulation of system dynamics to perform simulation on the effects of
education policies, trend of employment demand, and employability qualities of vocational college
graduates on the development of employment demand in Taiwan’s technology industry. According to the
research results, dynamic situational simulation of system dynamics can be used to simulate the effect of
changes in education policy system with time on the development and trend of employment demand in
technology industry. The simulation results of policy scenario showed that the talent shortage in technology
industry should be overcome by improving education policy. The problem of talent shortage cannot be
effectively alleviated until the matching rate between education policy and employment demand reaches
90%. The simulation results of this study can be provided as reference for education policy planners to
improve the employability of vocational college students. It is intended to provide valuable suggestions to
reduce the unemployment rate of vocational college graduates and to substantially reduce the gap between
industries and academia, in order to further enhance Taiwan’s competitiveness in the global economic
system.
THE IMPACT OF KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT ON THE FUNCTION OF EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE AP...IJMIT JOURNAL
The study aimed at identifying the impact of knowledge management on the function of employee performance appraisals (it is one of the most important functions of human resources management) in Jordanian industrial public shareholding companies, relying on the descriptive analytical approach. A questionnaire has been developed and distributed on individuals of the study sample consisting of managers of departments and sections of human resources in each company. The number of questionnaire retrieved and valid for statistical analysis (294) representing (86.5%) of the distributed questionnaires. In order to analyze the study sample, reliance was placed on descriptive statistics, represented in the
arithmetic means and standard deviations, in addition to the multiple linear regression analysis in hypothesis testing. The study reached a number of findings, most importantly, the presence of statistically significant impact at the level of (α=0.05) for the knowledge management including its dimensions (knowledge generation, knowledge storage, knowledge sharing, knowledge application) on the function of
employee performance appraisals in Jordanian industrial public shareholding companies. The study has recommended that the Jordanian industrial public shareholding companies should follow an efficient evaluationsystem capable of identifying the employees’ weaknesses
The Impact of Entrepreneurial Orientation on Business Performance: A Study of...ijtsrd
The present study aims to examine the impact of entrepreneurial orientation on business performance of 30 horticulture related firms in Kashmir. The entrepreneurial orientation is measured by five dimensions identified from the literature on the subject and financial performance; a dependent variable, is treated as a measurement for business performance. The correlation and regression analysis was used to analyze the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and business performance of the sampled firms. Sameer Ahmad Shalla"The Impact of Entrepreneurial Orientation on Business Performance: A Study of SMEs in Horticulture Sector" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-5 , August 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd2291.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/management/strategic-management/2291/the-impact-of-entrepreneurial-orientation-on-business-performance-a-study-of-smes-in-horticulture-sector/sameer-ahmad-shalla
A Study on Attitude of Commerce Graduating Students Towards Entrepreneurship ...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: India is plagued by high levels of unemployment. Government in collaboration with private stakeholders have initiated numerous interventions to encourage entrepreneurship, however not enough progress has been made up to date. This can be attributed to the lack of understanding of the attitudes and perceptions among the youth towards entrepreneurship. The current interventions are mostly focused on dealing with the most common obstacles such as the cultural and social norms, financial support, regulation, while ignoring to foster the correct attitudes towards entrepreneurship as a career choice. The Kerala state is known to be the high literacy area of India being the highest graduates as well as commerce graduate qualified of the country. The scarcity of employment opportunities in the formal market is the source of the high unemployment rate among graduates. The University students possess a high potential in terms of starting their own businesses ventures due to their levels of education. The question is: Do they possess a positive attitude towards entrepreneurship? Problem of poor attitudes towards Entrepreneurship among graduates will continue to contribute towards high levels of unemployment.
Open Innovation practices and challenges among Indian SMEs- full papersumukh Hungund
This document summarizes a research paper on open innovation practices and challenges among small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in India. It begins with an introduction on the importance of innovation for business growth and competitive advantage. It then discusses open innovation and its benefits and challenges. The document reviews previous literature that has studied open innovation practices in SMEs in various countries and industries. It focuses on the lack of studies on open innovation among SMEs in India. The paper aims to address this gap by studying open innovation awareness, practices and challenges among SMEs in the Indian software product industry. It will use a mixed-method approach including interviews and secondary data collection. The results could help guide policymaking to support innovation among Indian
This document discusses a qualitative research study on the role of talent management in human resources management within the aviation industry. The study was conducted through semi-structured interviews with 10 human resources managers over a 6 month period. The results revealed relationships between talent management and concepts like performance, potential, efficiency, effectiveness, qualification, suitability, and quality. It was observed that businesses need to identify and retain talented employees to adapt to technological, sociological, and scientific changes. Talent management aims to ensure talented individuals, the most valuable asset, participate in business processes and stay with the company long-term.
This study examines how corporate entrepreneurship, national policies, and supply chain collaboration impact innovativeness among LED manufacturers in Malaysia. It analyzes survey data from manufacturers using partial least squares. The study finds that corporate entrepreneurship plays a moderating role in the relationships between national policies, supply chain collaboration, and innovativeness. The study expands literature by providing empirical evidence on these relationships from the perspective of an emerging country and examining the moderating role of corporate entrepreneurship. It has implications for helping local companies understand how to enhance innovativeness and expand their role in global supply chains.
The Challenges Managing Brand Positioning: Small Medium Entreprises’ (SME) In...inventionjournals
Small and Medium Enterprise (SMEs) play an important roles in the economic development in Malaysia. However, SMEs entrepreneurs still not emphasis their brand positioning both its products and services. The main thrust of this study was on to examine the challenges and strategies that had been made while managing brand positioning of food products for Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Malaysia country. The findings will reveal challenges that SMEs entrepreneur had to branding their product positioning may definitely improve their strategy that offering SMEs brand.
Entrepreneurial learning from failure a systematic reviewYing wei (Joe) Chou
This document provides a literature review on entrepreneurial learning from failure. It systematically collects and organizes relevant research according to Kolb's model of experiential learning, which includes four stages: concrete experience, reflective observation, abstract conceptualization, and active experimentation. The review finds that existing research provides insights into all stages of learning from failure. Areas that have received significant attention include the nature of failure, factors influencing reflection like emotions and attributions, the content of learning, and applying learning in new ventures. However, other topics remain underexplored, such as alternative recovery modes, personal characteristics' impact on reflection, cognitive processes underlying reflection, transforming observations into concepts, and applying learning outside of entrepreneurship. This
This document discusses a study that investigates how absorptive capacity and marketing capabilities influence innovation commercialization in manufacturing and service firms in Nigeria.
The study uses data from the 2012 Nigeria Innovation Survey to test the hypotheses that absorptive capacity measures like openness and formal training, as well as marketing capabilities like new product marketing and marketing innovation, are positively associated with innovation performance.
The findings show that absorptive capacity measures comprising openness and formal training are positively associated with innovation performance. Marketing capabilities indicated by new product marketing and marketing innovation are also positively associated with innovation performance.
This document summarizes a study on implementing the financial strategy of Arena Corner's business plan. It analyzes the feasibility of the sports venue startup's investment using Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Payback Period, and Return on Investment (ROI) under optimistic, normal, and pessimistic conditions. The results show that the investment is feasible and profitable under optimistic and normal conditions based on positive NPV and IRR. The payback period is about 2 years under optimistic conditions. Therefore, the financial strategy and business plan of the sports venue startup Arena Corner is concluded to be feasible and capable of attracting the right investors.
A Study on the Motivational Aspects of the Employees of Datong Coal Mining Gr...paperpublications3
Abstract: Every year, a lot of people died or injured as they work in coal mine. Their companies are not aware of their protection and they are weak in the implementation of safety strategies in their organisation. Also because of these, employees are acting unsafe behaviour and it casing fatal accidents in the workplace. So this research has attempt to investigate the motivational factors of the employees of Datong Coal Mining Company, therefore, this motivated employees avoided to act unsafe behaviours and workplace would be less hazardous. This research has taken on Datong Coal Mining Company and data has collected through interviews and questionnaires approaches. This research tried to investigate managerial gap of this company which directly or indirectly responsible for fatal accidents in that company. Moreover, in term of motivational factors for employees, this research tried to enlighten some limitations of this company and give a recommendation.
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Abstraction
Daya saing nasional di tataran global, sangat berkaitan dengan
kemampuan perekonomian yang didukung oleh berbagai faktor
determinan didalamnya. Salah satunya adalah kemampuan inovasi di
sektor industri. Indeks daya saing Indonesia menurut laporan World
Economic Forum (WEF) tahun 2012 berada pada peringkat 50 dari 144
negara, menurun dari peringkat 46 pada Tahun 2011. Sementara itu,
laporan World Intelectual Property Organization (WIPO) Tahun 2012,
indeks inovasi global Indonesia hanya menduduki peringkat 100 (dari
141 negara), dimana sebelumnya menduduki peringkat 99 (dari 125
negara), di bawah peringkat negara Asia Tenggara Iainnya, seperti
Thailand (57), Brunei (53), dan Malaysia (32). Data-data tersebut
menegaskan bahwa Indonesia masih lemah dalam inovasi di sektor
industri.
Inovasi industri berkaitan dengan kegiatan penelitian, pengembangan,
dan penerapan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi (IPTEK) dalam
berbagai tahapan industri. Inovasi di industri, baik industri besar
maupun kecil-menengah, akan mendorong peningkatan nilai tambah
produk melalui proses yang efisien serta produk yang lebih unggul.
Salah satu kendala yang teridentifikasi sebagai penyebab utama
lemahnya kegiatan inovasi di industri adalah kurangnya pendanaan,
karena aktivitas penelitian dan pengembangan industri memang
membutuhkan biaya tinggi. Disamping itu juga disebabkan tidak
tersedianya tenaga ahli yang profesional di bidangnya. Di sisi lain,
tenaga ahli dengan berbagai kompetensi serta produk-produk teknologi
hasil proses penelitian dan pengembangan banyak tersebar di berbagai
lembaga litbang dan perguruan tinggi, yang pada umumnya berstatus
lembaga milik pemerintah. Saat ini, pemanfaatan tenaga ahli maupun
produk-produk hasil penelitian lembaga litbang dan perguruan tinggi
tersebut oleh industri belum optimal. Terasa ada hambatan dan
halangan dalam proses diseminasi atau pemanfaatannya. Inilah yang
menyebabkan banyak tenaga ahli yang hanya ahli di laboratorium dan
hasil-hasil penelitian tersebut hanya tersimpan di laci meja.
The purpose of this research is for the growth and development of Micro, Small and Medium
Enterprises to be able to help and improve the economy and absorb as much workforce as possible as well as
the introduction of regional superior products, especially Micro and Medium Enterprises. The analytical method
is carried out through explanatory research, with the PLS/SEM application. The concepts and problems studied
look at the causal relationship, then explain the variables that cause the problems studied. The research sample
was 178 Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises in the South Tangerang area. The findings from this study are
that there is a positive influence of strategic orientation, organizational culture, corporate entrepreneurship on
firm performance. There is a positive influence of strategic orientation, organizational culture, corporate
entrepreneurship on business model innovation. There is a positive influence of business model innovation on
firm performance. There is a positive influence of strategic orientation, organizational culture, corporate
entrepreneurship on firm performance mediated by business model innovation. Theoretical implications of the
existence of a business model innovation through increasing its dimensions can increase the firm performance of
Micro and Medium Enterprises actors and can increase the trust and loyalty of related parties. Improving and
developing production quality first, paying attention to development and innovation. Strategic orientation will
provide a good indication of the firm performance of Micro and Medium Enterprises. Managerial implications
state that product quality, in the process of involving strategic orientation, organizational culture, corporate
entrepreneurship, all entrepreneurs with third parties is very close, so that cooperation and conformity of
technical specifications to the wishes of the community must be a top priority. The quality of Micro and Medium
Enterprises actors in terms of cooperation, production quality, performance of divisions such as decision
makers, is a picture that can be felt by the community or parties who work together, so that these various
qualities must be a priority for the improvement of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises.
This document summarizes a study on the relationship between corporate innovation and organizational performance in the telecommunications industry in Somalia. The study used a cross-sectional survey of 180 employees from telecom companies in three cities. It found that technological innovation, administrative innovation, and strategic innovation all had a statistically significant positive effect on organizational performance. Therefore, telecom companies need to focus on these factors to maintain their performance in the future.
The linkage between strategic human resource management, innovation and firm ...IOSR Journals
Innovation is regarded as the driving force of rapid changes in the modern world and one of the key success factors in the competitive market. Firms have to innovate, to survive in the market. The disruptive wave of innovation every year makes so many businesses disappear from the market. On the other hand, successful implementation of innovation programs can guarantee profitability and an acceptable overall performance for any firm. In addition, strategic planning for human resources plays a key role in innovation practices and helps firms achieve their long-term objectives. This paper intends to assess a linkage between strategic human resource management, innovation, and overall performance within a firm. In order to examine such a linkage, an online survey was applied and data were collected from 54 managers of product development projects in Malaysian manufacturing companies. Analysis of the collected data using correlation analysis techniques proved that there is a strong correlation between the three mentioned concepts.
This study is an initial attempt, to investigate the factors that are responsible in driving the growth of Project Management Education in India. For more info visits http://www.pmi.org.in/reports.asp
This study is an initial attempt, to investigate the factors that are responsible in driving the growth of Project Management Education in India. The study throws light on specific factors that emerge after studying the available literature on the subject as well as the responses compiled from a cross-section of the primary stakeholders namely the Government, Academic Institutions, Practising Executives and Human Resource Managers connected with project management education and training.
For more info visit http://www.pmi.org.in/reports.asp
This document discusses a study that examines the main factors affecting creativity in startups and how those factors influence entrepreneurial initiative strategies. The study uses a structural equation modeling approach with partial least squares to analyze data from an online questionnaire completed by 50 individuals involved in startups in Spain. The model developed has strong predictive power and identifies internal factors like improving intellectual and attitudinal skills for identifying opportunities as important for creative business decision making. The study adds to the literature on the roles of different factors in startup creativity processes.
1. 1
THE ENTREPRENEURIAL ORIENTATION TOWARDS
COMMERCIALIZATION OF UNIVERSITY RESEARCH PRODUCTS
Nur Syahira Bt Abd Latif
Faculty of Business Management
Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Malaysia
syahira_nsal@yahoo.com
Azizan Bin Abdullah
Faculty of Business Management,
Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Malaysia
Nawawi Md Jan
Faculty of Business Management,
Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Malaysia
ABSTRACT
This paper is to study about the relationship between Entrepreneurial Orientation towards
commercialization of university research products. Research design that be used in this paper is quantitative
study. The 389 questionnaires will be distributed to the researcher of Public Higher Education Institution in
all over Malaysia. This paper also is synthesizing the literature findings and offers some arguments from
previous study to generate testable hypothesis to guide future research. Besides that, since this paper
intended to focus on conceptual paper, thus the limitation that are not going to be discussed on the
empirical discussion. The conceptual contribution of this paper goes one step further by suggesting the
factors that may influence to increase the number of commercialization of university products to all Public
Higher Education Institution all over Malaysia.
KEYWORDS
Entrepreneurial Orientation, Commercialization, University research product
1. INTRODUCTION
The importance of university research products commercialization is a stern matter.
Higher Education Institutions (HEI) in Malaysia receiving high expectation from various
sector especially Malaysian Government to commercialize their research product.
University products commercialization is the prominence as it contributes to Malaysia
economic growth. As submitted by Pries & Guild (2004), United States and Canada able
to generate more than $1 billion annually from the commercialization or university
research between years 1980 to 2002 with more than 2,000 new products based on
innovation. This illustrate commercialization is one of the key factors that contribute to
economic growth of any particular nation.
As commercialization of university research products play significant role as economic
growth agent, Malaysian Government had launch many initiatives to promote research
2. 2
and development (R&D) activities in Institute of Higher Education in Malaysia.
Substantial amount of budget had been allocated in funding R&D activities. As the
research was funded by public fund in return Malaysia Government expecting good from
their investment (Kormin, Othman & Ahmed, 2011).
It was reported that under the 9th Malaysia Plan (2006-2010), the Malaysian government
invested a total of RM3.101 billion in the form of R&D grants. Meanwhile, under the
10th Malaysia Plan (2011-2015), the government allocated RM741 million for R&D
among the universities for the first two years of the five years plan.
Increase amount in the spending of research grants demonstrate that Malaysia
government consider university research and development as the serious matter and it
was one of the critical agenda in the 10th Malaysia Plan. Thus university researcher in
Malaysia should take this challenge and grab the opportunity by translating their superior
research and development results into useful and marketable products or research.
Table 1: 10th
Malaysian Plan Ministry of Higher Education R&D Scheme
2. PROBLEM STATEMENT
After the huge spending by the Malaysia government in promoting commercialization of
university research product, it is submitted that the government obligate high expectation
to the university researcher to take this prospect to commercialize their research product.
However, the commercialization activities in Public Higher Education Institutions (PHEI)
in Malaysia were below satisfactory level (Kormin, Othman & Ahmed, 2011).
According to the report (table 2) publish by Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE) until
August 2008; performance of commercialization of university research product was
under satisfaction despite the government had allocated budget to fund Research &
Development activity. The report stressed that, the 16 PHEI in Malaysia had only
managed to commercialize 58 products out of the 313 identified with commercial
potential. It was imminent that there is an urgent necessity to address the circumstances
and drive the universities to better performance level (Aziz, Harris & Norhashim, 2011).
NO SCHEME
ALLOCATION OF
PROJECT COST (RM)
TOTAL
YEAR
2011
YEAR
2012
1. Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS) 81 mill 219 mill 300 million
2.
i. Exploratory Research Grant Scheme (ERGS)
ii- Long-Term Grant Scheme (LRGS)
iii- Prototype Research Grant Scheme (PRGS)
81 mill 219 mill 300 million
3. Research Incentive 11 mill 30 mill 41 million
4. MOHE Special Project 27 mill 73 mill 100 million
TOTAL 200 mill 541 mill 741 mill
3. 3
Table 2: Public Higher Educations Institutions research commercialization until August
2008
Thus the researcher intends to take initiative to address the factors that may influence
commercialization of university research product to a better performance.
According to Hamon 2009 that is cited in the Renganathan, Yasin, Perumal, Tahir &
Chelvarayan (2012) one of the major obstacle to commercialize R&D is the lack of
entrepreneurial skills. Besides that according to Kasim (2011) to translate the knowledge
output of the university into business innovation, activities such as implementing and
nurturing enterprising culture into the system and policy of HEI seems the factors which
can help.
To answer the gap in this research, the researcher will investigate the relationship
between Entrepreneurial Orientation (EO) towards commercialization of university
research products. This is because previously it was reported the EO may help to enhance
organization performance and have positive relationship with organizational performance
(Lumpkin & Dess (1996), Narver & Slater (1994), Anderson (2009), Wiklund &
Shepherd (2003). The researcher believes that those variables influence and enhance the
commercialization activity in the university in Malaysia.
UNIVERSITIES
PATENT
TRADE
MARK
TOTAL
COMMERCIALI
ZED
PRODUCTS
TOTALR&D
WITH
POTENTIAL
FOR
COMMERCIALI
ZED
PRODUCTS
TOTALNO.
OFIP
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) 9 28 6 110 153
Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM) 12 27 16 15 70
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) 3 20 0 33 56
Universiti Malaya (UM) 0 11 3 31 45
Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) 11 4 15 9 39
Universiti Teknologi Mara (UiTM) 5 22 8 0 35
Universiti Malaysia Pahang (UMP) 0 0 1 29 30
Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS) 0 0 0 26 26
Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM) 0 0 0 21 21
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia
(UTHM)
0 0 3 16 19
Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS) 0 8 0 4 12
Universiti Islam Antarabangsa Malaysia
(UIAM)
0 2 2 4 8
Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris (UPSI) 0 0 0 8 8
Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (UMT) 0 0 2 4 6
Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP) 0 0 2 3 5
Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTEM) 0 0 0 0 0
Total 40 122 58 313 533
4. 4
3. LITERATURE REVIEW
3.1 Entrepreneurial Orientation
EO is the concepts that show the process and endeavors of organization involve in
entrepreneurial behaviors and activities. Several advantages will benefit the organization
if implemented EO in their company, for instance the organization will be more inspire
and motivated to innovate, to take the calculated risk, and be more proactive then other
competitors to grab the opportunities and to overcome the problem in the marketplace
(Kaya & Agca, 2009).
Meanwhile according to Rauch, Wiklund, Lumpkin & Frese (2004), EO has received
large conceptual and empirical attention. Demonstrating as one of the few areas in
entrepreneurship research, more than 100 studies of EO have been conducted which is led
to extensive acceptance of the conceptual meaning and relevance of the concept. Besides
that, the increasing research on EO in business administration literature due to the fact
that it has been accepted so far by many managers and scholars as a critical success factor
for organizational survival and success.
Historically, EO has been conceptualized as comprising with three dimensions which
argued by Miller (1983) that dimension of EO are innovativeness, risk taking and pro-
activeness. Innovativeness is the predisposition to engage in creativity and experimentation
through the introduction of new products/services as well as technological leadership via
R&D in new processes. According to Lumpkin & Dess (1996), Shcumpeter (1934, 1942)
was among the first to emphasize the role of innovation in the entrepreneurial process.
Shcumpeter outlined an economic process of “creation destruction” by which wealth was
created when existing market structure were disrupted by the introduction of new goods
or services that shifted resources away from existing firms and caused new firms to grow.
Innovativeness became an important factor used to characterized entrepreneurship and
reflects a firm’s tendency to engage in and support new ideas, novelty, experimentation,
and creative processes that may result in new products, services, or technological
processes.
Risk taking involves taking bold actions by venturing into the unknown, borrowing heavily,
and/or committing significant resources to ventures in uncertain environments (Miller, 1983).
Since Cantillon (1743), who first developed the term entrepreneur and defined this as a
person who bears risk or profit or loss, risk taking has been viewed as a fundamental
element of entrepreneurship (Antoncic & Hisrch, 2003). Risk taking is a quality that is
frequently used to describe entrepreneurship and the degree to which managers are
willing to make large and risky resource commitment, which have a reasonable chance of
costly failure (Swierczek & Ha, 2003).
Proactiveness is an opportunity-seeking, forward-looking perspective characterized by the
introduction of new products and services ahead of the competition and acting in anticipation
of future demand. Pro-activeness described by Lumpkin & Dess (1996) as “taking initiates
and pursuing new opportunities related to future demand and by participating in emerging
market”. It also refers to the extent to which a firm is a leader or a follower and is
5. 5
associated with aggressive posturing relative to competitors (Fairoz, Hirobumi, Tanaka,
2010).
However, on 1996 Lumpkin and Dess was approach the new dimensions of EO. They
identified that competitive aggressiveness and autonomy is must be include as the
additional dimensions of EO. They are claim that pro activeness reflects a firm’s reaction
to opportunities in the market place whereas competitive aggressiveness refers to firm’s
response to competitor’s challenges. Unfortunately, some researchers are arguing that
competitive aggressiveness and pro-activeness is similar in term of definitions. Even
though Lumpkin & Dess (1996) suggested this two further dimension but they still
stressed that innovativeness, risk taking and proactiveness are the key features of EO
(Swierczek & Ha, 2003).
Meanwhile for this research, the researcher will adopt an approach based on Miller’s
original conceptualization because the three dimensions (innovativeness, risk taking and
proactiveness) were the main traits of EO.
3.2 Commercialization of university research product
In term of definition of commercialization in this current literature, there is no consensus
about the meaning of research commercialization. This argument supported by Zhao
(2004), he define commercialization as the process of developing new ideas and/or
research output into commercial products or services and putting them on the market. It
covers intellectual property transfer and development and also provision of consulting
services that rely primarily on technological innovation.
Developing country like Malaysia is still behind in terms of research capabilities. In fact,
Malaysia has just entered the commercialization game very recently. The evidence in
Ministry if Higher Education’s focus in term if driving R&D activities among the
universities had developed from establishment of a research culture (2006-2008), to
driving quality research (2008-2010) and most recently to promote research excellence
through producing innovation and its commercialization (2011-2012) (Aziz, Harris &
Norhashim, 2011).
3.3 EO towards commercialization of university research products
The importance of EO towards business performance has been widely acknowledged in
the literature. According to Zahra (2008) if the new entry wants result in high
performance the firm must have a strong EO. It is supported by the Wiklund & Shepherd
(2003) stated that EO likely has positive performance implications for the firm. An EO
can assist companies in such a process. Innovative companies, creating and introducing
new products and technologies, can generate extraordinary economic performance and
have even been described as the engines of economic growth. EO also has been linked to
key organizational outcomes such as innovativeness, strategic flexibility and improved
6. 6
firm performance (Wiklund, 1999). Table 3 illustrated the previous regarding of EO
towards performance and most of the results show that EO has positive relationship
towards business performance. Unfortunately, even though the strong consensus among
the previous researcher regarding the relationship between EO towards business
performance but there is no study tested the relationship between EO towards
performance of commercialization university research products. Thus in this study the
researcher intends to test the relationship between EO towards commercialization of
university research products.
Table 3: The relationship between EO towards performance
Author Construct Country Industry Findings: Nature of Relationship
Wiklund, J. &
Shepherd, D. (2003)
1. Innovativeness
2. Pro-activeness
3. Risk taking
Sweden SMEs EO has positive relationship with
performance
Naldi, L., Nordqvist,
M., Sjoberg, K. &
Wiklund, J. (2007)
1. Innovativeness
2. Pro-activeness
3. Risk-taking
Sweden Family and non-
family firms-SMEs
Risk taking is negatively related towards
performance
Coutlhard, M. (2007) 1. Innovation
2. Pro-activeness
3. Competitive
Aggressiveness
4. Risk-taking
5. Autonomy
Australia Wine industry,
Automotive
industry,
franchising industry
and music
recording industry
All five EO dimension has positive
impact on performance
Zahra, S. A. (2008) 1. Pro-activeness
2. Risk-taking
3. Innovation
United States High technologies
industry
The interaction effect significant in High
technologies industry
Aktan, B. & Bulut, C.
(2008)
1. Innovativeness
2. Risk-taking
3. Pro-activeness
4. Competitive
Aggressiveness
Turkey Firms EO positively correlated with financial
performance
Andersen, J. (2009) 1. Innovativeness
2. Pro-activeness
3. Competitive
Aggressiveness
Sweden Manufacturing
Companies
Positive EO-performance relationship
Fauzul Mafasiy Fairoz,
Hirobumi, T. & Tanaka,
Y. (2010)
1. Pro-activeness
2. Innovativeness
3. Risk-taking
Sri Lanka SMEs EO positively related with performance
Swierczek, F.W., Thanh
Ha, T. (2010)
1. Risk Taking
2. Pro-activity
3. Innovativeness
Thailand and
Vietnam
SMEs Positive relationship with performance
Affendy, Asmat, Abdul
Talib &Abdul Rahim
(2011)
4. Innovativeness
5. Pro-activeness
Malaysia SMEs Positive Relationship with performance
7. 7
4. PROPOSED CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
The diagram above shows the proposed conceptual framework that the researcher will
use in this study. From this conceptual framework the researcher will develop research
hypothesis for this study. Based on Wiklund & Shepherd (2003) and Frank, Kessler &
Fink (2010) describe that there is a positive relationship between Entrepreneurial
Orientation and business performance; the higher the EO, the higher the firm’s
performance will be.
Conceptually, there is a strong consensus among the researchers about the fact that the
final result of entrepreneurial activities is the improvement performance (Kaya & Agca,
2009). The researchers contend that high level EO activities bring forth performance
(Wiklund & Shepherd, 2003).
Therefore, in this study the researcher will test the hypothesis between EO and
commercialization of university research product. The research hypotheses are:
H1: There is positive relationship between Entrepreneurial Orientation and
commercialization of university research products.
H1a: There is a positive relationship between innovation and commercialization
of university research products.
H1b: There is a positive relationship between risk-taking and commercialization
of university research products.
H1c: There is a positive relationship between pro-activeness and
commercialization of university research products.
ENTREPRENEURIAL
ORIENTATION
1. Innovation
2. Risk-Taking
3. Pro-Activeness
Commercialization of
University Research
Products
8. 8
5. METHODOLOGY
5.1 Data Collection
The data collection for this research will be done through quantitative nature which is
based on questionnaire. This cross sectional studies perhaps will able to collect the data
in one time or possibly over a period of months. Directory of each faculty from
university’s website will be the main sources for researcher reaches the respondents.
From the directory the researcher will obtain the e-mail and telephone number of each
respondent and the questionnaire will be distributed through personally administered
questionnaire. The advantages using this technique in collecting data are the researcher
can establish rapport and motivate the respondent to answers the questionnaires. Besides
that any doubts that respondents face can be solve immediately by the researchers.
Sekaran (2006) also stated that almost 100% response rate is ensured when using this
technique.
5.2 Sampling Frame
This research focus on Malaysia PHEI in the field of Science and Technology (S&T)
only, the population of this study is the S&T researcher of Malaysia PHEI that are
include professor, associate professor, senior lecturer and also lecturer. According
Kormin, Othman & Ahmed (2011) total of university researchers in the field of S&T for
the 20 PHEI in Malaysia is 8698. Therefore, for the sample size, the researcher use the
guidelines proposed by the Krejcie and Morgan (1970) that are cited in Sekaran (2007, p
294). This table greatly simplified size decision by providing a table to ensure a good
decision model. Therefore, for the N of 8, 698, the suitable sample size is the 368
respondents.
5.3 Sampling Technique
In this research, sampling technique that the researcher will use is the simple random
sampling. In this technique, each member of the population has an equal chance of being
selected as subject. The entire process of sampling is done in a single step with each
subject selected independently of the other member of the population. In this study, the
respondent chosen blindly as long as they met our criteria; researcher from S&T field in
PHEI to avoid sampling bias.
5.4 Data Analysis
All primary data will be process and analyze using Statistical Package for Social Science
SPSS (SPSS) version 20. The results will be in the form of Descriptive statistic,
Reliability Testing, Pearson Correlation Analysis and Multiple Regression Analysis.
Frequency distribution is use to gathered the frequencies from all the respondent personal
data or classification variables such as age, gender, level of income, position, level of
education and so on. Meanwhile reliability testing is being used because to obtain
consistency and stability of each variable hang together as a set or positively correlated to
one another. Pearson Correlation Analysis will measure the relationship between
9. 9
variables through degree of association while Multiple Regression Analysis will be used
because to the hypothesis in this research.
6. CONCLUSION
This study hopes will enhance the performance of commercialization of university
research products in Malaysia HEI. Perhaps this study also will help to achieve the 10th
Malaysia Plan by providing the input on how to strengthen research development and
innovation in Malaysia towards year 2020 as inspired by Malaysia Prime Minister as
researcher in university play vital role to enable the success of this vision.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The researcher would like to thank the staff and lecturer of Universiti Teknologi MARA,
Malaysia in providing constants support towards the accomplishment of this research and
also to the anonymous reviewers for their feedback and suggestion for this article
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