Effect of Some Disinfectants on Antibiotic Resistance Staphylococcus Isolated...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
Effect of Some Disinfectants on Antibiotic Resistance Staphylococcus Isolated...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
Antibacterial Resistance in the Muscles of Chicken, Pig and Beef IJERA Editor
Though antibiotic drugs are known to improve the health and welfare of food animals , there is parallel risk due
to the development of resistant microorganisms in the body of target animals. Seven meat samples were
procured from wet market in Old Town,Petaling Jaya, Malaysia and assessed for the presence of antibiotic
residues. The samples chosen were chicken parts (skin, muscle and liver) , pig parts (liver, muscle and
intestine) and beef muscle. The results indicated that chicken skin had high level of antibioticresidues which
positively resisted the presence of gram positive, Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidisand B. cereus as known
by the zone of inhibition.The beef muscle also held residue which resisted S. aureusChosenbacteriaalong with
the extracts of chicken skin, pig intestine and beef muscle were observed to be resistant totetracycline
hydrochloride, ciprofloxacin hydrochloride monohydrate and their combinations when tested at a concentration
of 1 percent
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Journal of Bacteriology and Mycology is a peer-reviewed, open access journal published by Austin Publishers. It provides easy access to high quality manuscripts in all related aspects of two major sub branches of Microbiology namely Bacteriology: the study of Bacterial Mycology& the study of fungus. The Journal focuses upon the identification, classification, characterization of bacterial/fungal species and the infections and health issues caused by these dreadful bacteria and fungus.
Austin Publishing Group is a successful host of more than hundred peer reviewed journals, open access journals in various fields of science and technology with intent to bridge the gap between academic and research access.
Journal of Bacteriology and Mycology journal accepts original research articles, review articles, case reports, mini reviews, rapid communication, opinions and editorials in all related aspects of Bacterial Mycology & Fungal Species.
Preliminary evaluation of the larvicidal efficacy of coelomic fluid of Eudril...inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
In-House Microbial Isolates in Compendial Testing: Regulatory RequirementsRobert Westney
This presentation provides an overview of the current regulatory expectations for the use of in-house microbial isolates in compendial testing. It reviews regulatory, compendial and industry references on the topic. Importantly, it also provides a strategy for selection of these isolates.
Antibacterial Resistance in the Muscles of Chicken, Pig and Beef IJERA Editor
Though antibiotic drugs are known to improve the health and welfare of food animals , there is parallel risk due
to the development of resistant microorganisms in the body of target animals. Seven meat samples were
procured from wet market in Old Town,Petaling Jaya, Malaysia and assessed for the presence of antibiotic
residues. The samples chosen were chicken parts (skin, muscle and liver) , pig parts (liver, muscle and
intestine) and beef muscle. The results indicated that chicken skin had high level of antibioticresidues which
positively resisted the presence of gram positive, Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidisand B. cereus as known
by the zone of inhibition.The beef muscle also held residue which resisted S. aureusChosenbacteriaalong with
the extracts of chicken skin, pig intestine and beef muscle were observed to be resistant totetracycline
hydrochloride, ciprofloxacin hydrochloride monohydrate and their combinations when tested at a concentration
of 1 percent
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Journal of Bacteriology and Mycology is a peer-reviewed, open access journal published by Austin Publishers. It provides easy access to high quality manuscripts in all related aspects of two major sub branches of Microbiology namely Bacteriology: the study of Bacterial Mycology& the study of fungus. The Journal focuses upon the identification, classification, characterization of bacterial/fungal species and the infections and health issues caused by these dreadful bacteria and fungus.
Austin Publishing Group is a successful host of more than hundred peer reviewed journals, open access journals in various fields of science and technology with intent to bridge the gap between academic and research access.
Journal of Bacteriology and Mycology journal accepts original research articles, review articles, case reports, mini reviews, rapid communication, opinions and editorials in all related aspects of Bacterial Mycology & Fungal Species.
Preliminary evaluation of the larvicidal efficacy of coelomic fluid of Eudril...inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
In-House Microbial Isolates in Compendial Testing: Regulatory RequirementsRobert Westney
This presentation provides an overview of the current regulatory expectations for the use of in-house microbial isolates in compendial testing. It reviews regulatory, compendial and industry references on the topic. Importantly, it also provides a strategy for selection of these isolates.
Traction: A Startup Guide to Getting CustomersNoam Gabison
By Gabriel Weinberg, 2014.
Most startups end in failure. Almost every failed startup has a product. What failed startups don't have is traction -- real customer growth.
This book introduces startup founders and employees to the "Bullseye Framework," a five-step process successful companies use to get traction. This framework helps founders find the marketing channel that will be key to unlocking the next stage of growth.
Traction is a guide to getting customers, written for startup founders, marketers, and those interested in how today's startups grow and get traction. This book shows you how the founders of several of the biggest companies and organizations in the world like Jimmy Wales (Wikipedia), Alexis Ohanian (Reddit), Paul English (Kayak.com) and Alex Pachikov (Evernote) have built and grown their startups. We interviewed over forty successful founders and researched countless more growth stories to pull out the repeatable tactics and strategies they used to get traction.
"Many entrepreneurs who build great products simply don't have a good distribution strategy." -- Mark Andreessen, venture capitalist
Too often, startups spend months (or years) building a product only to struggle with traction once they launch. This struggle has startups trying random tactics - some ads, a blog post or two - in an unstructured way that leads to failure. Traction shows readers how to systematically approach marketing, and covers how successful businesses have grown through each of the following channels:
Viral Marketing
Public Relations (PR)
Unconventional PR
Search Engine Marketing (SEM)
Social and Display Ads
Offline Ads
Search Engine Optimization (SEO)
Content Marketing
Email Marketing
Engineering as Marketing
Target Market Blogs
Business Development (BD)
Sales
Affiliate Programs
Existing Platforms
Trade Shows
Offline Events
Speaking Engagements
Community Building
This book draws on interviews we conducted with the following individuals:
Jimmy Wales, Co-founder of Wikipedia
Alexis Ohanian, Co-founder of reddit
Eric Ries, Author of The Lean Startup
Sam Yagan, Co-founder of OkCupid and CEO of Match.com
Jason Cohen, Founder of WP Engine
Chris Fralic, Partner at First Round Capital
Rand Fishkin, Founder of SEOmoz
Noah Kagan, Founder of AppSumo
Jason Kincaid, Blogger at TechCrunch
Alex Pachikov, Co-founder of Evernote
Ryan Holiday, Exec at American Apparel
Andrew Warner, Founder of Mixergy
Garry Tan, Partner at Y Combinator
and many more.
Imminent Labeling Changes: A TraceGains Webinar with Food DirectionsTraceGains
If you have any questions or comments, please send them to connect@tracegains.com. We look forward to hearing from you.
Meeting Description:
Consumers are often confused by food labels. Yet the entire food production industry is facing proposed labeling changes that can affect packaging design, ingredient choices, sourcing decisions, and so on. Many of these pending requirements could add even more confusion in the consumer marketplace.
Join us for a webinar with food policy expert Beth Johnson, MS, RD, founder and principal of Food Directions LLC, a boutique government relations firm headquartered in Washington, D.C. Johnson will discuss imminent labeling initiatives including:
-Genetically modified organism labeling debates
-Nutrition facts panel reform
-Gluten free labeling
-Menu and vending labeling
Learn what your company or organization can anticipate in terms of content and timing and how it can begin to prepare for the many changes ahead.
About Food Directions:
Food Directions operates at the intersection where public affairs meets food policy. With a thorough understanding of the interconnectedness of the legislative and regulatory process, Food Directions follows all issues related to agriculture, food safety, and nutrition policy at the federal, state, and international level. Headquartered in Washington, with deep relationships within federal agencies like Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), and on Capitol Hill, Food Directions is plugged into the ever-changing dynamic.
If you have any questions or comments, please send them to connect@tracegains.com. We look forward to hearing from you.
Meeting Description:
Allergens are the leading cause for recalls, causing significant consumer health issues, scrap costs, and sourcing conundrums. Join our discussion on Allergen Control Issues with specific emphasis on Label Control measures.
Failures can happen at multiple stages of the operation. Label sourcing, generation or package placement -- potentially resulting in undeclared allergens. Learn to identify points in the process where labels and packaging need to be verified. Verification activities involve personnel from research and development, art and graphic approval, purchasing, receiving, production, and quality.
Evaluate common pitfalls, such as those associated with material staging and handling of obsolete materials, which too often lead to undeclared allergen concerns reaching the marketplace. Learn about best practices in Label Control that you and your team can implement immediately.
About AIB International:
AIB International is a corporation founded by the North American wholesale and retail baking industries in 1919 as a technology transfer center for bakers and food processors. The original mission of the organization was to "put science to work for the baker," and that basic theme is still central to all of the programs, products, and services provided by AIB to baking and general food production industries worldwide.
Although AIB's history has been traditionally linked with North American wholesale and retail baking, the Institute currently serves many segments of the food processing, distribution, foodservice, and retail industries worldwide.
Today's AIB is well-positioned in the following areas:
-Audit Services
-Food Safety Education
-School of Baking
-Research and Technical Services
Fast detection of Listeria monocytogenes in deli meat and dairy productsSandra Rogoza
Poster Presentation by Dr. Sergiy Olishevskyy, BSc, PhD of FoodChek Laboratories at IAFP 2016.
The ability of L. monocytogenes to proliferate in various foods at refrigeration temperatures and survive even after deep freezing makes the occurrence of this foodborne pathogen in ready-to-eat (RTE) foods of particular concern. It is especially threatening to the deli meat and dairy industries if fast and reliable detection methods are not applied. Since L. monocytogenes in RTE food can be present at low concentration with sub-lethal injury during food processing, an enrichment step is crucial to resuscitate injured cells and allow sufficient growth for detection.
The objective of this study was to validate a sensitive and rapid method for L. monocytogenes detection in deli meat and dairy products.
New rapid method for detection of salmonella in meat and poultry using actero tmSandra Rogoza
Poster Presentation by Dr. Sergiy Olishevskyy, Bsc, PhD of FoodChek Laboratories at IFT 2016.
Despite control and prevention efforts, Salmonella infections arising from contaminated meat and poultry continue to be a significant problem, with millions of cases occurring each year. Conventional methods for the detection of Salmonella can require up to seven days for a positive result and are not appropriate for routine testing of large numbers of samples. Thus, the development and implementation of rapid detection methods of Salmonella are among the most important food safety tasks.
The objective of this study was to develop a sensitive and rapid method for Salmonella detection in meat and poultry, including raw ground beef, raw ground chicken and chicken carcass rinses. This study included validation of a new protocol based on single-step enrichment with Actero™ Salmonella Enrichment Media followed by detection using the DuPont™ BAX® System Real-Time PCR Assay for Salmonella .
Microbiological and physicochemical quality of pasteurized milk supplemented ...UniversitasGadjahMada
Caesalpinia sappan L (Sappanwood) contains antibacterial compounds and antioxidants that inhibit the growth of microbes. This study aimed to investigatethe microbiological and physicochemical qualities of pasteurized milk supplemented with 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8% (w/v) sappan wood extract. Data were analyzed using a completely randomized design factorial followed by the Duncan’s new multiple range test. Preliminary analysis showed that sappan wood extract contained 44.66 ± 0.09 mg/100g phenols, 0.18 ± 0.01 mg/100mg flavonoids, 46.42 ± 0.23 mg/100g tannins, and antioxidant activity at 85.82 ± 0.25%. The addition of sappan wood extract significantly increased the antioxidant activity (P<0.05) of pasteurized milk during storage. Pasteurized milk supplemented with sappan wood extract had a lower total bacterial count (P<0.05) than that of unsupplemented pasteurized milk, and supplemented milk showed strong antibacterial activities against Escherichia coli, Shigella flexneri, Salmonella thypimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, and Listeria monocytogenes.The addition of sappan wood slightly increased the protein content but did not affect pH, and viscosity. It is concluded that the addition of sappan wood extract increased the microbiological quality and maintained the physicochemical quality of pasteurized milk, thus extending the product’s shelf-life.
Campylobacter (curved rod in Greek) may have been discovered in the late nineteenth century (1886) by Theodor Escherich from an infant who died of cholera and called the disease “cholera infantum”
In the last 30 years, Campylobacter has been recognized as a leading pathogen causing diseases in both animals and humans and considered a zoonotic pathogen
Campylobacters (formerly Vibrio fetus) were first associated with diseases of cattle and sheep at the beginning of 20th century
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
People in a big city as Antananarivo, capital of Madagascar, have leads to take street foods for their daily nutritional needs. This food habits may be a risk for consumers due to contaminations from street environment and bad practices related to hygiene. This study aimed to examine the quality and safety of street vended foods in Antananarivo, on January 2016 to December 2017.Six hundred and sixty two samples including 126samples of melting salads, 70 beef skewers, 54 chicken skewers, and typical Malagasy foods as : mofoanana (67 samples), mofogasy (64 samples), ramanonaka (64), makasaoka (66), mofoakondro (62) and kobandravina(89);were randomly collected from the streetvendors in Antananarivo marketsto evaluate their bacteriological quality.International Methods (ISO) was adopted for to find the load of Total Aerobic Bacteria andEnterobateriaceae,Escherichia coli and to search pathogen bacteria as Salmonella, Campylobacter jejuni, Escherichia coli O157H7 and Bacillus cereus in these foods.The results revealed that the mean values ofthe Total Aerobic Bacteria count was 0.1x106- 4.8x106cfu/g. Enterobacteriaceaecount range from 0.4x102 to 1.9x102cfu/g. Escherichia coli count range from 0.04x102cfu/g. to 0.19 x102cfu/g.Salmonellawas only present in melting salads, beef skewers and chicken skewers samples. Bacillus cereus count range from 0,1x102 to 1,5x102cfu/g. Campylobacter jejuniwas only present in samples of ramanonaka and kobandravina. Two strains of presumptive Eschercichia coli O157 H7 (βglucuronidase -) were isolated. PCR method was used to confirm the identity of these two isolates. A high contamination above 106 cfu/g food and the presence of potential pathogens bacteria could be hazardous. Systematic inspections and training of food vendors on food hygiene and application of hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP) has been recognised as measures to guarantee improvement of the quality of street foods.
Preservative potentials of crude bacteriocins produced by Lactobacillus tucce...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Biotechnology and Biochemistry (IOSR-JBB) covers studies of the chemical processes in living organisms, structure and function of cellular components such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and other biomolecules, chemical properties of important biological molecules, like proteins, in particular the chemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions, genetic code (DNA, RNA), protein synthesis, cell membrane transport, and signal transduction. IOSR-JBB is privileged to focus on a wide range of biotechnology as well as high quality articles on genetic engineering, cell and tissue culture technologies, genetics, microbiology, molecular biology, biochemistry, embryology, cell biology, chemical engineering, bioprocess engineering, information technology, biorobotics.
Microbial Quality of Raw and Pasteurized Milk Samples Collected From Differen...iosrjce
Milk is the fluid normally secreted by female mammals for the nourishment of their young ones. It is
a compulsory part of daily diet for the expectant mothers as well as growing children and also serves as good
medium for microbial growth and contamination 240 raw milk samples and 72 pasteurized milk samples from
different places of Madurai District for a period of six months were analysed for microbial quality. Among the
raw milk samples only 19.1% of samples were good quality and 28.3% are very poor quality. In the pasteurized
milk samples 81.9% of samples were good for human consumption. The bacteria isolated from milk samples
includes Lactobacilli, Staphylococcus aureus, Escheritia coli, Bacillus subtilis , Salmonella typhi, and feacal
coliforms
Evaluation of fermentation period on the proximate composition and tannin
IAFP 2015 Meeting FoodChek _Listeria_ Salmonella
1. 1Annual General Meeting 2011.
Accelerated Detection of Listeria and Salmonella in
Environmental and Food Samples Using PCR Technology
Sergiy Olishevskyy1, Melissa Buzinhani1, Morgan Wallace2, Michael Giuffre3
1FoodChek Laboratories Inc., suite 200, 7755 Duplessis, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada J2R 1S5
2DuPont Nutrition &Health, Experimental Station 400, P.O. Box 8352, Wilmington, Delaware, 19803, USA
3FoodChek Systems, suite 450, 1414 – St. S.W., Calgary, Alberta, Canada, T2R 1J6
Method ProtocolIntroduction
ResultsMaterials and Methods
References Conclusions
Method Claims
Analytes: Listeria spp.
Matrices:
environmental samples
stainless steel
plastic
sealed concrete
food samples
frankfurters
soft Mexican style cheese
bagged fresh spinach
frozen cooked shrimp
cold smoked salmon
Analytes: Salmonella
Matrices:
environmental samples
stainless steel
plastic
food samples
dry pet food
milk chocolate
chocolate liquor
cocoa powder
shell egg
Limit of Detection: one CFU per food sample, or equivalent recovery from 100 cm2
environmental surface.
Step 1
Sample Enrichment
Step 2
Sampling
(with or without dilution)
Step 3
DNA Isolation
Step 4
DNA Amplification
Step 5
Result Analysis
Foodborne infections are among the most widespread public health problems. A wide spectrum of pathogens play a role in foodborne disease. Nontyphoidal
Salmonella enterica serovars and Listeria monocytogenes are classic foodborne pathogens that cause two of the most common foodborne diseases called
salmonellosis and listeriosis respectively. Early and sensitive detection of these foodborne pathogens remains a critical issue in public health policy [1].
The process of isolation and final identification of Listeria and Salmonella with culture and biochemical standard methods are laborious and time-consuming and
can take up to 7–10 days. In recent years, PCR-based methods have been reported as rapid, specific and sensitive alternatives to identify these bacteria from
food and environmental samples [2].
The DuPont™ BAX® System real-time PCR assays were designed to report qualitative results for the detection of Listeria and Salmonella in food and
environmental samples. The processing time is approximately 70 min in the BAX® System Q7 instrument, and the method returns results comparable to the
culture methods but with a significantly faster time to result.
However, to take full advantage of the sensitivity and speed offered by alternative methods of pathogen testing, the food industry requires faster sample
enrichment. This can be achieved using effective selective enrichment media such as Actero™ Listeria Enrichment Media (Actero™ Listeria) and Actero™
Salmonella (Actero™ Salmonella) Enrichment Media developed by FoodChek Systems Inc. for single-step recovery of Listeria [3] and Salmonella [4] from
environmental and food samples.
The aim of the study is to develop and to validate a rapid screening method that significantly minimizes the complexity and length of enrichment for PCR-
based detection of Listeria and Salmonella in environmental and food samples.
In total, 1230 environmental sand food samples were analysed in a performance method comparison study conducted according to the AOAC INTERNATIONAL Methods Committee Guidelines for Validation of
Qualitative and Quantitative Food Microbiological Official Methods of Analysis [5] (Fig. 1).
Detection of Listeria spp. Eight internal and two independent laboratory studies (Fig. 1) were carried out to evaluate the performance of the DuPont™ BAX® System Real-Time PCR Assay for Genus Listeria in
environmental and food samples (Fig. 2) enriched with Actero™ Listeria in comparison with the USDA-FSIS [6] or US FDA [7] reference methods.
Detection of Salmonella. Nine internal and two independent laboratory studies (Fig. 1) were carried out to evaluate the performance of the DuPont™ BAX® System Real-Time PCR Assay for Salmonella in
environmental and food samples (Fig. 3) enriched with Actero™ Salmonella in comparison with the US FDA reference method [8].
General protocol. Each type of sample was split into three sets. The first set of 40 samples was inoculated in bulk with the appropriate target strain at a low concentration in order to achieve fractional (between 25 and
75%) positive results. The second set of 10 samples was similarly inoculated using a high level of target strain that generally did not exceed 10 times the low level of inoculation. Finally, the third portion of 10 samples
remained uninoculated. Half of the samples were analysed using the BAX® System method and then confirmed by transferring to the secondary enrichment according to the appropriate reference method protocol. The
other half of samples were analyzed using the appropriate reference method.
Food samples. All the foods sample types were purchased at local grocery stores and screened for the presence of the target bacteria.
Target strains were heat stressed in order to achieve a 50–80% injury of the inocula prior to the artificial contamination of the frankfurter,
frozen cooked shrimp, milk chocolate and chocolate liquor samples. Lyophilized Salmonella strains were used to inoculate dry pet food
and cocoa powder. Soft Mexican style cheese and shell egg samples were inoculated with unstressed target strains. The inoculated
and uninoculated samples were stabilized at 4°C for 48–72 h (soft Mexican style cheese fresh bagged spinach, frankfurters, cold
smoked salmon, shell egg), at room temperature (dry pet food, milk chocolate, chocolate liquor, cocoa powder) or at -20°C (frozen
cooked shrimp) for at least two weeks prior to testing. For each food type, the concentration of the inoculum was confirmed using the
MPN procedure. The samples were enriched with Actero™ Listeria or Actero™ Salmonella at 35°C for 16-26 hours (See Table 1, and
Fig. 4 and Fig. 5 for specific enrichment times for each target for each matrix).
Environmental samples. Environmental surfaces (stainless steel, plastic and sealed concrete) of 100 cm2 were inoculated with low
concentration of pure target bacterium cultures or with mixed cultures of the target and non-target bacteria (approx. ratio 1:10) prepared
using 10% nonfat dry milk. The high level of inoculation did not exceed 10 times the low level of inoculation. For each type of
environmental matrix, 40 surfaces of 100 cm2 were inoculated with 250 µL of the low level mixed culture by spreading many drops over
the entire surface. A first set of 10 surfaces was similarly inoculated using the high level mixed culture. Another set of 10 surfaces was
then inoculated with 250 µL of 10% nonfat dry milk as negative control. The surfaces were dried for 18 to 20 h at room temperature (22
2°C) inside a closed safety cabinet. Each plate was swabbed using non-bactericidal sampling sponge. The sponges were placed in
sterile sample bags and kept at room temperature for at least 2 h before enrichment with Actero™ Listeria or Actero™ Salmonella at
35°C for 14-20 hours (Table 1).
1.Hanson et al. 2012. Estimating global mortality from potentially foodborne diseases: an analysis using vital registration data. Popul Health
Metr 2012, 10: 5.
2.Lopes-Campos G., Martinez-Suarez J.V., Aguado-Urda M. 2012. Detection, identification, and analysis of foodborne pathogens. In:
Microarray detection and characterization of foodborne pathogens. SpringerBriefs in Food, Health, and Nutrition. 126 p.
3.Claveau et al. 2014. Detection of Listeria spp. using Actero Listeria Enrichment Media. J AOAC Int, 97 (4): 1127-1136.
4.Tremblay et al. Actero™ Salmonella/STEC Enrichment Media Promotes the Recovery of Salmonella spp. and STEC strains. Inside
Laboratory Management. 2015. In Press..
5.AOAC INTERNATIONAL Methods Committee Guidelines for Validation of Microbiological Methods for Food and Environmental Surfaces
Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC INTERNATIONAL, 19th Ed., Appendix J, AOAC INTERNATIONAL, Gaithersburg, MD.
6.USDA-FSIS. 2012. Isolation and identification of Listeria monocytogenes from red meat, poultry, egg, and environmental samples. In:
Microbiology Laboratory Guidebook, Chapter 8.09.
7.Hitchins A.D., Jinneman K. 2014. Chapter 10. Detection and enumeration of Listeria monocytogenes in foods. In: FDA Bacteriological
Analytical Manual.
8.Andrews W.H., Jacobson A., Hammack T. 2014. Chapter 5. Salmonella. In: FDA Bacteriological Analytical Manual.
Fig. 1. Comparison Method Study Design Fig. 2. Validation Studies for Detection of Listeria spp. Fig. 3. Validation Studies for Detection of Salmonella
Target Sample Type
Sample
Size
Enrichment Medium Volume
BAX® System
Method
Reference
Method
Listeria Environmental samples 100 cm2 90 mL 225 mL
Frankfurters 125 g 750 mL 1125 mL
Fresh bagged spinach, soft
Mexican style cheese, frozen
cooked shrimps, cold smoked
salmon
25 g 150 mL 225 mL
Salmonella
Environmental samples 100 cm2 90 mL 225 mL
Dry pet food
25 g 225 mL
225 mL
375 g 2625 mL
Milk chocolate, cocoa powder
25 g
175 mL
Chocolate liquor 225 mL
Shell egg 20 eggs 1000 mL 2000 mL
Table 1. Enrichment Medium Volume Recommended for BAX® System Method
Notes: *Fresh bagged spinach, soft Mexican style cheese, frozen cooked shrimps, cold smoked salmon.
**Detection time includes sampling, DNA isolation and processing in the BAX® System Q7 instrument. Notes: **Detection time includes sampling, DNA isolation and processing in the BAX® System Q7 instrument.
The unpaired method comparison studies were performed to
evaluate the ability of the BAX® System method to detect artificially
inoculated Listeria spp. and Salmonella in environmental and food
samples enriched with Actero™ Enrichment Media. The studies
were conducted according to the AOAC INTERNATIONAL Methods
Committee Guidelines for Validation of Qualitative and Quantitative
Food Microbiological Official Methods of Analysis.
Enrichment Parameter Optimization Studies. For each
environmental and food matrix selected for the method comparison
study, the main parameters of single step enrichment with Actero™
Media have been optimized. Optimal medium volume (Table 1) and
incubation time (Fig. 4 and Fig. 5) of samples were determined. As
a result, enrichment of Listeria spp. from environmental and food
samples enriched with Actero™ Listeria was significantly reduced
(up to 20-26 hours of incubation) as compared to the reference
methods (approx. 38-48 hours of incubation) (Fig. 4).
Table 2. Method Comparison Study for Detection of Listeria spp.
Table 3. Method Comparison Study for Detection of Salmonella
For recovery of Salmonella from environmental and food samples, 14-28 hours of incubation in Actero™ Salmonella were found efficacious in comparison to 44-52 hours recommended by the reference method
(Fig. 5). Significant reduction of the medium volume used for recovery of Listeria and Salmonella has been achieved for almost all environmental and food matrices (Table 1).
BAX® System Method vs FSIS-USDA / US FDA Method Comparison Study for Listeria spp. Detection. Based on the POD analysis, no significant difference was noted between the BAX® System method and
the appropriate reference method for the detection of Listeria spp. in plastic environmental sponge samples as well as in fresh bagged spinach, frozen cooked shrimp and cold smoked salmon samples. Stainless
steel, sealed concrete, soft Mexican style cheese and frankfurter samples tested using the BAX® System method showed significantly superior detection of Listeria spp. as compared to the appropriate reference
methods (Table 2). Only one false negative result was found for stainless steel samples. No false positive outcomes were observed for any environmental and food matrices.
1. The results of the method comparison validation studies demonstrate that performance of the DuPont™ BAX® System real-time PCR assays for Listeria spp. and Salmonella are equivalent
or superior to the USDA-FSIS or US FDA reference methods for detecting the target organisms in environmental and food samples enriched with Actero™ Media.
2. These alternative methods are reliable, accurate, and faster than the USDA-FSIS and US FDA reference methods for detection of Listeria and Salmonella.
BAX® System Method vs US FDA Method Comparison Study for Salmonella Detection. Based on statistical
analysis using the POD model, no significant difference was observed between the BAX® System method and the
reference method for the detection of Salmonella in dry pet food, milk chocolate, cocoa powder, shell egg, and
stainless steel and plastic surface samples (Table 3). For chocolate liquor, the candidate method showed
significantly superior performance than the reference method. Neither false negative nor false positive outcomes
were observed for any food or environmental samples.Data analysis. Probability of detection (POD) as well as χ2 statistical models were used to evaluate the differences between presumptive and confirmed results as well as between the alternative and the reference
methods. The χ2-analysis results greater than 3.84 were considered indicating a significant difference between two methods at a 95% confidence level.
Fig. 4. Enrichment Time Optimized for Recovery of Listeria spp. Fig. 5. Enrichment Time Optimized for Recovery of Salmonella
DuPont Nutrition & Health
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