The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
This Journal publishes original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in pharmacy.
Medicinal plants as a non timber forest product(NTFP) of Sri lankaPabasara Gunawardane
Sri Lanka is a tropical country which is enriched with biodiversity. Forest products are a major sector in Sri Lanka's non-timber forest products (NTFP).
All rights reserved: Bhagya karunatillake
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Some Important Medicinal Plants Used Widely in Southwest Bengal, IndiaIJERA Editor
The present article reflects 30 important medicinal plant species of Southwest Bengal, India with their botany, medicinal uses and ecological perspectives in brief. Plants were collected from home gardens, forests, wasteland, shrubbery and other places of ecological importance in the study sites. It covers phenology of plants and plantation treatment of propagules during nursery preparations. It would help the researchers better to use this work as a model to generate data from natural sites to plan the habitat management and to generate conservation strategies. It would help the environmentalists to conserve species in near future by formulating model for eco-sustenance of species as well as for the habitat conservation in other places.
Medicinal plants as a non timber forest product(NTFP) of Sri lankaPabasara Gunawardane
Sri Lanka is a tropical country which is enriched with biodiversity. Forest products are a major sector in Sri Lanka's non-timber forest products (NTFP).
All rights reserved: Bhagya karunatillake
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Some Important Medicinal Plants Used Widely in Southwest Bengal, IndiaIJERA Editor
The present article reflects 30 important medicinal plant species of Southwest Bengal, India with their botany, medicinal uses and ecological perspectives in brief. Plants were collected from home gardens, forests, wasteland, shrubbery and other places of ecological importance in the study sites. It covers phenology of plants and plantation treatment of propagules during nursery preparations. It would help the researchers better to use this work as a model to generate data from natural sites to plan the habitat management and to generate conservation strategies. It would help the environmentalists to conserve species in near future by formulating model for eco-sustenance of species as well as for the habitat conservation in other places.
Introduction to Agroforestry, Objectives of Agroforestry, Features of Agroforestry, Characteristics of Good Agroforestry systems, 4I system, Importance of Agroforestry etc
Maruthamalai hills of Western Ghats, Coimbatore District, Tamil Nadu - A pote...researchplantsciences
The dry deciduous forests of Maruthamalai, part of Western Ghats, Coimbatore district, Tamilnadu hold rich number of 201 species belonging to 153 genera of 51 families. The families Poaceae, Fabaceae, Mimosaceae and Euphorbiaceae have contributed high number of species 19, 18, 13, 12 respectively to the community. In the floristic list, a high number of 165 species (82.5%) is recognized as economically important also. Based on the importance value index secured, it is determined that the species like Acacia tora, Albizzia amara, A. lebbeck, Azadirachta indica, Chromolaena odorata, Commiphora caudata, Erythroxylon monogynum, Euphorbia antiquorum, Fluggea leucopyrus, Pterolobium indicum and Zizyphus oenoplia are considered to be ecologically important and established well in the low hills of Maruthamalai (450m above m.s.l.). In higher altitudes at 750m above msl, the species like Albizzia amara, Azadirachta indica, Chloroxylon swietenia, Commiphora caudata, Erythroxylon monogynum, Fluggea leucopyrus and Holoptelea integrifolia have secured higher importance value index and established well in the habitats. At 950m above m.s.l., the vegetation has been occupied predominantly by the species like Acacia torta, Albizzia amara, Commiphora caudata, Erythroxylon monogynum, Fluggea leucopyrus and Syzigium cumini as they derived higher importance value index. Among the 165 medicinal plants, 37 species (22%) where present in all the three plots located at different altitudes. Despite the variation in species composition and ecological importance at all levels of altitudes throughout the Maruthamalai hills, the habitat conditions are favourable for the growth of plants of higher secondary metabolites of medicinal importance. Hence wastelands available in Maruthamalai hills may be suggested for the cultivation of native medicinal and other economically important plants.
Article Citation:
Paulsamy S.
Maruthamalai hills of Western Ghats, Coimbatore District, Tamil Nadu –
A potential ecosystem for medicinal plants.
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2011) 1(1): 012-026.
Full Text:
http://plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0005.pdf
A numerical analysis of understory plant associations in a Pinus wallichiana ...Innspub Net
The present investigation describes the structure and vegetation composition of the forest located in Murree Hills, Punjab, Pakistan. The study area is a part of Himalayans moist temperate forest. The vegetation zone entirely consists of shrubs or medium size trees. The plants give the appearance of a vast flower bed, composed principally of herbaceous species. These species are adapted to withstand the extremes of cold and desiccation. Study area range in altitude from 2100m-2300 m (A.S.L.). A total of 65 species, belonging to 62 genera and 39 families were recorded from 40 stands. Angiosperms contributed a major share while Pteridophytes contributed little to the floristic richness of the area. Data were analyzed by multivariate statistics including Cluster Analysis, Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA) and correlation co-efficient to detect the relations between altitudinal and some environmental factors with composition and structure of the plant communities. DCA axis 1 and axis 2 were used to interpret the data. Four vegetation types were delineated by Cluster Analysis which was then plotted on the first two axes a scattered diagram. The outcome of the cluster was confirmed by using DCA. There were significant differences in the flora composition as well as the edaphic factors along the altitudinal gradient. The results of the present investigation suggest a direct altitudinal and soil chemical factors pH, EC, cations and anions on the vegetation variation. Topography predicts species composition of the study area.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay
Ethnobotanical Importance of Some Highly Medicinal plants of District Muzaffa...IOSR Journals
An ethnobotanical exploration was carried out in Muzaffarabad and its adjoining areas including
Jhelum Valley of the District Muzaffarabad during 2010-2011. All the plants with the ethnobotanical
importance were identified and segregated separately. The region is entirely mountainous, having sub-tropical
to dry temperate climate with distinct seasonal variations. This study mainly focused on the information
regarding traditional uses of plants over the years by local inhabitants. The informations were then confirmed
by Hakims and the old people of the areas. During the survey informations were collected from various sites,
i.e. Noon Bagla, Rahim Kot, Danna Kachilee, Kot Terhala, Sanwarrian, Chikar, Chikothi, Kathiee, Qazi Nag,
Rashian, Daokhun, Mojee, Lamnian, Nardaggian, Pandu, Hatian Balla, Ghahi Dopatta, Chinnari, Rabanee,
Bani Hafiz, Domel, Hattian Dopatta, Khanssian, Nandi Ka Sar, Sing Paharee,Nari Bela, Khalla Butt and
Leepa. The plants were used medicinally and for other purposes. The investigations resulted that usually one
plant or a mixture of two or more plant is used. The unplanned exploitation had resulted in the loss of
medicinally important plant species. It was concluded that afforestation programme followed by proper
protection is need of time.
Introduction to Agroforestry, Objectives of Agroforestry, Features of Agroforestry, Characteristics of Good Agroforestry systems, 4I system, Importance of Agroforestry etc
Maruthamalai hills of Western Ghats, Coimbatore District, Tamil Nadu - A pote...researchplantsciences
The dry deciduous forests of Maruthamalai, part of Western Ghats, Coimbatore district, Tamilnadu hold rich number of 201 species belonging to 153 genera of 51 families. The families Poaceae, Fabaceae, Mimosaceae and Euphorbiaceae have contributed high number of species 19, 18, 13, 12 respectively to the community. In the floristic list, a high number of 165 species (82.5%) is recognized as economically important also. Based on the importance value index secured, it is determined that the species like Acacia tora, Albizzia amara, A. lebbeck, Azadirachta indica, Chromolaena odorata, Commiphora caudata, Erythroxylon monogynum, Euphorbia antiquorum, Fluggea leucopyrus, Pterolobium indicum and Zizyphus oenoplia are considered to be ecologically important and established well in the low hills of Maruthamalai (450m above m.s.l.). In higher altitudes at 750m above msl, the species like Albizzia amara, Azadirachta indica, Chloroxylon swietenia, Commiphora caudata, Erythroxylon monogynum, Fluggea leucopyrus and Holoptelea integrifolia have secured higher importance value index and established well in the habitats. At 950m above m.s.l., the vegetation has been occupied predominantly by the species like Acacia torta, Albizzia amara, Commiphora caudata, Erythroxylon monogynum, Fluggea leucopyrus and Syzigium cumini as they derived higher importance value index. Among the 165 medicinal plants, 37 species (22%) where present in all the three plots located at different altitudes. Despite the variation in species composition and ecological importance at all levels of altitudes throughout the Maruthamalai hills, the habitat conditions are favourable for the growth of plants of higher secondary metabolites of medicinal importance. Hence wastelands available in Maruthamalai hills may be suggested for the cultivation of native medicinal and other economically important plants.
Article Citation:
Paulsamy S.
Maruthamalai hills of Western Ghats, Coimbatore District, Tamil Nadu –
A potential ecosystem for medicinal plants.
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2011) 1(1): 012-026.
Full Text:
http://plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0005.pdf
A numerical analysis of understory plant associations in a Pinus wallichiana ...Innspub Net
The present investigation describes the structure and vegetation composition of the forest located in Murree Hills, Punjab, Pakistan. The study area is a part of Himalayans moist temperate forest. The vegetation zone entirely consists of shrubs or medium size trees. The plants give the appearance of a vast flower bed, composed principally of herbaceous species. These species are adapted to withstand the extremes of cold and desiccation. Study area range in altitude from 2100m-2300 m (A.S.L.). A total of 65 species, belonging to 62 genera and 39 families were recorded from 40 stands. Angiosperms contributed a major share while Pteridophytes contributed little to the floristic richness of the area. Data were analyzed by multivariate statistics including Cluster Analysis, Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA) and correlation co-efficient to detect the relations between altitudinal and some environmental factors with composition and structure of the plant communities. DCA axis 1 and axis 2 were used to interpret the data. Four vegetation types were delineated by Cluster Analysis which was then plotted on the first two axes a scattered diagram. The outcome of the cluster was confirmed by using DCA. There were significant differences in the flora composition as well as the edaphic factors along the altitudinal gradient. The results of the present investigation suggest a direct altitudinal and soil chemical factors pH, EC, cations and anions on the vegetation variation. Topography predicts species composition of the study area.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay
Ethnobotanical Importance of Some Highly Medicinal plants of District Muzaffa...IOSR Journals
An ethnobotanical exploration was carried out in Muzaffarabad and its adjoining areas including
Jhelum Valley of the District Muzaffarabad during 2010-2011. All the plants with the ethnobotanical
importance were identified and segregated separately. The region is entirely mountainous, having sub-tropical
to dry temperate climate with distinct seasonal variations. This study mainly focused on the information
regarding traditional uses of plants over the years by local inhabitants. The informations were then confirmed
by Hakims and the old people of the areas. During the survey informations were collected from various sites,
i.e. Noon Bagla, Rahim Kot, Danna Kachilee, Kot Terhala, Sanwarrian, Chikar, Chikothi, Kathiee, Qazi Nag,
Rashian, Daokhun, Mojee, Lamnian, Nardaggian, Pandu, Hatian Balla, Ghahi Dopatta, Chinnari, Rabanee,
Bani Hafiz, Domel, Hattian Dopatta, Khanssian, Nandi Ka Sar, Sing Paharee,Nari Bela, Khalla Butt and
Leepa. The plants were used medicinally and for other purposes. The investigations resulted that usually one
plant or a mixture of two or more plant is used. The unplanned exploitation had resulted in the loss of
medicinally important plant species. It was concluded that afforestation programme followed by proper
protection is need of time.
Environmental science Module 2 Topic. This PPT is not a work of mine and was provided by our college professor during our graduation, so I am not sure about the original author. The credit goes to the Original author.
2 k jeyaprakash diversity of medicinal plants used by adi community in and ar...Dheeraj Vasu
The present survey was carried out from March 2014 to June 2016 to document the diversity of medicinal plants among the Adi community in four settlements which are located nearby area of Daying Ering Memorial Wild Life Sanctuary, Arunachal Pradesh, North East India. The information was obtained through open and face-to-face interviews with the local knowledgeable people. A total of 73 plant species belonging to 66 genera and 44 families were documented in the study. The dominant family in the survey was Asteraceae (eight species) followed by Euphorbiaceae (seven species). Of the collected ethno medicinal plants, 46% herbs followed by 36% shrubs, 11% trees and 7% climbers. Among the different plant parts used for the preparation of medicine, leaves were mostly used and predominantly used herbal preparations were taking raw materials directly followed by decoction. The herbal medicines to treat variety of ailments such as to heal cuts and wounds (eight species), jaundice (six species), bone fracture and gastritis (six species each), blood pressure, and ring worm (four species each), diarrhoea, headache, snake bite and toothache (three species each), anaemia, antidote, asthma, diabetes, expel worms, gynaecological problems, loose motion, malaria, sinusitis, skin disease and stomach problems (two species each) and other diseases containing one species each were recorded. The plants like Alstonia scholaris, Diplazium esculentum, and Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides should be given priority in conservation point of view, since these plants eroding rapidly in study area due to over-exploitation. The usage of plants by the Adi community reflects their interest in herbal medicine and further investigation on these species may lead to the discovery of novel bioactive molecules.
🌲🦁 Forest and wildlife resources are the lifelines of our planet, nurturing biodiversity, maintaining ecological balance, and supporting countless life forms. 🌍 Understanding their significance is key to preserving our natural heritage sustainably. 🌿 Join me as we delve into the types, importance, threats, and conservation measures of these vital resources in our class 10 journey! 📚 Let's protect and cherish our forests and wildlife for generations to come. 🌳🐾
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
4 [Biodiversity 1] - Latest Res (1).pptPreeti633690
Introduction - Definition: genetic, species and ecosystem diversity 2. Biogeographical classification of India 3. Value of biodiversity:
consumptive use, productive use, social, ethical aesthetic and option values 4. Biodiversity at global, national and local levels, India as a
mega-diversity nation 5. Hot-spots of biodiversity, 6. Threats to biodiversity: habitat loss, poaching of wildlife, man wildlife conflicts 7.
Endangered and endemic species of India 8. Conservation of biodiversity: In-situ and Ex-situ conservation of biodiversity 9. Biological
Diversity Act, 2002
This presentation is based on the PhD Course work which applies the subject that Advances in Botany, deliberated things are referred from different sources. Books, PDFs, Websites, etc.
Ethno-ecological importance of plant biodiversity in mountain ecosystems with...Shujaul Mulk Khan
Mountain ecosystems support a high biological diversity and a large number of endangered plant species
many of which are ecological indicators of those specific habitats. The Himalayas are the world’s youngest,
highest and largest mountain range and support a high plant biodiversity. People living in this region
use their traditional ecological knowledge to utilize local natural resources and hence have valuable
understanding about their surroundings. Many areas within this region still remain poorly known for
their floristic diversity, plant species distribution and vegetation ecosystem services, yet the indigenous
people depend heavily upon local plant resources and, through unsustainable use, can cause an
irreversible loss of plant species. The valley used in this study is typical of such areas and occupies
a distinctive geographical location on the edge of the western Himalayan range, close to the Hindu
Kush range to the west and the Karakorum Mountains to the north. It is also located on geological
and climatic divides, which further add to its ecological interest. This paper focuses on (i) identification
of ecological indicators at various elevation zones across an altitudinal range of 2450–4100 m and
(ii) recognition of social perceptions of plant species populations based on the ecosystem services that
they provide. We used robust approaches to identify the plant indicator species of various elevation
zones. Using phytosociological techniques, Importance Values (IVs) for each plant species were calculated.
The statistical package PCORDS was used to evaluate the species area curves and indicator species
for each elevation zone. Data attribute plots derived from Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) using
CANOCO were deployed to illustrate the location of indicator species in each habitat type. Furthermore,
the social perceptions of the local inhabitants as to whether the populations of the recorded species
were increasing or decreasing over the recent past were recorded. We argue that the assessment of
ecological indicators combined with the ecological knowledge of the indigenous population can assist
in developing priorities for local and regional conservation strategies, especially for fragile mountain
ecosystems.
Medicinal flora and ethnoecological knowledge in the Naran Valley, Western H...Shujaul Mulk Khan
Background
Mountain ecosystems all over the world support a high biological diversity and provide home and services to some 12% of the global human population, who use their traditional ecological knowledge to utilise local natural resources. The Himalayas are the world's youngest, highest and largest mountain range and support a high plant biodiversity. In this remote mountainous region of the Himalaya, people depend upon local plant resources to supply a range of goods and services, including grazing for livestock and medicinal supplies for themselves. Due to their remote location, harsh climate, rough terrain and topography, many areas within this region still remain poorly known for its floristic diversity, plant species distribution and vegetation ecosystem service.
Methods
The Naran valley in the north-western Pakistan is among such valleys and occupies a distinctive geographical location on the edge of the Western Himalaya range, close to the Hindu Kush range to the west and the Karakorum Mountains to the north. It is also located on climatic and geological divides, which further add to its botanical interest. In the present project 120 informants were interviewed at 12 main localities along the 60 km long valley. This paper focuses on assessment of medicinal plant species valued by local communities using their traditional knowledge.
Results
Results revealed that 101 species belonging to 52 families (51.5% of the total plants) were used for 97 prominent therapeutic purposes. The largest number of ailments cured with medicinal plants were associated with the digestive system (32.76% responses) followed by those associated with the respiratory and urinary systems (13.72% and 9.13% respectively). The ailments associated with the blood circulatory and reproductive systems and the skin were 7.37%, 7.04% and 7.03%, respectively. The results also indicate that whole plants were used in 54% of recipes followed by rhizomes (21%), fruits (9.5%) and roots (5.5%).
Conclusion
Our findings demonstrate the range of ecosystem services that are provided by the vegetation and assess how utilisation of plants will impact on future resource sustainability. The study not only contributes to an improved understanding of traditional ethno-ecological knowledge amongst the peoples of the Western Himalaya but also identifies priorities at species and habitat level for local and regional plant conservation strategies.
Keywords: Biodiversity conservation; Ecosystem services; Medicinal plants; Vegetation
Climate Change and Public Health in the Treatment of Fever in Adilabad Distri...iosrjce
Ancient man had found the ways and means of usage of plants to cure his health disorders. Plant
induced increases in allergic rhinitis like high fever the distinct seasonal sources of plant pollen, trees, grasses,
and ragweed. Quantity and seasonality of pollen depend in large part on plant responses to climatic and
meteorological variables. However, changes in such variables are likely as a result of anthropogenic influences
on levels of atmospheric CO2, and enhancement of the greenhouse effect, with subsequent impacts on plant
growth and pollen production. The knowledge of preparation of medicines of various parts such as root, tuber,
stem, bark, leaves, flower, fruit, seed, and whole plant, formed a parallel system of medicine the ethno medicine,
which exclusively uses the plants and herbal products for the treatment of diseases. Fever is one such common
disease characterized by an elevation of body temperature above the normal range of 36.5 – 37.5o C (98-
100oF). This triggers increased muscle tone and shivering. The present study emphasized the documentation
and analysis of indigenous herbal medicinal knowledge existing in curing different types of fever by different
communities of Adilabad district. The survey in the rural areas of Adilabad district was carried out during
January 2007 – December 2011. In all medicinal practitioners were interviewed using structured questionnaires.
nice well......it will help in many projects
it will also help you in many activities and all about things......
my self
Tanishq Chawda
class IX
all the best for your journey guys
.....
.....
Exploration and inventorying of weeds in wheat CROP OF THE DISTRIC T MALAKAN...Shujaul Mulk Khan
District Malakand lies on the northern side of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. The landscape represents both plain and hilly regions. Various kinds of crops are grown among which wheat is cultivated on large scale. In order to explore weed species diversity in the region, a phytosociological survey was conducted in the summer 2014. Such study was required as there has been no such record of weeds diversity of the region. Different fields were selected at various localities of the district. The total number of fields selected was 120 and in each field 10, 1x1m 2 quadrats were laid. A questionnaire was also circulated to investigate about the farming practices and most dangerous species of weeds having greater effect on production and post harvest losses of wheat. Plants were collected from various localities, voucher numbers were given to specimens and other relevant data pertaining to locality i.e., habitat, habit, family, scientific and local names of each species. Mounted copy of each voucher specimen was deposited to the Herbarium of Hazara University Mansehra. This study not only provided first inventory of weed plants but it also helped point out most dangerous species related to wheat yield losses. Results of this study revealed a total of 132 weeds plant species belonging to 110 genera and 42 families. Most of the species investigated were Angiosperms. Family Asteraceae was the richest family related to species diversity with 18 species and 17 genera. It is followed by Poaceae having 16 species and 16 genera. Next in succession are family Brasicaceae with 10 genera and 16 species and family Boraginaceae with 5 genera and 7 species. Other families like Caryophyllaceae, Papilionaceae, Fabaceae, Polygonaceae, Scrophulariaceae and Umbilliferae have 6,6,4,5,4 and 3 species and 6,3,4,3,3 and 3 genera respectively. Species like Silybum marianum (Asteraceae), Emex spinosa (Polygonaceae) and Circium arvense (Asteraceae) are considered to be the most threatening species during the time of harvesting the crop. Further study along this line is the basic part of the on-going project which will provide a base line for the development of agricultural crops in the region.
Congenital Agenesis Of The Corpus Callosum With Intracerebral Lipoma And Fron...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
“Hemodynamic and recovery profile with Dexmedetomidine and Fentanyl in intrac...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Correlation of Estrogen and Progesterone Receptor expression in Breast Canceriosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Analytical Study of Urine Samples for Epidemiology of Urinary Tract Infection...iosrphr_editor
The current study was carried out in District Abbottabad aimed to determine the common urinary
tract infections in local community to determine the epidemiology of significant diseases in asymptomatic patients
of renal disorder. In this study a total of 1000 urine samples were examined during 3rd February to 1st April 2015
from patients attending Ayub Teaching Hospital Abbottabad by using dipstick and microscopic analysis of urine.
There were 638 females and 362 males patients examined during this period. The range of age groups is between
1.5 years to 80 years. Results of this study was reported as Pyuria 11%, Proteinuria 21.1%, Hematuria 10.4%,
Epithelial Cells 8.2%, pH 7.8 %, Granular casts 7.3%, Triple phosphate 6.6%, Calcium oxalate 6.4%, Glycosuria
6.3%, Bacteria 6.2% and mucous 4.1%. This study concludes that routing urinalysis should be performed for all
individuals to diagnose the asymptomatic diseases that will help in simple therapeutic measurements as urinalysis
is a simple step to determine the root of Urinary tract disorders.
Chest sonography images in neonatal r.d.s. And proposed gradingiosrphr_editor
BACKGROUND : Lung sonography has been used to monitor the patients of R.D.S. in
N.I.C.U. in recent times.
AIMS : To Describe and Grade the changes of R.D.S. by lung sonography.
SETTING & DESIGN : Tertiary care institutional set up in a rural medical college.
STUDY DURATION : September 2014 to May 2015. Follow-up variable, upto 2 weeks.
PROSPECTIVE, ANALYTICAL STUDY.
MATERIALS AND METHODS -This was a single institute study approved by the institutional ethics
committee. Prior informed consent was obtained from the parents. 100 consecutive patients admitted in
N.I.C.U. WITH gestational age < 36 weeks with respiratory complaints were enrolled. Chest x-ray was
obtained within few hours of admission and lung sonography was performed within 24 hours. Follow – up
sonography was performed as and when necessary. Sonography image was graded and correlated with chest
xray and clinical picture
The Comprehensive Review on Fat Soluble Vitaminsiosrphr_editor
This review article deals with brief description of fat soluble vitamins with figures and tables
showing statistical analytical data duly quoting the references wherever necessary. The word “soluble” actually
means “able to be dissolved.” Whether a vitamin is classified as 'fat-soluble' or 'water-soluble' has to do with
how the vitamin is absorbed, stored and removed from the body. Vitamins are tiny organic compounds with a
huge impact on the health and well-being of the body. The body needs a small amount of fat soluble vitamins in
order to stay in optimal health. Fat soluble vitamins play an important role in keeping the body healthy and
functioning from immune system and muscle and heart function, easy flow and clotting of blood as well as eye
health. They are critical to health and wellness–particularly reproductive health and wellness. Low-fat, no-fat
and vegan diets are woefully lacking in fat soluble vitamins. However a diet based on traditional foods can
naturally provide these vitamins. Science is still learning about many of the functions of vitamins. "Too much
vitamin A, D, or K can lead to increased levels that are unhealthy and can cause serious health consequences.
Diseased conditions leading to decreased fat absorption leads to decreased absorption of vitamins. The fatsoluble
vitamins work most safely and effectively when obtained them from natural foods within the context of a
diet rich in all their synergistic partners. If fat soluble vitamins are stored for lengthy time they generate threat
for toxicity than water soluble vitamins and such situation even aggravated, provided they are consumed in
excess. Vitamin products, above the legal limits are not considered food supplements and must be registered as
prescription or non-prescription (over-the-counter drugs) due to their potential side effects. Vitamin A and E
supplements do not provide health benefits for healthy individuals, instead they may enhance mortality, and it is
held proved that beta-carotene supplements can be harmful to smokers
Sulphasalazine Induced Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis A Case Reportiosrphr_editor
Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN) is a rare and life threatening mucocutaneous reaction
characterized by extensive necrosis and detachment of epidermis. The Worldwide incidence of TEN is 0.9 to 1.4
per million populations per year [1]. Here we have discussed a case of Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis secondary
to Sulfasalazine managed with fluid replacement, analgesics, anti-infective therapy aggressive nutritional
support and intravenous high dose steroid therapy.
Keywords- Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis, Sulfasalazine
Evaluation the efficacy of IVIgG in treatment of Hemolytic Disease of Newborniosrphr_editor
Hemolytic disease of newborn (HDN) is an important cause of hyperbilirubinemia in the
neonatal period,and delayed diagnosis and treatment may lead to permanent brain damage. Traditional
neonatal treatment of HDN is intensive phototherapy and exchange transfusion.Intravenous
immunoglobulin(IVIgG) has been introduced as an alternative therapy to exchange transfusion. This study was
conducted to assess the effect of IVIG in HDN .
FIBROLIPOMATOUS HAMARTOMA OF ULNAR NERVE: A RARE CASE REPORT.iosrphr_editor
Nervous fibrolipomatous hamartoma is said to be a rare tumor-like condition involving the peripheral
nerves,in which the epineurium and perineurium are enlarged and distorted by excess of fatty and fibrous tissue
s that infiltrate between and around nerve boundaries. The median nerve is more likely to develop a hamartoma
than other nerves with a predilection for the carpal tunnel.
A fibrolipomatous hamartoma – is a rare, benign, congenital lesion most commonly found in the median nerve,
usually at the level of the wrist or hand.
We report a case of this rare condition in ulnar nerve.
SELF MEDICATION PRACTICES FOR ORAL HEALTH PROBLEMS AMONG DENTAL PATIENTS IN B...iosrphr_editor
Introduction: Self‑ medication is commonly practiced all over the world. Self-medication is defined as the use
of medication by a patient on his own initiative or on the advice of a pharmacist or a lay person instead of
consulting a medical practitioner. The present study was aimed to estimate the prevalence of self-medication for
oral health problems among dental patients in Bengaluru city; to identify triggering factors that could influence
self-medication practices; to identify sources of medications used; to identify sources of information about
medications used; and to identify reasons for self-medication.Study Design: A Cross sectional Study.Methods:A
survey was conducted among 175 subjects among dental patients in Bengaluru city. Data were collected
through a specially designed proforma using a closed‑ ended, self‑ administered questionnaire containing 15
questions, in five sections.
Results: The prevalence of
Clinico-haematological Profile of Falciparum Malaria in a Rural Hospital of T...iosrphr_editor
Aim: To study the clinico-haematological profile malaria in a rural hospital of Tripura.
Material and methods: A cross-sectional hospital-based study was done from at Kulai District
Hospital,Tripura. This hospital based cross sectional study was done on 60 confirmed cases of falciparum
malaria (either by peripheral smear or rapid diagnostic test) admitted in Kulai District Hospital. A case sheet
proforma was prepared and data (demographic profile,clinical feature, investigation, treatment, and
complication) from all indoor patients was collected and analyzed.
Result: Out of 60 patients, 40(66.6%) were males and 20 (33.4%) were females. Most of the patients were
between the age group 21-40 years with the highest prevalence between the age group of 21-30. Fever was the
most common symptom. Anemia was present in 42(70%) patients, out of which 6(10%) patients had severe
anemia. Thrombocytopenia was present in 36(60%) patients.Abnormal liver function tests were observed in
26(43.3%) subjects while abnormal kidney function tests were observed in16(26.6%) patients. All the 60
patients received Artemisinin based antimalarial drugs.
Conclusion: Early detection, prompt management, and adequate supportive therapy may reduce mortality due
to falciparum cerebral malaria.
Indonesian Wild Ginger (Zingiber sp) Extract: Antibacterial Activity against ...iosrphr_editor
Lempuyang gajah (Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Smith), lempuyang pahit (Zingiber amaricans BL.), and
lempuyang wangi (Zingiber aromaticum Vahl.) are used as traditional medicine (jamu) in Indonesia. It is also
used for treatment of microbial infections, helps to increase appetite and stimulate digestion in chickens.
Information on their uses are available, but only limited in the scientific data on their bioactivity. The study was
conducted on the antibacterial effect of organic extracts of these plants with Mycoplasma gallisepticum as the
agent of chronic respiratory disease in chickens. Juice and extracts of fresh and dried rhizome are evaluated
through the disc diffusion assay and minimum inhibitory concentration. Oxytetracyclin (30 µg) are used as
standards. All extracts are individually exhibited as antibacterial activity against Mycoplasma gallisepticum (7
± 0.11 mm to 21 ± 0.86 mm). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination of plants extracts are
ranged from 7.8 mg/ml to 31.2 mg/ml. The preliminary results suggested promising antibacterial properties of
wild ginger from Indonesia, and probably could be used in management of chronic respiratory disease in
chickens.
A case of allergy and food sensitivity: the nasunin, natural color of eggplantiosrphr_editor
Abstract: Allergies and food sensitivities can both be considered as "adverse reactions individualistic" to food.
Are pathological and individual forms because they affect a few individuals in way rather serious; immediate
or delayed reactions occur instead with simple effects histamine, or, in severe cases with respiratory and
anaphylactic shock
The eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is known to cause food allergies in some Asian countries, but detailed
studies on allergies caused by eggplant are lacking, however, it was highlighted the presence of allergens in
edible parts of eggplant with preponderance in the peel .
The purpose of this study was to propose an extraction method rapid, efficient and cost of natural dye from
waste products from the food industry, such as the peels of eggplant, from which it was extracted, isolated and
purified the nasunin,a colored molecule in red-fuchsia.
Nasusin was tested on 58 patients to evaluate the potential sensitizing effect on the skin. The results demonstrate
that allergenic effects are negligible and therefore the nasunin can be used as a colorant in various industrial
sectors with a certain safety margin
Complete NMR Assignment of MogrosidesII A2, II E andIII A1Isolated from Luo H...iosrphr_editor
NMR analysis allowed complete assignments of three known mogrol glycosides, Mogroside IIA2 (1),
II E (2)and IIIA1 (3), isolated from the extracts of Luo Han Guo. Herein, complete 1H and 13C NMR
assignmentsof all threemogrosidesare described based on NMR experiments (1H NMR, 13C NMR, COSY,
HSQC-DEPT, HMBC, NOESY and 1DTOCSY) and mass spectral data.
Nanoemulsion and Nanoemulgel as a Topical Formulationiosrphr_editor
: Nanoemulsion is referred type of emulsion with uniform and extremely small droplet size in the range
of 20-200 nm. Nanoemulsion provides numerous advantages over other carrier such as polymeric nanoparticle
and liposomes, including low cost preparation procedure, high hydrophilic and lipophilic drug loading system
to enhance the longer shelf live upon preserving the therapeutic agents. Incorporating the preparation of
nanoemulsion with hydrogel matrix to produce nanoemulgel exhibited by the two separate systems that forming
it. Nanoemulgel possesses the properties of thixotropic, non-greasy, effortlessly spreadable, easily be removed,
emollient, not staining, soluble in water, longer shelf life, bio-friendly, translucent and agreeable appearance.
Pharmacokinetics of High-Dose Methotrexate in Egyptian Children with Acute Ly...iosrphr_editor
Aim:Since several factors have been shown to influence the clearance of methotrexate, the purpose of this study
was to identify potential relationships between patient covariates and the methotrexate clearance estimates and
deduce a pharmacokinetic model for the estimation of methotrexate clearance in Egyptian pediatric ALL
patients that may help dosage adjustment and achieve target steady-state plasma concentrations in a similar
sittings.
Patients and methods: A total of 94 pediatric patients with B-cell ALL, of whom 70 were the studied population
and 24 were the test population, were treated with four courses of HDMTX doses 2.5 gm/m2
(low-risk arm) or 5
gm/m2
(standard-/high-risk arm) given every other week by intermittent intravenous infusions over 24 hours as
a part of their treatment protocol. Patients were monitored for the 24 hour MTX concentration and the systemic
methotrexate clearance was calculated for each methotrexate dose
Epidemiology of Tuberculosis (TB) in Albania 1998-2009iosrphr_editor
Abstract : In Albania, many people erroneously think that tuberculosis (TB) is a disease of the past-an illness
that no longer constitutes a public health threat. Surveillance is an integral part of tuberculosis (TB) control.
Albania has a highTB notification rate and there are doubts about underreporting. The evolution of the
incidence of tuberculosis is presented, together with more detailed figures over the period 1998-2009. These
figures were obtained by the monthly forms (called 14/Sh) compared with the individual notification data.
Objective: To examine the distribution and sources of increased tuberculosis (TB) morbidity and reporting
system deficiencies in the Albania from 1998 through 2009. Metodology: The study is descriptive one conductet
during the period 1998-2009. The statistical analysis is based on data reported from regional level (regional
epidemiological departments) to the central level (Public Health Institute). Results: The main findings were:
discordance between the collected data (individual form) and reported data (monthly form); tuberculosis
incidence rate shows little oscillations which ranges from 6.67 to 9.2 cases/100.000 population; 50% of the
regions show a lack of information on the confirmation of diagnosis and laboratory examination type used for
confirmation. Conclusion: TB disease in high-risk populations where it is difficult to detect, diagnose, and treat;
limitations of current control measures and the need for new tests and treatments, including an effective
vaccine; improving information system, regulation of individual form and personnel training.
Total Phenol and Antioxidant from Seed and Peel of Ripe and Unripe of Indones...iosrphr_editor
Study on total phenol and antioxidantactivity ofsugar apple fruits of various solvent, part of fruits, and level of ripening. Solvent extraction used were 80% (v/v) methanol, 50% (v/v) acetone, boiling water, and 50% (v/v) ethanol. Part of fruits thatbeen used for samples were seed and peel which are normally by products of sugar apple processing, level of ripening were unripe, and ripe sugar apple fruits. Total phenol was determined by Folin-ciocalteau method. Total antioxidant was quantified by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) method.Therewas a difference in type of solvent, part of fruits, and level of ripeningon total phenol and antioxidant concentration of sugar apple fruits. Seeds have higher total phenol concentration than peels of this fruits. Unripe sugar apple fruits have higher total phenol and antioxidant than ripe fruit. The best solvent for phenol extraction was ethanol 50%butthe best solvent for antioxidant extraction was acetone 50%.
A Review on Step-by-Step Analytical Method Validationiosrphr_editor
When analytical method is utilized to generate results about the characteristics of drug related samples it is essential that the results are trustworthy. They may be utilized as the basis for decisions relating to administering the drug to patients. Analytical method validation required during drug development and manufacturing and these analytical methods are fit for their intended purpose. To comply with the requirements of GMP pharmaceutical industries should have an overall validation policy which documents how validation will be performed. The purpose of this validation is to show that processes involved in the development and manufacture of drug, production and analytical testing can be performed in an effective and reproducible manner. This review article provides guidance on how to perform validation characteristics for the analytical method which are utilized in pharmaceutical analysis.
A Cross Sectional Study of Ethnic Differences in Occurrence and Severity of A...iosrphr_editor
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are the most widely used "over the counter" medication all over the world despite their complications in different major organs. Present studies envisaged for knowing the occurrence and severity of adverse drug reactions from NSAIDs in different ethnic communities of Sikkim. A cross sectional study was undertaken in the medicine outpatients department of a secondary and tertiary care hospital. The patients belonging to Nepalese, Bhutias, Lepchas ethnic communities and others community (settlers from other parts of India) were included to analyzed the data based on the age and gender, ethnicity and ADRs, drugs and ADRs. Severity assessment was done using Hartwing and Siegel scale and causality assessment by Naranjo scale. Total 109 cases of ADRs, predominating in female were detected. Nepalese were the most affected and Gastrointestinal tract (GIT) being the most affected organ in them. Diclofenac showed maximum number of ADRs in all the communities. Maximum number of cases occurred on single day use (40.36%) of drugs. All the cases were belonging to the "possible category" and the maximum being the mild (72.48%) in nature. It is advisable to consider the ethnic/racial differences equally with other factors, to improve the safety and efficacy of a drug.
Factory Supply Best Quality Pmk Oil CAS 28578–16–7 PMK Powder in Stockrebeccabio
Factory Supply Best Quality Pmk Oil CAS 28578–16–7 PMK Powder in Stock
Telegram: bmksupplier
signal: +85264872720
threema: TUD4A6YC
You can contact me on Telegram or Threema
Communicate promptly and reply
Free of customs clearance, Double Clearance 100% pass delivery to USA, Canada, Spain, Germany, Netherland, Poland, Italy, Sweden, UK, Czech Republic, Australia, Mexico, Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan.Door to door service
Hot Selling Organic intermediates
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
1. IOSR Journal Of Pharmacy
(e)-ISSN: 2250-3013, (p)-ISSN: 2319-4219
www.iosrphr.org Volume 4, Issue 4 (April 2014), Pp 53-79
53
An Ecological Journey to Pandam through Mulgaon Areas of
Darjeeling Himalaya with Special Reference to Monitoring Of
Vegetation in West Bengal, India
Debabrata Das
Angiospermic Taxonomy and Ecology Laboratory, Post Graduate Department of Botany
Darjeeling Govt. College, Darjeeling, West Bengal, India
Ex-JRF, CNH, ICFRE Project, Ex-JRF, SRF, CNH, BSI, Howrah-1, West Bengal, India
ABSTRACT: The paper reflects the ecological dynamics of vegetation with special reference to burning
problems that are increasing day by day in villages of Darjeeling Himalaya of West Bengal, India. It includes
floras (Roadside, shrubberies, jungles, forests, agricultural land, ridges and furrows of barren hill slopes, near
waste water falls, near fresh water falls, grass lands, gardens of private kind, pasture land, vest land etc.), some
faunas, agriculture, forestry etc. of the villages. The article also reflects some ecological problems of Eastern
Himalaya particularly in Darjeeling area where water problem is severe one including different occupational
problems. Sexual problem is also another problem in hills which is related with sexually transmitted diseases
(STDs). The drinking water of the hill is not good, because they use locally available water coming from source
of top hills by normal leaching process. Therefore, in ecological journey author broadcasts transportation
problems of water as well as for life-style of people have been discussed thoroughly. Education and research
problems is also highlighted in this article, so as a whole the paper is a nominal one facing scenario of
Ecological Problems and prospects of the same. Here, author highlights dynamics of vegetation through which
people can mitigate the ecological problems and easily can restore ecosystem pristine in hill villages of
Darjeeling Himalaya. This would be helpful for different researchers and students of PG and UG courses to
take research problems during project dissertation and post PG students for research and extension programme
in the said area. Not only that, I think in near future NGOs and Government should take care to develop
different projects at the premises of the Hill villages so that they would take the opportunity for all round
development of the society. As a whole, the eco-restoration of the habitat would be better through the research
and extension programme in such areas via a model example in all rural areas of hills. Institutions and
departments will generate opportunity to work there if become interested through this article with some
examples thereby.
KEYWORDS: Mulgaon vegetation dynamics and trends of Succession, Agriculture-Water related problems,
Food-Fodder, Economy to Ecology, Eco-restoration.
I. INTRODUCTION
Darjeeling Himalaya fall under Eastern Himalayan region in India which is situated between 87°59' -
88°53' E and 28°31' - 27°13' N in the northern part of West Bengal State of India. It has an area of 3,149 sq km.
The annual mean maximum temperature is 14.9° C and annual mean minimum temperature is 8.9° C and
average annual rainfall is 3092 mm. (Sharma, 2013). The altitudinal range of this hilly region varies from 150 to
3636 meter resulting in a huge contrast and diversity in climate and vegetation (Saha et al, 2011). The district is
surrounded by Bhutan in the east, Nepal in the west and Sikkim of India in the north. Due to similar
environmental and cultural conditions, the major inhabitants of Darjeeling hills and its surrounding areas are
bonded together by Nepali language, the medium of communication among the different ethnic groups, viz.
Lepchas, Bhutias, Rai, Sherpa, Tamang, Mangar, Gurung and Kagatay of the Nepali communities (Rai and
Bhujel, 1999). Traditionally, chief occupation of the people of Darjeeling had been agriculture, agro forestry,
horticulture and animal husbandry. A wide range of microclimatic sites under a wide array of climatic zones are
available here, that allow growing more luxuriant biota in a proper naturally managed environment. The
climates favour the luxuriant growth of diversified floral and faunal elements and make the vegetation as a
climatic climax. Therefore, the gradient of this region is also diverse with gentle range of natural flora. So, the
area boosts luxuriant growth of ground vegetation of angiosperms along with different mosses, liverworts,
lichens, fungi, algae and cyano-bacteria. The shrubby vegetation of different members aggregate the small
patches along the dominant tree species there in a two or three layered canopy system, which have high
coverage of litter fall.
2. An Ecological Journey To Pandam Through…
54
Not only the coverage of floral elements, there present many endemic, rare, threatened and endangered category. A
good number of populates are present there in a remote village nearby and collecting plant material for their home garden.
These also found in their homesteads, in crop fields and in communal lands. The exact situation about the position of plant
and their uses are still not cleared due to landing a less number of biosocial research projects. So, practice and enumeration
regarding the fate of plants of important groups are necessary to clarify the ecological problems in the said area and to draw
a managerial line between the source and sink of the plants or the plant products in near future. Therefore, in this
communication, an attempt has been made to document the vegetation first time as preliminary study for the floral elements
present in the remote areas of hilly Darjeeling along with the fate of them. Ethnic knowledge as well as scientific knowledge
of the people and the environmentalists of rural Darjeeling Himalaya has been raised to enforce the ecosystem sound and
healthy in near future. So, as a whole this is a study of vegetation dynamics and monitoring of ecosystem through different
ways to clarify the situation which is formally unknown to all. It includes the data base of the eco-research of some patches
with the help of local resource persons to measure the ecosystem sound and eco-friendly. Vegetation is always playing a key
role to sustain the environment normal even take part as a relation (kith and kin) to the biota of other kind virtually as god.
Darjeeling Himalaya is a similar kind of nature friendly ecosystem which boosts so many types of floral elements in varied
ecosystems. A large number of plant species found here which have significant role to sustain the life-style of Darjeeling
peoples in a need based way by different mode.
The forests are dominated mostly by local tree species and other common plants viz. Alnus nepalensis
(Utis), Schima waliichii (Chilauney), Mallotus alba (Jogi Malata), M. roxburghianus (Fushrey Malata),
Bischofia javanica (Kaijal), Bassia butyraceae (Chewri), Betula alnoides (Saur), Firmiana colorata
(Firfiray), Ficus cunia (Khanew), Styrax serrulatum (Khanew), Sterculea villosa (Odal), Cephalostachyum
capitatum (Payong), Brassiopsis mitis (Chulatro), Duabanga sonneratioides (Lampatey), Viburnum
colebrookianum (Asaray), Cinelina arborea (Khamari), Ficus nemoralis (Dudalo), F. benjamina (Ber),
Ficus religiosa (Pipal), Quercus lanceafolia (Katus), Morus indica (Kimbu), Fraxinus paxiana var.
sikkimensis (Lakuri), Andromeda villosa (Angeri), Shorea robusta (Sal), Eupatorium cannabinum (Kalo
banmara), Costus speciosus (Betlauri), Artemisia vulgaris (Titaypati), Laportea terminalis (Sisno),
Heracleum walichii (Chimphing) etc. (Bhujel, 1996).
All the people of the remote area are very poor as they collect food, fodder, wood, medicine, sticks of
bamboos and bet (Calamus sp.) from local environment for different purposes. All the villagers have terrace
crop cultivation. The principal crops cultivated are maize, rice, pulses, millets, etc. but most of the villagers earn
their living by cultivating cash crops like Darjeeling Mandarin orange, ginger, and large cardamom (Rai, 2001).
Medicinal Plants of the village as well as in town plays a significant role to health care system of the people. In,
Darjeeling it is not yet been bad as habitat, because people of Darjeeling use these plants for healing purpose as
well for research and extension through different departments, to popularize the plants as well as for the sake of
extension activities and ornamental purpose. Herbaceous medicinal plants are common one that has the potential
for use value round the year in every part of the area. In a study Rai et al. (2013) studied 57 plat species
belonging to 55 genera with their therapeutic values against different diseases occurring in Darjeeling Hills.
They showed that, out of these plants studied, 38 species they used as herbs, 9 shrubs and 10 are trees. They also
showed that, herbs are more useful than the shrubs and trees and most of the plant species they used for more
than one purpose.
The Himalayan Jungles have been home to the most exotic species of flora and fauna. The short spring
season sees the mountain bathed in all conceivable hues. The fiery Rhododendrons splash the mountainside in
the most beautiful reds, whites and the pale magnolia forests providing a striking contrast. The valley too comes
alive with a profusion of daises, daffodils, Chrysanthemum and tuberous Begonia. Orchids even the rarest grow
in abundance in the wild. Amidst this dazzling flora is a fauna equally exotic. The Red Panda is found in the
dense jungles between Gairibas and Molley on the way to Sandakpu. The Barking deer, wild boar and
Himalayan beer are the other animals that are found here. The Padmaja Naidu Zoological Park is also a special
attraction being the highest Zoo in the world. Darjeeling is also the abode of a variety of birds and butterflies
(Anonymous, 2012).The present study area comprises vast tea gardens with some planted sites, under which
people make their own arrangement to earn money and trying to develop economy for betterment of the society.
As the tract is very stiff, so they use feet to come in to the town Darjeeling or nearby Lebong market or Three-
mile (Tin mile) market with the help of motor cycle or by 4 wheelers. The distance from Darjeeling Chowrasta
to Pandam is near about 3.5 km along the partially metallic road so called Lower Toong Soong. Lebong market
is near about 3 km from Pandam Tea Estate, where as Tin-mile is nearly about 12-13 kms by newly constructed
road made by stone. The road is sanctioned during the present Trinamool Government (West Bengal), and will
be made as metallic one from Lebong to tin-mile through Pandam by the active participation of the local
administration popularly called GTA. The site is very beautiful and naturally designed by trees of varied types,
shrubs and gregariously grown a huge number of Himalayan grasses along with sedges. A beautiful temple and
tea garden is there beside the left hand side of the road. Some sites having species of plantation type, namely
3. An Ecological Journey To Pandam Through…
55
Rhododendrons along with the Euphorbia’s and Ficus spp. The magnificent exotic species like Prunus
sylvestris, Michelia sp. etc. are found here and there near the tea garden. A stable is there which hosts 4-5
horses used to collect plucked tea leaves from lower part of stiff garden and brought it to the factory. So, use of
animal for present day activity in the said area is meaningful and using the majestic culture till date though
technology based recent techniques have been evolved in other part of the state tea gardens. In hill areas,
particularly at villages of Sub-Himalaya, the adolescent girls face health related problems which are Night
blindness, Angular stomatitis, Dental caries, Hemoglobin deficiency, Iodine deficiency goiter (Saha et al.,
2006). In the same areas they face Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) which are very much problematic.
The same authors showed in a paper that, sexual awareness and contraceptive knowledge in tea garden areas are
poor in comparison to the adolescent girls of urban areas. Here, result of the same showed that 7.85 % girls of
the tea garden area are sexually active, 4.2 % has history of sexual abuse, 6.4% has suffered from STDs, 4% had
abortions, and 63.5% has contraceptive knowledge, which they obtained from older peers. 95 % of School Girls
were sexually aware. 62.3 % of them knew about contraceptive from peers and other public media. Five percent
of tea garden girls were married and 20 % of them had experienced pregnancy. So, problems including STDs of
the said area are varied which need detailed survey and need elaborate discussion to prevent the same in an
urgent basis. So, as a whole they face a large number of occupational diseases in the area of Eastern Himalaya.
The present site needs survey and identity of such special problems as ecological one to signify the people and
the culture in a tourist rich eco degradation area. The real story of such full path establishment of social
degradation may help the study of eco-restoration in near future with the help of different workers in the same
field. Such kind of eco-restoration, perhaps need significant role to the community in the specific kind of
restoration in near future. Psychologists and doctors should take part of this study to fulfill the study a real one
and culminate the goal in to a platform to study the whole along the eco-restoration of land and vegetation as a
whole with the study of people and diseases.
II. AREA UNDER STUDY
The study area includes the area of lower hills of Darjeeling facing eastern part of Mall of Darjeeling
which comprises mostly the 16 square kilometer area in hill slopes. Journey started from Chowrasta (4 angular
ways) i.e. from Mall to Udaygram, to Mulgaon, to Pandam to Golaigaon to Limu Basty to Jowary Basty to
Chorasta. Areas covering for the study were local markets nearby and the villages including the shrubberies and
gardens of public kind along with forests of natural types for vegetation and their similar products via market
study. Truly the areas covering for monitoring of vegetation are villages like Basbote, Sourini, Kulungdara,
Ardhure, Mulgaon, Cohukidar dara, Jowary basty, Limbu Basty, Mulgaon, Golaigaon etc. Some natural falls of
sewage water including fresh water falls have been taken to study. To discuss with ecological problems
personnel garden and Company gardens (Tea Garden of Pandam) have also been incorporated for this study.
Plantation stand of agricultural type like Ginger and Cardamom, gardens have also been studied with the shade
trees of the same area. Tea Garden and similar gardens were studied to discuss the eco-restoration activities of
the said area. Herbaceous vegetation along with sedges and hedges were critically examined regarding their
phenology and variations with the variations of seasons. For the study, introduced plants of roadside kind and in
the vested land of both the sites were taken for study.
III. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The Present study includes some ecological problems of Darjeeling Himalaya, West Bengal, India. For
the eco-sustenance of vegetation and people; study, research and extension is necessary for each village
everywhere. Therefore, this study is a preliminary study to highlights the problems and prospects of research
including extension of the same for those villages which need immediate evaluation after monitoring. Because,
environmental degradation is going on, so as a whole, ecosystem going to be vulnerable day by day and no one
is involved to highlight the same before mitigate the problem through different models. So, it needs immediate
work there on the environment as a urgent basis and in the same field even need monitoring of different
parameters to save the ecosystem good and healthy which can change the scenario of the land and people of the
Darjeeling Himalaya in a sustainable basis. To highlight the burning problems, and to start the work there, the
author represents the points that are required to clarify after working there with viable projects. To monitor the
projects in different fields and to save the ecosystem and eco-resource as a whole involvement of local people
and Govt. including Institutes and NGOs are to be required. Following are the points that are required to become
the environment eco-sustainable state via common monitoring at least ½ a year interval basis. This includes no
remote sensing like sophisticated techniques, but need physical monitoring by students and teachers of nearby
institutes along the local people to start intervention by locale people on the basis of low level application which
4. An Ecological Journey To Pandam Through…
56
can mitigate the problem and can tolerate the eco-problem developed day by day in the said unhealthy
ecosystem. So, always remember the points before going to physical monitoring:
(1) Study of Vegetation which includes the study of flora of Roadside, Shrubberies, Jungles, Forests,
Agricultural land, Ridges and Furrows of barren hill slopes, Near waste water falls, Near fresh water falls,
Grass lands, Gardens of private kind, Pastureland, Vest land etc.
(2) Study of some faunas, by indirect way along the help of local resource persons of the jungle. The study of
fauna on secondary data is also predicted if primary data is not available.
(3) Study of problems in Agriculture, Forestry, Farm forestry, etc. of the villages.
(4) To study the severe water problem and fate of the water related problems.
(5) To study of Health and occupational diseases including Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs).
(6) To broadcast transportation problems of water as well as for life-style of people.
(7) Education and research problems in the area and area based extension on peoples’ thought.
(8) Role of Institutions, Non Government Organization (NGO) and Government.
(9) Guideline for preparation of Healthy atmosphere through eco-monitoring, and to become the environment
pristine as a whole the ecosystem under good health status.
(10)Modeling the area to solve problems after implementation of good projects to mitigate the situation in a
global way but sustainable basis (Phase-II).
IV. MATERIALS AND METHODS
It includes different sections:
Study of vegetation and monitoring of succession:
Varieties of methods are available for monitoring the succession. Selection of monitoring methods
depends mainly on the timeframe and budget of the restoration project. Monitoring succession requires initiating
long-term ecological evaluation on restoration sites. For this purpose permanent plots are often used where
measurements on vegetation dynamics can be repeated over several years. Data obtained from permanent plots
include taxonomical survey of plants and measurements on vegetation cover. Permanent plots provide data for
the interpretation of succession and also allows for testing of various management practices in restoration
(Greipsson, 2011; Groom et al., 2006). For preliminary study, 2 years project have been taken for consideration
in Mulgaon forest area near Pandam and Golaigaon area and is also taken for the study which have no critical
barrier to work there from Chowrasta area of Town Darjeeling, West Bengal, India. Three types of vegetation
have been taken for study. These are Village vegetation including agricultural plants, shrubberies near village
and forest vegetation. For the study of vegetation cover, only forest area has been taken for study since 20012 to
2013 and from 2013 to till date. Only 5 m2
Plots were taken to study grasses, herbs and low shrubs. Permanent
plots in tall shrubs communities and for trees have been taken 100 m 2
area.
Study of Vegetation Cover and study of restoration action:
Vegetation cover can be measured by a variety of methods, such as the “Point intercept” method that is
practical for small plots, the “line intercept” method, or by using aerial photos for large plots. Canopy cover of
trees can also be estimated by using aerial photos. Methods to estimate diversity of tree species involve plot and
plot-less sampling methods. In the plots, species composition, litter, and soil cover should be recorded over
time. This requires taxonomical knowledge on the local flora. Photos on permanent plots taken repeatedly
through time can provide valuable information on succession. Such images provide rapid estimation on the
cover of each species. The use of digital images of permanent plots is a new technique that allows rapid
documentation of vegetation dynamics. Such images can be calibrated in the field before being analyzed. It is
then to estimate rapidly the total cover of each species using computers (Greipsson, 2011). In the present study
line intercept method was taken to study the vegetation in forest. For small shrubs and herbs graph paper method
was taken for consideration, though there are several methods for this study. Abeny’s level was taken for the
study of measuring height of trees and altimeter was taken to record the height. As the study is 1st
phase and as
preliminary one, so the author used Canon camera 12.1 megapixels (4 x Optical zoom) for vegetation
photography during field visit. Another camera used was Nikon (Model-16.0 megapixels CMOS Glamour
Retouch (Wi-Fi) with wide 6x zoom-coolpix. Taxonomic identity of species, authors consulted with local
resource persons (See Table 1) from which local names of plants and some nonliving items were recorded.
Authors also collected sample specimens for taxonomic identity, from the field using voucher number and date
including habitat of microclimatic type. To match the local names with the actual scientific names of the
species, dictionary of flowering plants of Darjeeling-Sikkim Himalaya, was consulted (Tamang and Yonzone,
2012). Other books consulted were Flowers of the Himalaya-A supplement (Adam Stainton, 2011) and Flowers
of the Himalaya (Polunin and Stainton, 2012). Identification was done with the help of standard literature
(Hooker 1892-1897; Prain, 1963; Anonymous, 1997; O’Malley, 1907; Das, 2007). The names of the plants were
cross checked and finally incorporated following Bennet (1987). Herbarium specimens and museum specimens
5. An Ecological Journey To Pandam Through…
57
were prepared as per the methodology of Jain and Rao (1997). For medicinal uses of plants, different books and
related publications have been consulted but for general use the common book used was Kirtikar and Basu
(1918). Some scattered literatures were used for different purposes to study the social aspects (Malhotra et al.,
1991; Roy et al., 2000). Specimens of collected one temporarily pressed and preserved under personal custody
and compared with some of the housed specimens of Lloyd Botanic Garden Herbarium, Darjeeling. As the
author studied some revisionary works on Betulace and Juglandaceae from Central National Herbarium,
Botanical Survey of India, and so conformity already have done due to critical analyses specimens and literature
as a whole.
Analysis of Data for the study of Vegetation Dynamics:
To study and analyses the phytosociological characters, over all study of floristic composition,
characteristics of vegetation, size, shape, fluctuation and dynamics have been studied critically round the last
two years. The overall parameter signifies the sociability indices in the community of plants, in the forests of the
study sites. Within the site Moua tree (Engelhardia sp.) and Laliguras tree (Rhododendron sp.) are the
dominated members of the community in forests. Other species found there are Erythrena sp. and Mallotus sp.
including some members of Meliacaea and Juglandaceae. All the species cover the area with more than 75 %
canopy cover in terrain of highly stiff hill face. By and large, index of Dombois and Ellenberg (1974) have been
adopted to analyze the density, frequency and abundance of the tree species. For the study of frequency, density
and abundance of the species, following formulae were used. So, the-Density=Total number of individuals in all
sampling units/total number of sampling units studied. Frequency = Number of sampling units in which species
occur x 100/Total number of sampling units used. Basal Area is the area occupied by the base of a tree, is
considered as a good indicator of the size, volume or weight of a tree. It provides information on the proportion
or dominance of the larger and smaller trees in an ecosystem and is one of the most important parameters in
estimating the standing biomass in an area. The DBH have been taken for study was 1.37meter. Following the
DBH, basal area and cover of each individual have been made. So, Basal area = GBH2/4π Where GBH = Girth
of the tree at breast height. Usually after the quantitative estimation of relative values of density, frequency and
dominance, the species are listed in order of decreasing importance so, as to present the criticalness in the
stranded vegetation community for future study.
Study of Cumulative Phytosociological Characters
Importance Value Index (IVI) is the cumulative phytosociological characters. The total picture of the
relative ecological important and the phytosociological structure of a given plant species in any community
can’t be obtained by relative parameters (Relative Frequency, Relative Density, Relative Dominance, etc.,)
singly, which give individual clues, although the quantitative value of each such parameter has its own
importance. Therefore, Frequency gives an idea as to how a species is dispersed in the area but we will not get
an idea about its actual number or pattern in the said area covered. Density on the other hand gives rise to the
numerical strength of the vegetation and signifies nothing about the spread or cover. Dominance gives the basal
cover of the vegetation elements so is the only sole number to access the parameter by using only one value. In
order to express the dominance and ecological success of any species with a single value, the concept of
important value index have been developed. This index utilizes three characteristics, viz., Relative Frequency,
Relative Density and Relative Dominance of the composition in a given community. On the basis of these
analytical quantitative character values, the idea of obtaining a statistical quantity was proposed. This is replaced
by a value of other kind in order to have a really overall picture of the ecological importance of the species in a
selected community to express them with respect to the community structure, and composition, for which the
percentage value of Relative Frequency, Relative Density and Relative Dominance are added together. This
value out of 300 is called Important Value Index (IVI). It thus incorporate three important parameters that
measures of productivity and diversity of every species therefore. So, IVI= Relative Density + Relative
Frequency+ Relative Dominance. To access the structure and composition any two parameters except frequency
or as a whole the IVI may be consider studying the vegetation. The present study is based on the IVI of tree
species only except, herbs, shrubs in the said community. So, Relative density = Density value of species x 100/
Sum of density value of all species. Similarly, Relative frequency = Frequency value of species x 100/ Sum of
frequency value of all species, and Relative dominance = Total basal area of the species x 100/ Total basal area
of all species.
Other indices for the study of Phyto-diversity:
Ecologist always tries to formulate and develop a special index to calculate the index to quantify the
vegetation. So, all field ecologists have developed and proposed a number of indices of species diversity from
time to time. So, by them the values of the vegetation which depend upon mathematically combined effects of
species richness (d) and evenness (e). The numerical strength and biomass has a direct affect on the functioning
6. An Ecological Journey To Pandam Through…
58
of ecosystem in the course of millions of years, numerous biotic communities have evolved and established
themselves. It is therefore, important to know the diversity of these communities in space and time so as to
understand their role in the development of the ecosystem, healthy and sound. To evaluate these healthy
ecosystem, structure study along the study of function and in the maintenance of stability as a whole for the
quantification of diversity. Not only that, it needs to clarify the composite structure along with the comparison
of species diversities between nearby two different ecosystems under varied eco-climatic conditions. Therefore,
the index formulated and applied for the same is called index of diversity and dominance.
Study of Species Richness (Species Diversity)
Species diversity or richness diversity is an expression of community structure. It is described as the
number of species present in a sample or habitat per unit area basis. These are certain indices that can bring
them to a similar scale for a specified field and for specific group of plants, say for example herbs, shrubs and
trees. The simplest species richness index is based on the total number of species and the total number of
individuals in a given sample or habitat, higher the value greater the species richness (Rao et al., 2013; Dey,
2013). The more different species present the more diverse the community and is generally considered healthier.
Richness tends to increase over area larger areas will harbors more different species probably because of larger
variety of micro habitats and resources. Additionally, sampling over a large area increases the chance of find in
rare species. On the other hand, evenness is a measure of how similar the abundances of different species are
categories are in a community. Evenness is ranged from zero. When the evenness is close to one, it indicates
that each species categories consist of almost same number of individuals. However, when the abundances of
species are very dissimilar (Some rare and some common) then the value increases. The commonly used
biodiversity index is Shannon–Wiener index and that of dominance index is Simpson’s index. Simpson’s Index
(1949): Species dominance is measured by using this index Cd = Σ(ni/N)2
, ni = Total number of individuals of
each species , N = Total number of individuals of all species. Shannon – wiener Index (1963): It is also called
species diversity index. This index is based on information theory and improves upon the Simpson’s by giving
more importance to the rare species. H= Σ(ni/N)log(ni/N). where, ni = Total number of individuals belonging to
ith
species and N = Total number of individuals in the sample (Das, 2007).
V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The Present paper revealed 103 phyto-elemnts in and around Pandam areas and Mulgaon forests of Darjeeling
Himalaya which have potential economic as well as ecological value. These are used broadly as medicinal one, used for food
and fodder, for vegetables, for fibres, flosses, economically important fruits as well as for tubers of varied kinds during
drought and heavy monsoon (Table 2). Some species are used as ornamentals in the premises of villagers with varied
economic values. As for example, sunakhari and sunakhar in the rocky walls near the buildings and village huts. They make
the environment very pleasant and charming type. Not, only the said purposes, they used the underground part of some
plants, and above ground biomass also they used for medicinal purpose. Good example is Bargenia ciliata (Pakhan bet).
Other elements used for the purpose like fuel wood, wood, implements, house fence, sticks in their own kitchen gardens.
Near the hilly slopes, they used tuber crops of various kinds like Sechium sp., Yams and Tarul (Photo plate 7). To develop
market economy they used a large number of bamboos and bet from the forest and village shrubberies. Green leaves are also
used to different purposes.
Table 1 Resource Persons based field Study at Golaigaon, Mulgaon, Pandam at Darjeeling Himalaya,
W.B., India.
Sl. No. Name Address Phone No.
1 Bishnu Prasad Sharma Mulgaon, Udaygram, Darjeeling, 734101 Ph-07872941985/09609931334 (Main
Resource person)
2. Chandan Sharma Mulgaon, Udaygram, Darjeeling, 734101 Ph-09733022281 (Service)
3. Sovit Chhetri Mulgaon, Udaygram, Darjeeling, 734101 Ph-09800003386 (Carpenter/Electrician)
4. Dhirendra Pradhan Pandam Tea Estate, Darjeeling, 734101 Ph-09635292576 (Small Canteen)
5. Kamal Kumar Roy Non-Teaching Staff, Darjeeling Govt.
College, Darjeeling, 734101
Ph-9775946360 (Knowledge on Nepali)
6. I.K.Gurung Pandam, Darjeeling, 734101 Ph-09434151123, (Retd. Staff of PNZP),
Ex-Student, DGC, Zoology.
7. Lakshmi Chhetri Mulgaon, Udaygram, Darjeeling, 734101 Ph-Nil, House wife (Class XII –Sc.)
Total-7 Persons involed in field.
A good example is vegetables and sacred plant like bar producing leaves, including totala (Oroxylum
indicum Vent.). Winged Seeds are also important because, they used seeds in front of the door for sacred
7. An Ecological Journey To Pandam Through…
59
purpose. Some house premises used leaves of Bar and similar type as religious plants. So, nearly 55% of the
plants, they used are the plants of wild origin. In the garden they planted Farshi (Cucurbita pepo), Es-kush,
sweet pea, bean, broad bean etc. Cattle and domestic bees are the resource of another kind they used for meat,
milk, honey producing purposes respectively. Katus (Castanopsis sp.), Chanp (Michelia sp.), Moua
(Engelhardia sp.) and Gogun (Saurauia sp.) are the important wood used for fuel wood purpose.
Table 2
List of Plants arranged as per local/common names including scientific names available in rural villages
of Darjeeling Himalaya, West Bengal with proper usage.
Local Name Scientific Name Short Note Uses
Ailo Didymocarpus aromaticus Wall. Ex D.
Don.
Herb of Gesneriaceae On shady wet rocks near jhora
(falls).
Amliso /Kucho Thysanolaena maxima (Roxb.) O
Kuntze.
Shrub of Poaceae Used as broom called
Phuljharu (Beng.), in Nepali
called “kucho”, also used as
fodder for cattle in villages.
Angairi Lyonia ovalifolia (Wall.) Drude Small tree of Ericaceae Fodder plant, wood used as
fuel wood.
Angare/Aule Phoebe attenuate Nees. Lauraceae Medicinal Plant.
Angeri Osbeckia stellata Wall. Shrub of Melastomaceae Indicator sp. Indicates village
near by.
Arucha Prunus communis Hudson. Small tree of Rosaceae Fruits sweet and sour
(Pinkish and white type of
arucha),White flowers
producing smooth walled
fruits is edible and used for
making jam/jelly etc.
Arupate Prunus nepalensis (Ser) Stendel Tree of Rosaceae Yields edible fruits
Aselu Rubus diffusa Focke Scrambler of Rosaceae Medicinal
Bandakopi Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata f.
Alba.
Brassicaceae Vegetable used locally
Bandrey/Ramphal/
Gante
Gynocardia odorata R. Br. Tree of Flacourtiaceae Medicinal plant
Banmara/Kalijhar Eupatorium adenophorum L. Small shrub of Asteraceae Used to stop bleeding after
wound.
Bans Bambusa polymorpha Munro Tree of Poaceae Used to prepare Doko
Bans-Choya Dendrocalamus hamiltonii var.
hamiltonii.
Poaceae Used to prepare Doko
Bans-Malingo Sinarundinaria maling (Gamble)
C.S.Chao &Renvoize
Poaceae Sticks in Gardens
Bans-Parang Sinarundinaria hookariana (Munro)
C.S.Chao &Renvoize
Poaceae Used to prepare “Doko”
Bans-Paryang/Gopi Cephalostachyum capitatum Munro Shrub of Poaceae Used for various purpose
particularly for fencing.
Bara Alainchi Amomum subulatum Roxb. Zingiberaceae Economic and export one
Behera Kapasi Salix daltoniana Anders. Small tree of Salicaceae Fuel wood purpose
Bhakate Citrus grandis L. Rutaceae Ethno-botanically used as
medicine.
Bhangra Junga Urtica parviflora Roxb. Urticaceae Flowers are edible
(Inflorescence), medicinal for
the remedy for arthritis.
Bhangra Sishnu Girardiana palmata Forsk. Shrub of Urticaceae Outside the house i.e. near
then jungle.
Bhokote Hydrangea robusta HK.f. Saxifragaceae Small tree near jungle.
Bhotay Pan Rubus moluccanus L. Rosaceae Medicinal plant.
Bilaune Macropanax undulatum Seem Araliaceae Tree of forest.
Bilon/Arupate Prunus nepaulensis
(Ser) Stendel
Tree of Rosaceae 3 or 7 “Munta” used for
Jharphuck to release the pain
from body with the help of a
8. An Ecological Journey To Pandam Through…
60
local stone.
Burbee Solanum verbascifolium L. Tree of Solanaceae Old tree near roadside.
Chilaune/Aule Schima wallichii Chois Theaceae Tree of Hill forest.
Chulasi Osbeckia crinita Benth. Melastomaceae Shrubs of Jungle.
Chutro/Kesari Mahonia acanthifolia G. Don. Tree of Berberidaceae Small tree in hill slopes.
Dalne Katus/Aulay Castanopsis indica A. DC. Tree of Fagaceae Wood for fuel.
Dangre Bet Calamus leptospadix Griff. Climber of Arecaceae Used to prepare Dokri
Dhungri Phul Erigeron bellidioides Benth.ex C B
Clarke
Asteraceae Not known
Dhupi Cryptomeria japonica (L.f.) D.Don. Taxodiaceae Planted
Dudila Ficus nemoralis Wall. Small tree of Moraceae Medicinal
Faledo Erythrena fusca Lour. Fabaceae Young leaves are used as
vegetable.
Fapar Fagopyron esculentum Moench Polygonaceae Young leaves used as veg.
Gharia Sisnu Urtica dioica L. Urticaceae Weed but use as Veg.
Ghoge Chanp Magnolia campbelii HK. f. Magnoliaceae Flowers may be White or Pink
Ghurpis Leucosceptrum canum Sm. Lamiaceae Shade tree in Cardamom
garden.
Gobrey Salla Abies densa Griff. Abietaceae Silver fir planted as
ornamental plant.
Gogun Saurauia napaulensis DC. Actinidiaceae. Abundant Leafless fodder tree
also used as shade tree of
cardamom /elainchi garden
Gokul dhup Canarium sikkimense King. Tree of Burseraceae Not known, study required
Gorundal Passiflora edulis Sims Climber of Passifloraceae In Kalimpong people making
juices, to prepare chutney and
jelly.
Halhale Rumex nepalensis Spreng Polygonaceae Medicinal
Ikshu/Iskush/Ukhu Saccharum officinarum L. Poaceae Economic plant, Cultivated
inn a small scale in home
garden.
Kaijal Bischofia javanica Blume Tree of Phyllanthaceae Invasive species, used in
Assam to identify Tiger by
Scratch-mark territory zone.
Kalo Siris Albizzia marginata Merr. Mimosaceae Wood
Kan chirle
ney/Silver fern
Cyathea dealbata (G. Forster) Swartz Cyathaceae Ornamental
Kaneshi Lahara Thunbergia coccinea Wall. Climber of Acanthaceae Weed.
Kapasi Acer campbelii HK.f. & T. Aceraceae Maple tree used for wood of
commerce.
Katus Castanopsis hystris A. DC. Tree of Fagaceae Edible fruits (Hajel Nut)
Kaulo Machilus villosa Hk.f. Lauraceae Use not Known
Khanakpa Evodia fraxinifolia Hook.f. Tree of Rutaceae Economic
Labar Ficus elastic Roxb. Moraceae Tree Planted
Lali Guras Rhododendron arboretum Sm. Ericaceae Used by all local men and
women. If fish fin attached to
the inner throat, Flowers of
laliguras are to release the
fins.
Lapche Kawla Machilus edulis King. Tree of Lauraceae Edible fruits.
Lati Mauwa Glochidion assamica Hk.f. Small tree of
Euphorbiaceae
Shrub of Jungle
Maina Kath Tetrameles nudiflora R. Br. Datiscaceae Tree
Malata Mallotus nepalensis Mell.-Arg. Euphorbiaceae Wood used as fuel
Malta Tree Macaranga gmelinifolia King. Tree of Euphorbiaceae Wood of Commerce
Matane Phul Brugmansia suaveolens Berchst. & J.
Presl
Solanaceae Small tree with pendent
flowers and fruits as
ornamental.
Multa Macaranga indica Wight. Tree of Euphorbiaceae Fuel wood plant.
Narkat Saccharum narenga (Nees ex Steud.)
Wall. Ex. Hack.
Poaceae Fodder plant for cattle, used to
prepare Topri (Cap)
Naspati Pyrus communis L. Tree of Rosaceae Found in Golai gaon and
Pandam Tea estate, as
medicinal fruits.
9. An Ecological Journey To Pandam Through…
61
Nebara Phal Ficus cunia Ham. Tree of Moraceae Used as high Pressure
medicine.
Nebara-Topri Ficus racemosa L. (=F. glomerata Roxb.) Tree of Moraceae Medicinal plant
Nebharo Ficus roxburghii Wall. Tree of Moraceae Inflorescence is edible.
Neebara Ficus macrophylla Desf. Ex. Pers. Ficus racemosa Topri (Kancha) banay
Nimi Stephania glabra (Roxb.) Miers. Climber of
Menispermaceae
Medicinal
Oesalo Rubus ellipticus Sm. Rosaceae Tasty fruits.
Oiri Oxyspora paniculata DC Melastomataceae Shrub in Shrubberies
Okhar Juglens regia L. Juglandaceae Edible fruit producing oil.
Pakhan Bet
(Red/White)/Halka
nd
Bargenia cicliata (Haw.) Stemb. Saxifragaceae Powder of leaves used to treat
the gonorrhea, Used to treat
the uterine bleeding of
women.
Panchpati Vitex heterophylla Roxb. Tree of Verbenaceae Medicinal
Paniamla Nephrolepis exaltat (L.) Schoott Lomariopsidaceae Medicinal value, Used to treat
Urinary Trouble
Pani-Saj Terminalia myriocarpa Heurck & M.
Arg.
Combretaceae Fruit medicinal
Patle Kutus Castanopsis tribuloides A. DC. Tree of Fagaceae Fuel and fodder
Payun Prunus serasoides D.Don. Rosaceae,
Biyete laga
Used by Nepali, Tamang,
Chhetri, Kamidami tribes.
After marriage they used the
twigs with them and take
something as Viksha.
Peepal Ficus religiosa L. Moraceae Religious plant
Phaledo Erythrena stricta Roxb. Fabaceae Fodder
Phulkopi Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis L. Brassicaceae Vegetable
Porka Siris Albizzia lucida Benth. Mimosaceae Shade
Pusse Solanum trilobatum L. Solanaceae Halud paka phal
Rahap Raphidophora decursiva (Roxb.) Schott Evergreen climber of
Araceae
Ornamental
Rangbhang Caryota urens L. Tree of Arecaceae Edible fruits
Rayo ko Sag Brassica caularpa L. Brassicaceae Vegetable and making edible
oil
Rukhtomatao Cyphomandra betacea Cav. Solanaceae Fuits used a vegetable.
Saur Betula cylindrostachys Wall. Betulaceae Used against Skin disease.
Serialo Brugmansia arborea (L.) Sweet Solanaceae Shrubs/tree of Ornamental
kind
Seto Chanp Michelia doltsopa Buch.-Ham. Ex DC. Magnoliaceae Tree of jungle.
Siris tree Tea
Garden e
Albizzia procera Benth. Mimosaceae Shade tree
Soura Betula alnoides Ham. Tree of Betulaceae Wood of commerc.
Sukhdarsan Zantedeschia aethiopica (L.) Spreng. Araceae Ornamental everywhere
Sunakhar Cymbidium Swrtz Ornamental
Sunakhari Vanda undulata Lindl. Orchidaceae Ornamental near the house of
some villagers.
Teatey Champ Michelia cathcartii Hk. F. & T. Magnoliaceae Ornamental
Thotne Polygonum molle D. Don. Scandant shrub of
Polygonaceae
Ripe fruits used in Chutney.
Plant used as nice fodder for
cattle. Stem also used in
chutney.
Titapati Artimesia nilagirica (C. B. Clarke) Pamp Shrub of Asteraceae Used to relief the ghostly
appearance (Tribal belief),
mostly used to reduce blood
pressure.
Tooni Toona ciliata M. Roem. Meliaceae Leaves are medicinal
Trifole Trifolium repens L. Fabaceae White trifolium, if 4-leaflts
found, then person seems to be
lucky.
Tulsi Ocimum sanctum L. Lamiaceae Leaves used
Utis Alnus nepalensis D. Don. Betulaceae Good timber for making
House in Hills
10. An Ecological Journey To Pandam Through…
62
Notes: National flower of Nepal is “Lali guras” i.e. Rhododendron arboreum Smith, Munta i.e. Small
twig, Jharphuck i.e. local belief about traditional practice by Janguru, Ojha, medicinemen, dabaimen,
medical practitioner at local area.
As, per the study in northern and southern face of the Mulgaon forests, the important tree species found there are
Moua (Engelhardia sp.) along with Laliguras ( Rhododendron sp.). The importance value index of Moua in
northern face of the same hill slope is 110 whereas in the southern face it has its value 115. The second
dominant tree species, Laliguras with IVI value at northern face is 65 followed by 60 in southern face of the
same hill with potential importance (Table 3 and 4). So, similarity Index (IS) of the tree species in between
southern and northern is 88.8% (Table 5).
Table 3
Tree species of Mulgaon Forest with dominant tree species like Moua and Laliguras in 10x10m2
Quadrat
(Northern Face)
Sl.
No.
Name RF Rden RDom IVI Monitoring
Comment
1. Alnus nepalensis 10 10 5 25 -
2. Engelhardia sp. 20 40 50 110 Dominant sp.
3. Erythrena stricta 5 5 5 15 -
4. Macaranga
gmelinifolia
5 5 5 15 -
5. Mallotus nepalensis 15 10 10 35 Moderately
6. Michelia cathcartii 5 5 5 15 -
7. Rhododendron sp. 30 20 15 65 Dominant sp.
8. Schima wallichii 10 5 5 20 -
Eight species : 300
Table 4
Tree species of Mulgaon Forest with dominant tree species like Moua and Laliguras in 10x10m2
Quadrat (Southern Face)
Sl.
No.
Name RF Rden RDom IVI Monitoring
Comment
1. Alnus nepalensis 5 5 10 20 -
2. Engelhardtia sp. 25 30 60 115 Dominant sp.
3. Erythrena stricta 5 5 5 15 -
4. Macaranga
gmelinifolia
5 5 5 15 -
5. Mallotus nepalensis 10 10 10 30 Moderately
6. Michelia cathcartii 5 10 5 20 -
7. Rhododendron sp. 20 5 15 60 Dominant sp.
8. Schima wallichii 5 5 5 15 -
9. Betula cylindrostachys 5 5 5 5 -
10. Castanopsis
tribuloides
5 5 5 5 -
Ten tree species : 300
Diversity index of the tree species at the northern face in the same forest is 0.62 in comparison to the sothern
face with value 0.68. So, southern face is richer in tree species diversity (Table 5). Dominance Index of southern
face (0.88) is poorer than northern face (0.99). Evenness Index (e) of both the sites are similar, because both
with 2 dominant tree species (Moua and Guras). Species richness index (d) of northern face is 2.83 whereas the
value of southern face is 3.64, which is much higher than the northern. This indicates rigorous study of east and
west face of hills along with different gradient through north and south face seasonally for herbs and shrubby
vegetation also to draw a sharp line of decision about eco-degradataion.
Table 5
Phytodiversity indices of Tree species at Northern and Southern Hill face in Mulgaon Forests, Darjeeling.
Indices Mulgaon (North) Mulgaon (South)
11. An Ecological Journey To Pandam Through…
63
Social and cultural diversity of Darjeeling Himalaya is varied. It includes the ethno socio-culture of remote
villages far away from the main township areas. Therefore, ethnicity and cultural believes also vary from site to
site of the said area. All are grouped under the category as ethnic group. An ethnic group includes those people
who possess some common cultural attributes such as language, norms and values, beliefs and folk practices,
dress and food habitats, symbols and gestures, manners, rituals and customs etc. (Kurane, A., 1999). They may
profess the same religion. Along with these cultural attributes they may have common descent or possess the
same physiological characteristics. An ethnic group may live in a specific geographical area and have a common
name. All these attributes bring homogeneity in the group which ultimately brings unity and integrity among the
group members. These distinguishing physical and cultural features of an ethnic group make it unique, and
distinguish it from other ethnic groups (Bhui, U., 2008-09). These ethnic groups usually have a sense of people
hood, and to a certain degree many of the members of these groups believe themselves to be a nation. Thus
these groups arise due to the feeling of loyalty to an ethnic group i.e. ethnic nationalism.
Ethnic composition of Darjeeling Himalaya:
The Nepali ethnic groups or the Gorkhas are found in a good number in Darjeeling districtand the
adjacent duars region of jalpaiguri district of West Bengal (Bhui, 2008-09). But it is also a fact that their
representation is not uniform throughout the districts. Darjeeling district is composed of four sub-divisions-
Darjeeling Sadar, Kurseong, Kalimpong and Siliguri Sub-division. Among these sub-divisions, first three are
largely populated by the Nepali ethnic groups, whereas the population composed of Siliguri sub-division is
mixed type, made up of the Bengalis, Nepalis, Adivasis, Biharis and many other ethnic groups. The study area
includes the groups which include the caste like–Mangar, Rai, Tamang, Bhutia, Sunar, Chettri, Cami, Damai,
Gurung, Dami, Cami and Gurung etc.
Agriculture and People:
They planted crops of agricultural importance are different vegetables like Rai (member of
Brassicaceae), Alu (Potato ), Muli (Member of Brassicaceae), Motor (Pisum sp.), Sevi-Sim (Legume as bean),
etc., Fruits of commercial kinds found there are Naspati, Arucha, Ukhu (Saccharum officinarum). Some
families use Cattle, Suar, Kukhra (Murgi), Bakhri etc. as domestic one. A kind of soil called Safed mati (White
soil) available there as decorative agent for their common use. These are called Chullah mati or Pabitra mati
(Sacred soil). Other places having less deposition of red soil called Lalmiti/Lalmati, used for the same purpose.
Water available from source called Soch (leaching point from which small amount of water come out). Good
examples are the places called “Basbote, Sourini, Kulungdara, Ardhure, Mulgaon, Cohukidar dara, Jowary basty
and Limbu basty. All the points releasing water and collected in a big tank called Thumbi (Water supplying
point) from which filtrated water goes to the village for domestic pupose.
Bamboos and local Economy versus Ecology of Darjeeling Hill
Bamboos are used for various purposes and its great versatility qualifies it to be a multiple use
alternative to timber, food to the rural poor and tribal in particular (Tamang et al., 2013). According to the
opinion of the authors, in Sikkim Himalaya people use a large number of species in various daily works
associated with direct economy. In Darjeeling Himalaya the Bamboos have the same demand and have a large
scope to develop market economy if put in a proper managerial way through research and development by Govt.
and NGOs. The purposes they solve are given below:
1. Fodder purpose-Cattle use the leaves of bamboos. 2. Mat making purpose i.e. Chitra used to protect gardens
along with poles of bamboos (fencing purposes), sometimes cover the roof of a house or hut; 3. Big basket used
to carry materials like tea leaves, meat, fishes, poultry materials, vegetables, fruits, straw, soil, garbage etc. The
common name is “Doko” in Nepali; 4. Wrapping sapling in plantation sites or in plantation stand during
afforestation programe; 5. Shelter for Chicks, ducks and hens even to small kids or puppy; 6. Constructing
house in village or in slums; 7. Supporting prayer flags in sacred places; 8. In garden as pillar to support weak
vegetable plants; 9. Bamboo scaffolding; 10. As vegetable; 11. House gate, garden gate, fencing garden
periphery etc., 12. Sticks for fishing purposes; 13. Sticks for various purpose in domestic way i.e. in house
-
Diversity Index (H) 0.62 0.68
Dominance Index (cd) 0.99 0.88
Evenness Index (e) 0.68 0.68
Species Richness Index (d) 2.83 3.64
Similarity Index (IS) 88.8%
12. An Ecological Journey To Pandam Through…
64
broom, shoot broom etc.; 14. For temporary use i.e. for the preparation of bridge or road on canals and creeks in
remote village etc. So, there is a large scope to study and research on economy and ecology of Bamboos of
Darjeeling Himalaya, because it can be used largely to prepare soft toys by Handicraft artists in Tourist area like
Town Darjeeling. Therefore, employment of people of remote area may be made through the new horizon in
Darjeeling in near future.
Ethno-medicine and Ethno-culture:
Saha et al. (2011) reported 78 species of plants which have immense effect on environment that have
their antimicrobial as well as antioxidant activities. All the plant species belonging to 70 genera under 47
families of angiosperms and growing in the said habitat thoroughly but not restricted in a village or in a pocket.
The present study is therefore a study which having a lot of 103 species in a small area having diverse
potentiality of those plats with immense ecological role. Sharma (2013) studied on Ethnobotanical plants of
Darjeeling Himalaya and documented 91 species under 53 families in Darjeeling Himalayas which have been
extensively used by the local people for their skin diseases. All the plants are available in the premises of the
said area with good potential as they are natural one. The potential use varies from site to site as because the
cultural diversity is different.
Tourism and Social development through eco-tourism in Darjeeling:
Darjeeling Himalaya performing the function of eco-tourism which presents the issues related to the
mass communication within the hills and some aspects pointing out the betterment of the situation, through
sustainable tourism (Rohin, 2009). The present study has potentially fit to develop the eco-tourism in near
future.
Effectiveness Monitoring and Sustenance of Life:
Effective monitoring address the question of how successful a project ultimately is at restoring the
ecosystem or component parts. It involves assessing restoration progress in relation to initial objectives, and
refining treatment prescriptions, where required, to increase their effectiveness (Anonymous, 2002). Vegetation
and soil may be used in the selected site to monitor the forest and people for eco-monitoring purpose round the
year.
Need setup of Nursery and Sancturay for potentially well developed Laliguras:
Rhododendrons are the national flower of Nepal. Government of Sikkim has established two
Rhododendron Sanctuaries (Singba and Barsey) for the conservation Rhododendrons and popularizes the
species among people (Singh et al., 2003; Tiwari et al., 2006 and Singh, 2009). To date no conservation
measures have been initiated by authority of Darjeeling Himalaya including Botanical Survey of India, for
habitat concerned conservation in the same area which are going threat under manmade as well as natural
causes. So, the present site may be the habitat for conservation of Rhododendron in near future. Even eco-
modeling may be made there. Some authors suggested “Ecological niche modeling” which can thus save an
important role in various in-situ as well as ex-situ measures for establishment of arboreta, sanctuaries, park and
avenue, forests protected areas through community management, botanical gardens and also for in-vitro research
activities for species conservation (Menon et al., 2012). Mulgaon and Golagaon may be the sites for the same in
near future.
FIGURES IN PHOTO PLATES (1-13)
Plate-1
13. An Ecological Journey To Pandam Through…
65
PHOTO PLATE -1
Figures 1-2: At the left pink Magnolia campbellii Hook. f. & Thoms. and at the right white Magnolia
campbellii (Planted form) are in blooming stage along the road and way to Pandam, Udaygram, Darjeeling,
West Bengal, India, with magnificent beauty of nature during late February to March (Photo by Dr. D. Das).
Note that white coloured flowers having pleasant smell (Source: Divya Pradhan, a student of UG Deptt. Of
Botany, Darjeeling Govt. College: Cell-091-09635741164).
Figures 3-4: Eskusgh–ka-Jara (Tuberous root of Sechium edule (Jacq.) Swartz.-a unique vegetable for local
people at Darjeeling, West Bengal at the upper and Primula melacoides in roadside of Pandam Village,
Darjeeling at the lower.
PHOTO PLATE -2
14. An Ecological Journey To Pandam Through…
66
Figures 5-6: Fruit bearing Solanaceous Trumpet tree (Brugmansia suaveolens Berchst. & J. Presl) at left and
Gagun tree (Saurauia napaulensis DC. ) as a fodder tree at the right.
Figures 7-8: Cyphomandra betacea Cav. (Rukh Tamato of Solanaceae) fruits in a local Home garden at
Udaygram, Darjeeling in the left and Calamus sp. (Arecacea) at the right.
PHOTO PLATE -3
15. An Ecological Journey To Pandam Through…
67
Figure 9: Rhododendron arboreum Smith (Lali Guras) blooming in stage at Pandam, Darjeeling.
Figure 10: Left hand side of photograph showing Lali Guras (Rhododendron arboreum) and Right hand side
showing White Champ (Michelia cathcartii) along the slopes of hill towards Pandam, Darjeeling during late
monsoon (Photo taken by Author on 06.03.2014)
PHOTO PLATE -4
16. An Ecological Journey To Pandam Through…
68
Figures 11-13: Drying flowering scapes of Thysalolaena maxima (Roxb.) O. Kuntz.(Left), Arucha: Prunus
sp. (Middle) and Asystacia macrocarpa Nees of Acanthaceae (Right) showing flowering during monsoon at
Jungle path of Pandam, Darjeeling, West Bengal, India.
Figures 14-16: Goldfusia pentastemonoides Nees of Acanthaceae indicating village nearby as indicator species
(Left); Author measuring GBH (Girth at breast Height) of Moua tree (Engelhardia spicata) at forest of
Mulgaon (Photo by B.P. Sharma of Mulgaon) at the middle; The fodder part of Bamboos is deposited in front of
Stable near Chowrasta (Centre of four ways) is collected from Bamboo thicket.
17. An Ecological Journey To Pandam Through…
69
PHOTO PLATE -5
Figure 17 Mixed heterogeneous vegetation reaching Climax formation at jungle of Pandam from Udaygram,
Darjeeling; red colored leaves indicating the plant like Oxyspora paniculata DC. with dried fruits, white
flowers for Michelia sp. (Champ) and red for Rhododendron sp.(Lali Guras) flowers. (Photo by Dr. Debabrata
Das, Asst. Professor of Botany, Post of Graduate Department of Botany, Darjeeling Govt. College, Darjeeling,
West Bengal, India)
Figures 18-20: Gharia Sishnu (Gharia means near House) at the left, Mali Bamboo (middle) and Amomum
subulatum (Baro Alaichi) at the right.
PHOTO PLATE -6
18. An Ecological Journey To Pandam Through…
70
Figures 21-23: Bokey Timbur plant-Zanthozyllum sp. (Seeds used as condiments like Hing i.e. Ferula sp.),
Ficus semicordata (Khanew) and Author collecting Seeds of some medicinal herbs during field visit (Photo by
Kamal Kanta Roy, Non-teaching Staff of Zoology Department, Darjeeling Govt. College), Note that in Nepali
word “ Bokey” means Male Goat.
Figures: 24-26: Smilax ferox Wallich ex Kunth (Smilacaceae) at left, Trees of Engelhardia spicata Leschen.
Ex Blume (Juglandaceae) at middle and Felled tree Cryptomeria japonina ( Salla Dhupi) at right.
PHOTO PLATE -7
19. An Ecological Journey To Pandam Through…
71
Figures 27-29 : Chitra i.e. covering made by Bhalu Bans, Pakhan bet and Vegetables collected from local
garden at Golao gaon by Doko (Container/Basket made up of Bamboos), Darjeeling. Note that basket without
holes are called Thumpsey/Tokri also used for the collection of tea leaves in garden and with holes is called
Doco (Collection of fodder plants, wood, building materials etc.) at upper left. Pakahn bet locally used to relief
the throat pain (Dried roots as whole and greens leaves without fabricated lamina) at the upper right. Vegetables
collected by Golaigaon villagers at the bottom. Person at middle is resource person.
20. An Ecological Journey To Pandam Through…
72
Figures 30-32 : 30. Orange-red coloured flowers–scape of Aloe sp. (A. striata x maculata hybrid), White-
Sukhdarsan; 31. Bhokatay fruit-Citrus grandis L. (Juice of fruits used for drinking purpose, very rich in
Vitamin-C) and 32. Simal (Manihot utilissima Pohl. of Euphorbiaceae). Note that, modified stems of different
creepers are called “tarul”.
PHOTO PLATE- 8
Figures: 33 (a, b, c) : Local technique to carry water from Source so called “kua or muhan” by which water is
being collected to a big container called Thumbhi (Large reservoir) and from there water supplied to Village via
a pipeline for a kilometer or more to carry water by the help of pillars of Trees in the hill slopes. First figure
indicates Thumbi, second and third figure for kua. Note that bamboos (half pipe) are used to carry water from
Hills.
21. An Ecological Journey To Pandam Through…
73
Figures 34-35: 34. Himalayan Goats used for meat production (Left), 35. Dhan Kumar Chhetri (Left), Author-
Dr. Debabrata Das ( Middle) and Bishnu Prasad Sharma (Right) as resource person and field man at Botany
Department of Darjeeling Govt. College after discussion about common Problems of Himalayan People in a
day, note that flowers are Primula sp. (Primulaceae) of Eastern Himalaya, Darjeeling as wild.
PHOTO PLATE -9
22. An Ecological Journey To Pandam Through…
74
Figures 36-41: Author and villager (Left) at Mulgaon (Photo by Mr. Bishnu Prasad Sharma of Mulgaon
Village), Colegyne cristata Lindley (=C. nitida Lindey) locally called Sunakhara–a white wild Orchid;
Cymbidium sp. (Orchid) along with small Pakhan bet (Herb) , Sukadarsan (Plant of Araceae) , Pendent fruits of
Engelhardia spicata (Moua/Simkukra) tree at fruiting stage, Farsi i.e. Cucurbita pepo L. (A kind of Pumpkin
called summer squash) in the same village . Note that the “Farsi” fruit is used as edible vegetables making
sweets and Halua (Like Suji with sugar). Big yellow flowers are used to prepare Pakoda/Pakora with (Bason
fried form). Tendrils are used as vegetables.
PHOTO PLATE -10
h
Figures 42-44: People collecting fodder for Cattle, mainly Thotne plant i.e Polygonum molle D. Don. Fodder
plant giving shade to moss plants, note that erect plants are male plants of Polytrchum sp., and the next figure
23. An Ecological Journey To Pandam Through…
75
showing growth of mixed species of mosses on acidic substratum, where luxuriant growth of Funaria
hygrometrica along with Pogonatum, and Polytrichum takes place. These micro communities may change
due to overburden of heavily growing tree species like Alnus (Utis) in the said area through progressive change
of age of the forest community, at Hill slopes (Photographs taken by Dr. Debabrata Das, on 09.03.2014 in field).
Figure 45-47: Dense Vegetation with Three layered canopy (>70 percent canopy cover) of trees on the ridges of
Hills at Mulgaon forest, Bamboo thicket (Parang), Saccharum officinarum L. (Sugarcane locally called Ukhu)
in the same village of Darjeeling, West Bengal, India (Photo by Dr. D. Das)
PHOTO PLATE -11
Figures 48-50: Didymocarpus aromaticus Wall. Ex D. Don of Gesneriaceae; Raphidophora decursiva
(Roxb.) Schott of Araceae; and Elatostemma sessile Forester & Forester f. of Urticaceae
24. An Ecological Journey To Pandam Through…
76
Figures 51-53 : Devimandir (Sacred Grove) at Golaigaon, Mailamama Sacred Grove at Mulgaon, Pink /majenda
Fruits are fruits of Dicentra scandens (D. Don.) Walpers hanging over fern leaflets near jhora.(Waste water
falls).
Figures 54-56: Agapetes serpens (Wight) Sleumer on rocky substratum (Bandre) at left, A large climber
Mucuna macrocarpa Wall. (Baldhengra) at middle, and Alnus nepalensis D. Don (Utis) at right, Note that, the
vegetation of utis at slopes may be 8-10 years.
PHOTO PLATE -12
Figures 57-59: Polytrichum commune–community, note that the community having male as well as female
plants, male having antheridial clusters and female having sporogonium on rocky substratum, underneath of
shrubby vegetation nearby; Polytrichum commune-an endohydric moss community growing underneath tree
shade on mildly acidic soil, the hairy cap coming out from capsule so the name hairy cap moss.
Figures 60-62: Kabra- Ficus benjamina L. var. comosa; , Pindalu-(wild yam i.e. Alocasia sp.) -along with
Papaya and Rai-ko-Sag, in a local market, Eskush–Sechium edule (Cucurbitaceae) hanging in a Bamboo
thicket during winter near forest. (Note that four varieties of Eskush are available from Kalimpong and
Darjeeling areas due to presence of colour and outer spines, one with pale yellow, one with light green, another
is dark green, last one is spineless, the light green is very common. This species having light green ecotypes are
cultivated throughout the area).
PHOTO PLATE -13
25. An Ecological Journey To Pandam Through…
77
Figures 63-65: People carrying dry litter for fuel purpose; Doka used to carry Fodder plants; Yellow Jasmine:
Jasminum humile L. (East Italian Yellow Jasmine) planted for ornamental purpose.
z
Figures 66-68: Wild Ginger (Zingiber sp.) and fronds of fern ( Nephrolepis sp. –The bulb of underground one
called Pani Amla used in Urinary troubles in Men/women ; Kalanchoe garden variety, Colorful Primula
(Garden variety) planted in front of the small village house for the medicinal and aesthetic purpose.
Figure 69: A Landscape diversity of Tea Garden in Eastern Himalaya, Darjeeling where people using Doko for
plucking tea leaves, note that this picture is not a picture of Pandam Tea Esatate, it is a Tea garden near Happy
Valley Tea Estate, Darjeeling, a view from main road, Darjeeling towards Lebong.
26. An Ecological Journey To Pandam Through…
78
Figures 70-71: Doko of Chaya Bans (Left) and Himalayan Daisy (Pink and White) in village garden used for
aesthetic purpose.
4. Concluding Remarks
Population of plants, animals and microbes including man has occupied the pace by inter-acting them in each
moment and going to re-build their position for temporarily but moderately varied form to adapt them. The concept of
landscape ecology has therefore abundant scope for changing human living conditions and shaping ecological character of a
region (Dash and Dash, 2010). The Scope of ecology is increasing day by day as it has immense practical values on society.
Therefore, demand of this science has expanded considerably as man has become increasingly aware of the serious problems
of the environment, and has become so vast that it is now an interdisciplinary science broadcasts activities too a little bit
narrow. It is a science which linking biology in one hand and the physical and social sciences in the other hand. Therefore, it
includes mode and variations of alternative the pattern, geo-biochemical cycles, energy flow, energy budget, forestry,
agriculture and horticulture, Osteo-culture, Dairy, Gotary, Poultry, Duckery, Apiculture, Pisciculture, Pomology and so on.
So, this varied science is an interdisciplinary discipline and being amalgamated with technology that dealt with at different
levels, namely-(1) the theoretical, perfecting the knowledge of fundamental laws of nature and the functions of biosphere as
a whole to cope a little diffraction in environment, (2) the practical, which helps to study the theoretical and provide insights
into the understanding of logical problems –besides, these are historical processes of man’s transformation of nature and
natural processes, (3) the socio-cultural, as ecological processes in recent times have involved the participation of people and
changing global scenario which is demandable (e.g. Chipko movement in Uttar Pradesh now Uttarakhand, Silent Valley
movement in Kerala, Gandhamadan movement in Odissa (Orissa), and (4) Economical, which means to earn money using
different tools and techniques to restore local ecosystem with the help of restoration ecology. In the first two levels scientists
play a key role to mitigate the problems, whereas in case of the last two, the people of common type particularly villagers or
people of the community, Government, NGOs, trying to mitigate the big problems that predominate in the ecosystem.
Therefore, this study is a study of different levels in both villages and in urban areas of Darjeeling Himalaya, as primary type
to monitor ecological problems and prospects through vegetation monitoring in the said area. This reflects further scope of
research and extension activities either required or not in future do develop society better. Not only that type, has it also
broadcast taxonomy, ecology and agriculture of the area which would be helpful for needful eco-restoration in future. It
covers structure and functions of tree species for phyto-community study so, after that lower group as well as herb and
shrubs composition study is required to know the actual carrying capacity of the ecosystem, for better monitoring of the site.
Hope that, researchers will come soon and start the need based work in near future to fulfill the eco-monitoring of the said
vegetation as a whole.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I express my gratitude to Dr. Kishore Kumar Thapa, Asst. Professor of Botany, Dinhata College, Cooch Behar and
a resident of Kalimpong, Darjeeling for proving information to identify the Oranges and some grasses. Thanks provided to
Sri. Debasish Aich, Asst. Professor of Physics, Kharagpur College, Paschim Medinipur and a resident of Midnapore town,
for great help to identify the orchids of the said area. Professor Aich is an expart of Orchids, who has an own Orchidarium in
his house at Midnapore Town. Dr. Projjwal Lama, Dr. Binode Ch. Sharma, Asst. Professors, PG Dept. of Botany,
Darjeeling Govt. College are well acknowledged for their valuable suggestions and help as and when required. Librarians,
CNH, BSI, Lloyd Botanic Garden Library, Darjeeling Govt. College, and Jhargram Raj College are well acknowledged.
Forest officials and Principals of Kurseong College, Darjeeling Govt. College are highly acknowledged. Last But not least
thanks are due to forest fringe people of the Darjeeling Himalaya, West Bengal, India for their endless help during field visit.
Some of my Nepali PG students are well acknowledged for their cordial help. For financial assistance, Higher education
department is well acknowledged. Last but not least thanks are due to Atmaja Avirupa Das, my daughter, who helped me
more during compose and typing at Midnapore to prepare the final matter during holidays in April, 2014. For calculation of
data, my wife, Pampi Ghosh, Asst. Prof. of Botany, Seva Bharati Mahavidyalaya , Paschim Medinipur, West Bengal, is
well acknowledged.
REFERENCES
Journal Papers:
[1] Sharma, B. C. Ethnobotanical Plants used against skin diseases by indigenous population of Darjeeling Himalayas, India, Indian
Jour. Of Fundamental and Appl. Life Sc., 3(3), 2013, 299-303.
[2] Saha, J; Sarkar, P K and Chattopadhyay, S. A survey of Ethnobotanical pants of Darjeeling Hills for their Antimicrobial and
antioxidant activities, Indian Natural Products and Radiance, 2(4), 2011, 479-492.
[3] Rai, S. K. and Bhujel, R.B. Note on some less known ethnomedicinal plants from the Darjeeling Himalayas, J. Hill Research, 12,
1999, 160-163.
27. An Ecological Journey To Pandam Through…
79
[4] Rai, S. Improved Management of Ginger Diseases, Project report, Published by S. Rai, Principal Investigator, Uttar Banga Krishi
Viswavidhyalaya, Kalimpong, 2001
[5] Rai. A; Rai, S and Yonzone, R. Ethnomedicinal plants used by the people of Darjeeling Hills in the Eastern Himalaya of India,
Universal Journal of Pharmacy, 2(1), 2013, 122-134.
[6] Saha, S K; Bag, T ; De, A K ; Basak, S; Biswas, S C and Ghosh Roy, S C. Adolescent girls’ health profile in sub-Himalayan
region of west Bengal, J Obstecol India , 56(4), 2006, 329-332.
[7] Rao, D; Murty, P P and Venkaish, M. Phytosociological observation on the tree species diversity of Tropical forests of
Srikakulam District, Andhra Pradesh, India, Indian Jour. Of Plant Sciences (Online), 2(4), 2013, 89-108.
[8 ] Tamang, D. K; Gurung, S; Sharma, N. P. and Shrestha, D. G. Bamboo diversity, distribution pattern and its Uses in Sikkim
(India) Himalaya, International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 3(2)2013, 1-6
[9] Roy, S. B. Bilateral Matching Institutions: An Illustration in Forest Conservation, The Journal of Indian Anthropological Society
of India, 27, 1992, 253-262.
[10] Rohin, D’souza. Rural Development through rural tourism Thinking away from mass tourism, Salesian Journal, Salesian
College, Sonada, 2009, pp.-1-6.
[11] Singh, K.K., Kumar, S; Rai, L K and Krishna, A P. Rhododendron Conservation in the Sikkim Himalaya, Current Science,
85(5), 2003, 602-606.
[12] Tiwari, O.N. and Chauhan, U.K. Rhododendron conservation in Sikkim Himalaya, Current Science, 90(4), 2006, 532-541.
[13] Singh, K. K.Notes on the Sikkim Himalayan rhododendrons: a taxon of great conservation Importance, Turkish Jour. Of Botany,
33(4), 2009, 305-310.
[14] Menon, S; Khan, M L ; Paul, A; Peterson, A T. Rhododendron species in the Indian Eastern Himalaya: New approach to
understanding Rare Pant species distribution, Journal of American Rhododendron Society, Spring, 2012, 78-84.
Books:
[15 ] Bhujel, R. B. Studies on the Dicotyledonous Flora of Darjeeling District, Ph. D. Thesis,1996, North Bengal University, Siliguri,
Darjeeling.
[16] Greipsson, S. Restoration Ecology, Jones & Bartlett Learning, USA, 2011, pp-387.
[17] Roy, S.B; Mukhopadhyaya, D and Das, S. Strengthening Institutions in Joint Forest Management Systemic approach to Forest
Conservation, Social Science, New Delhi, 2001.
[18] Groom, M. J; Meffe, G K ; Carroll, C. R. and Contributors. Principles of Conservation Biology, Third Edition, Sinauer
Associates, Inc. Publishers, USA.,2006, pp.-793.
[19] Anonymous. Handbook of Ecological Indicators for Assessment of Ecosystem Healthy, Second Edition, edited by Sven E.
Jorgensen, Fu-Liu Xu and Robert Costana, CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group,2010, pp. 484.
[20] Tamang, K. K. and Yonzone, G. S. Dictionary of Flowering Plants of Darjeeling-Sikkim Himalaya (along with their
corresponding Nepali and English names), Mani Printing House, Darjeeling, West Bengal, India.2004, pp:1 -70.
[21] Stainton, A. Flowers of the Himalaya, A Supplement, Oxford University Press, Eighth Impression, New Delhi, 2011, India.
[22] Polunin, O and Stainton, A. Flowers of the Himalaya. Oxford University Press, Twelfth Impression, New Delhi, 2012, India.
[23] Hooker, J.D. Flora of British India, Vol.-1-7, 1892-1897, BSI, Kolkata.
[24] Prain, D. Bengal Plants (Vol.-I/II), Bishen Singh and Mahendra Pal Singh, 1963 (Revised), Dehradun, India.
[25] Anonymous. Flora of West Bengal, Vol.-I, 1997, Flora of India, Series-2, BSI, Kolkata.
[26] O’Malley, L.S.S. Darjeeling: Bengal District Gazetters, New Delhi, 1907, Logos Press.
[27] Bennet, S.S.R. Name Changes in Flowering Plants of India and adjoining Regions, Triseas Publishers, 1987, Dehra Dun.
[28] Jain, S. K. and Rao, R. R. A Hand Book of Field Herbarium Methods, Oxford IBH Publishing Company, 1997, New Delhi.
[29] Kirtikar, K.R. and Basu, B.D. Indian Medicinal Plants, I-IV, International Book Distributors, 1918, Dehra Dun.
[30] Malhotra, K.C; Deb, D; Dutta, N; Vasulu, T.S; Yadav, G and Adhikari, M. Role of Non-Timber Forest Produce in Village
Economy: A Household survey in Jamboni Range, Midnapore District, West Bengal, IBRAD, 1991, Calcutta.
[31] Roy, S.B; Mahapatra, T and Yadav, G. Forest Protection and management by communities in Midnapore District, West Bengal,
published in the book,”Joint Forest Management and Community Forestry in India-An Ecological and Institutional Assessment”
Edited by N H Ravindranath; K S Murali and K.C Malhotra, Oxford IBH Pub. Co. Pvt. Ltd., 2000.
[32] Kurane, A. Ethnic Identity and Social Mobility, Rawat Publications, Jaipur, 1999, pp.-32-37.
[33] Bhui, Ujjwal. Gorkhaland Movement and ethnic conflicts in Dooars: Some Observations and Opinions, The Himalayan
Miscellany, Vol-19 & 20, 2008-09, Centre for the Himalayan Studies, North Bengal University, Raja Rammohunpur, Siliguri,
Darjeeling, pp.-19-30.
[34] Anonymous, Effectivenes Monitoring guidelines for Ecosystem Restoration, Final Report, submitted to-Habitat Branch,
Ministry of Water, Land and Air Protection, Stn. Prov. Govt., Jutland Road, Victoria, prepared by-Marine Machmer and
Christoph Steager, Pandian Ecological Research Ltd., 705-Stanley, 2002, Nelson.
[35] Dash, M C and Dash, S P. Fundamentals of Ecology, Third Edition, The McGraw-Hill Companies, 7 West Patel Nagar, New
Delhi, Chapter-5, 2010, pp-222.
Thesis:
[36] Das, D. Vegetation Ecology of Forests of South West Bengal with special reference to Non-Timber Forest Produce (NTFPs)
Productivity, Ph. D Thesis awarded from Vidyasagar University, 2007, West Bengal (Work From CNH, Botanical Survey of
India, Shibpore, Howrah, West Bengal).
Other articles:
[37] Anonymous. Information Booklet, GTA Election 2012, pp. 103
[38] Dey, N. Ecological study of some herbaceous medicinal Plants of Darjeeling Himalaya with special reference to Vasicular
Mycorrhizal infection, Dissertation Work for M.Sc. Degree in Botany, from Darjeeling Govt. College, under North Bengal
University, West Bengal (Supervisor, Dr. Debabrata Das, Asst. Prof. of Botany, Angiospermic Taxonmy and Ecology
Laboratory, Darjeeling Govt. College, Darjeeling), 2013, pp-1-40. (Unpublished, un-uploaded).
[39] Web article: Michelia cathcartii Hook.f. T. NYPL DIGITAL COLLECTIONS, Beta
;Still image, RLIN/OCLL: 11864249,
NYPL Catalog ID (B. Number):b14444153 (Illustrations of Himalayan Plants: Chiefly selected from drawings made for the late
J.F.Cathcart, Esq.re of the Bengal Civil Service, website: http:/digital collections.nypl.org/items/510dc47dc-5090-a3dg-
e040a18064a99
[40] Anonymous. Environmental Science: In Context, Vol.-I (Acid Rain to Logging), Brenda Wilmoth Lerner & K. Lee Lerner,
Editirs, GALE CENGAGE Learning, 2008.,pp-537.pp.244.