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The ancient Indus Valley Civilization arose around 2600 BC in the Indus River valley region of modern day India and Pakistan. At its peak between 2300-1700 BC, large urban settlements like Mohenjo-Daro had populations of 35,000-50,000 people and advanced infrastructure like gridded streets and drainage systems. The civilization declined around 1700 BC for unknown reasons. Later, Aryan pastoralists migrated to India after 1500 BC and established kingdoms. The first major empire was the Mauryan Empire founded by Chandragupta Maurya in 322 BC, which extended across northern India under the rule of Ashoka in the 3rd century BC. The Gupta Empire arose in the 4th century AD
Chandragupta Maurya founded the powerful Mauryan Empire in 321 BCE which covered most of South Asia. His empire was further expanded by his grandson Ashoka who adopted Buddhism after witnessing the violence of his Kalinga war. The Gupta Empire rose to power in 320 CE under Chandragupta I and had its golden age under Chandragupta II who expanded it across northern India. The Vardhan dynasty ruler Harsha united northern India in the 7th century CE before his empire broke apart. The Mughal Empire was founded in 1526 and became one of the largest and wealthiest empires under Akbar the Great from 1556-1605 CE, covering most of the Indian subcontinent through
1) The document provides a historical overview of Nepal, describing its location and key geographical regions. It discusses Nepal's isolation in the Himalayas and its status as a multi-ethnic country.
2) The history of Nepal is traced from ancient Kirati rule beginning around 800 BCE, through the Licchavi period starting around 400 CE, to the unification of Nepal under the Shah monarchy in the 18th century.
3) In the 20th century, Nepal experienced a struggle for democracy that culminated in a 2008 peace treaty and the establishment of a federal democratic republic, replacing the Nepalese monarchy.
Ancient India experienced significant developments between 3000 BCE and 500 CE. Major civilizations arose along the Indus River Valley, most notably Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, which had advanced sewage systems and city planning. Around 1500 BCE, Aryan invaders established themselves across northern India and introduced Sanskrit. Their social hierarchy later developed into the caste system. Buddhism emerged in the 6th century BCE founded by Siddhartha Gautama and emphasized enlightenment through non-attachment. Powerful empires like the Mauryans and Guptas unified parts of India at different times and Indian culture flourished with developments in architecture, literature, mathematics and science.
The document provides a history of India from prehistoric times to modern day. It discusses the Indus Valley Civilization which flourished from 3300-1300 BCE. Following the collapse of the Indus Valley Civilization, the Vedic Civilization emerged in northern India. Major empires that ruled India included the Maurya Empire in the 4th-3rd centuries BCE, the Gupta Empire from the 4th-6th centuries CE during the Golden Age of India, and the Mughal Empire from the 16th-18th centuries. India gained independence from British rule in 1947.
The document provides information on the Naga tribes of Sri Lanka. It discusses the origins of the Naga people, noting they appear as a distinct group in early Sri Lankan and Tamil writings from the 3rd century BCE. It describes how the Naga assimilated to Tamil language and culture over time and lost their separate identity. The document also outlines aspects of Naga culture like snake worship, architecture, irrigation works, cuisine, dress, marriage traditions, and festivals. Key festivals mentioned include Gan Ngai and Rih Ngai.
1 what-does-kampuchea-mean-in-palisanskritMonsa Dam
The document provides historical context about Cambodia from prehistoric times through the 20th century. It discusses:
1) Archaeological excavations in Thailand in 1967 and 1974-1975 that uncovered ancient artifacts dating back to 3600-3900 BC, providing evidence of early Bronze Age culture in Southeast Asia.
2) The origins and early history of the Khmer people and empires, including the first kingdom of Funan in the 1st-7th centuries AD and the Chenla kingdom that followed.
3) The rise and golden age of the Khmer Empire beginning in the 9th century AD under King Jayavarman II, when the city of Angkor became the imperial capital and the empire reached its height
The document provides an overview of the ancient political history of Nepal. It discusses several theories on the etymology of the word "Nepal" and notes that the earliest known inhabitants were the Kiratas. It describes Nepal's three ancient ruling dynasties - the Gopal dynasty which ruled for around 500 years, the Mahispal dynasty which ruled for 150 years, and the Kirat dynasty which ruled for approximately 1600 years until being defeated by the Licchhavi dynasty. It provides some details on major kings from the Kirat dynasty like Yalambar and Humati.
The ancient Indus Valley Civilization arose around 2600 BC in the Indus River valley region of modern day India and Pakistan. At its peak between 2300-1700 BC, large urban settlements like Mohenjo-Daro had populations of 35,000-50,000 people and advanced infrastructure like gridded streets and drainage systems. The civilization declined around 1700 BC for unknown reasons. Later, Aryan pastoralists migrated to India after 1500 BC and established kingdoms. The first major empire was the Mauryan Empire founded by Chandragupta Maurya in 322 BC, which extended across northern India under the rule of Ashoka in the 3rd century BC. The Gupta Empire arose in the 4th century AD
Chandragupta Maurya founded the powerful Mauryan Empire in 321 BCE which covered most of South Asia. His empire was further expanded by his grandson Ashoka who adopted Buddhism after witnessing the violence of his Kalinga war. The Gupta Empire rose to power in 320 CE under Chandragupta I and had its golden age under Chandragupta II who expanded it across northern India. The Vardhan dynasty ruler Harsha united northern India in the 7th century CE before his empire broke apart. The Mughal Empire was founded in 1526 and became one of the largest and wealthiest empires under Akbar the Great from 1556-1605 CE, covering most of the Indian subcontinent through
1) The document provides a historical overview of Nepal, describing its location and key geographical regions. It discusses Nepal's isolation in the Himalayas and its status as a multi-ethnic country.
2) The history of Nepal is traced from ancient Kirati rule beginning around 800 BCE, through the Licchavi period starting around 400 CE, to the unification of Nepal under the Shah monarchy in the 18th century.
3) In the 20th century, Nepal experienced a struggle for democracy that culminated in a 2008 peace treaty and the establishment of a federal democratic republic, replacing the Nepalese monarchy.
Ancient India experienced significant developments between 3000 BCE and 500 CE. Major civilizations arose along the Indus River Valley, most notably Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, which had advanced sewage systems and city planning. Around 1500 BCE, Aryan invaders established themselves across northern India and introduced Sanskrit. Their social hierarchy later developed into the caste system. Buddhism emerged in the 6th century BCE founded by Siddhartha Gautama and emphasized enlightenment through non-attachment. Powerful empires like the Mauryans and Guptas unified parts of India at different times and Indian culture flourished with developments in architecture, literature, mathematics and science.
The document provides a history of India from prehistoric times to modern day. It discusses the Indus Valley Civilization which flourished from 3300-1300 BCE. Following the collapse of the Indus Valley Civilization, the Vedic Civilization emerged in northern India. Major empires that ruled India included the Maurya Empire in the 4th-3rd centuries BCE, the Gupta Empire from the 4th-6th centuries CE during the Golden Age of India, and the Mughal Empire from the 16th-18th centuries. India gained independence from British rule in 1947.
The document provides information on the Naga tribes of Sri Lanka. It discusses the origins of the Naga people, noting they appear as a distinct group in early Sri Lankan and Tamil writings from the 3rd century BCE. It describes how the Naga assimilated to Tamil language and culture over time and lost their separate identity. The document also outlines aspects of Naga culture like snake worship, architecture, irrigation works, cuisine, dress, marriage traditions, and festivals. Key festivals mentioned include Gan Ngai and Rih Ngai.
1 what-does-kampuchea-mean-in-palisanskritMonsa Dam
The document provides historical context about Cambodia from prehistoric times through the 20th century. It discusses:
1) Archaeological excavations in Thailand in 1967 and 1974-1975 that uncovered ancient artifacts dating back to 3600-3900 BC, providing evidence of early Bronze Age culture in Southeast Asia.
2) The origins and early history of the Khmer people and empires, including the first kingdom of Funan in the 1st-7th centuries AD and the Chenla kingdom that followed.
3) The rise and golden age of the Khmer Empire beginning in the 9th century AD under King Jayavarman II, when the city of Angkor became the imperial capital and the empire reached its height
The document provides an overview of the ancient political history of Nepal. It discusses several theories on the etymology of the word "Nepal" and notes that the earliest known inhabitants were the Kiratas. It describes Nepal's three ancient ruling dynasties - the Gopal dynasty which ruled for around 500 years, the Mahispal dynasty which ruled for 150 years, and the Kirat dynasty which ruled for approximately 1600 years until being defeated by the Licchhavi dynasty. It provides some details on major kings from the Kirat dynasty like Yalambar and Humati.
The document summarizes the early empires of India from 512 BC to the Gupta Empire between 320-535 AD. It discusses the Persian and Magadha states in the 6th century BC and the rise of the Maurya Dynasty in the 4th century BC led by Chandragupta Maurya. It then covers the expansion of the Maurya Empire under Ashoka in the 3rd century BC and the spread of Buddhism. Following the decline of the Mauryas, the document outlines the invasions of the Bactrian Greeks and Kushans and their cultural influences. It concludes with the golden age of the Gupta Empire in northern India and the independent kingdom of the Tamils in southern India.
History of india and indian national movementManish Kumàr
This document provides an overview of the history of India from prehistoric times through the Indus Valley Civilization. It describes the Stone Age periods (Paleolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic) and tools used. The Mesolithic saw domestication of animals and early farming. The Neolithic brought polished stone tools, farming, domestication of cattle, pottery, painted designs. The Chalcolithic period added copper tools. It then details the Indus Valley Civilization from 2500-1700 BC, including major sites like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, and elaborates on aspects of their advanced urban planning, drainage systems, and use of burnt bricks.
This document provides an overview of the history and geography of ancient India. It discusses the origins and spread of Hinduism and Buddhism. Major empires that ruled India are described, including the Maurya Empire founded by Chandragupta Maurya in the 4th century BCE, the Gupta Empire in the 4th century CE, and invasions by groups like the Huns that contributed to the decline of these empires. The document also summarizes the development of Indian civilization and its major religious and philosophical texts.
Unit 4 lesson 2 india history of a civilizationCRCourseDev
Indian civilization can be traced back to 3000 BCE, though its most successful kingdom, the Mauryan Empire, arose around 200 BCE under the leader Asoka. Asoka expanded trade, promoted Buddhism, established hospitals, and brought stability. Subsequent kingdoms like the Kushan Kingdom in the 1st century CE continued expanding Indian trade along the Silk Road between China and Rome. The powerful Gupta Empire arose in 320 CE and presided over a period of prosperity, trade, and cultural achievements before invaders conquered the last strong Indian empire hundreds of years later.
The document discusses the origins and history of Nepal. It describes several myths about how Nepal was named. It then outlines the major historical periods and dynasties that ruled Nepal from ancient times through the modern era. The ancient periods included the Gopal, Mahispal, and Kirat dynasties. The medieval era saw rule by the Lichchhavi dynasty followed by the Malla dynasty during the "Golden Period." The modern period began with the Shah dynasty unifying the country and establishing the first Rana prime minister in 1846. Democracy was restored in 1990 after a decade-long civil war. Nepal became a republic in 2008 with the abolition of the monarchy.
A short presentation on History of India. It was rather difficult to fit in 5000 years of recorded history from the Indus Valley Civilization to Independence .. but here it is in about 35 slides! Thanks to the contributors in Google and Wikipedia - I have just amalgamated it.
The document provides an overview of the geography, civilizations, religions, and empires of ancient India. It describes the Himalayan mountain range and major river valleys that shaped settlement and trade. Notable civilizations included the Indus Valley civilization with major cities like Mohenjo Daro, the Vedic civilization of the Indo-Aryan settlers, and the Mauryan and Gupta empires that unified parts of India. Hinduism and Buddhism developed as major religions during this period, with Buddhism spreading across Asia. Society was highly stratified under the caste system.
The document provides information on important figures and periods in ancient Indian history. It discusses Chandragupta, who unified northern India in the 4th century BCE and defeated the Persian general Seleucus. It then covers the Maurya Empire founded by Chandragupta from 321-185 BCE and important rulers like Asoka who promoted Buddhism. Next, it outlines the Gupta Empire from 320-647 CE, noting its economic prosperity and cultural achievements under rulers like Chandra Gupta II. It concludes with the invasion of the White Huns signaling the decline of the Guptas and the fragmentation of North India into separate kingdoms.
Ancient India had one of the earliest civilizations, dating back to 3000 BC in the Indus Valley. The Aryan people invaded around 2000 BC and established kingdoms in North India, introducing Sanskrit, Hinduism, and the caste system. Hinduism developed as nature worship and believes in reincarnation. Buddhism emerged in the 6th century BC to reform Hinduism. Major empires included the Maurya Empire, which spread Buddhism, and the Gupta Empire, a golden age of arts and science. India experienced invasions by Persians, Greeks, Huns, and Muslims, who introduced new religions like Islam. India made many contributions to civilization, including religions, philosophy, yoga, literature,
The document summarizes information about the ancient Gandhara Kingdom located in northern Pakistan and eastern Afghanistan. Some key details:
- Gandhara's main cities were Purushapura (Peshawar), Takshashila (Taxila), and Pushkhalavati (Charsadda). It lasted from the 1st millennium BC to the 11th century AD and was ruled by various empires over time, including the Persians, Greeks, Indo-Greeks, and Kushans.
- The region flourished under Buddhist rule from the 1st to 5th centuries AD and was a center of Buddhism. Archaeological sites from this period, like the Dharmarajika
Gandhara was an ancient kingdom located in what is now northern Pakistan and eastern Afghanistan. It contained important cities like Peshawar, Taxila, and Charsadda. Gandhara experienced rule under various empires and powers from the 1st century BC to the 11th century AD, including the Persian, Greek, Kushan, and Hindu Shahi empires. It was a center of Buddhism under the Kushans and produced the Greco-Buddhist art style, evident in the ruins of stupas, monasteries, and sculptures found at important archaeological sites in the region.
Ancient India had several influential civilizations and empires. The Indus River Valley was home to the early Harappan civilization between 2500-1500 BC, which had large planned cities with water and sewage systems. Later, Indo-Aryan peoples migrated into northern India around 1750 BC, bringing their Vedic scriptures and Sanskrit language. Major religions that developed included Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism. Powerful empires like the Mauryan under Asoka and Gupta dynasty promoted trade and cultural growth across India between 300 BC-550 AD. Ancient Indian society had a caste system and advanced mathematics, medicine, and education.
The document summarizes the history of India from the Harappan civilization around 2300 BC through British colonial rule ending in 1947. It outlines the major empires and kingdoms that ruled India, including the Indo-Aryan civilization starting around 1500 BC, the Muslim Delhi Sultanate from 1000-1200 AD, the Mughal Empire from the 1500s-1700s, and the British East India Company gaining control in the late 1700s-1800s. The document also notes the Indian Mutiny of 1857 that led the British government to take direct control of India and the eventual independence movement led by Gandhi that resulted in India gaining independence in 1947.
In 176 BC, the Yuezhi were driven from Tarim Besin to westward by the Xiongnu, a fierce people of Magnolia.
The Yuezhi under the leadership of the Kushanas came down from Central Asia and swept away all earlier dynasties of the Northwest in a great campaign of conquest. They established an empire which extended from Central Asia right down to the eastern Gangetic basin.
In Bactria, they conquered the Scythians and the local Indo-Greek kingdoms, the last remnants of Alexander the Great's invasion force that had failed to take India.
From this central location, the Kushan Empire became a wealthy trading hub between the peoples of Han China, Sassanid Persia and the Roman Empire.
Roman gold and Chinese silk changed hands in the Kushan Empire, at a very tidy profit for the middle-men.
The document provides an overview of early India, including its geography, major rivers, and monsoon patterns. It then discusses the Indus Valley Civilization between 2500-1500 BCE, including its emergence, well-organized government, and eventual decline. Next, it covers the arrival of the Aryans and the development of Hinduism, including the Vedas, caste system, and epics like the Ramayana and Mahabharata. It also summarizes the key teachings of Buddhism founded by Siddhartha Gautama.
The document discusses the emergence of Mahajanapadas in ancient India during the 6th century BCE. Some key points:
- 16 major Mahajanapadas emerged across northern India, each centered around a city-state and ruled by Kshatriya tribes. These included Magadha, Kasi, Kosala, Vatsa, Kuru, Panchala, Surasena, Assaka, Avanti, Gandhara, Kamboja, Chedi, Videha, Saisunaga, and Matsya.
- The Mahajanapadas were both monarchies and republics. Monarchical states were located on the Gangetic plains while republic
The document provides a detailed overview of the geography, history, and culture of India. It describes the Indian subcontinent's diverse terrain, including the Himalayan mountains, the Ganges river valley, the Indus river valley, and coastal plains. It traces the development of civilization in the Indus Valley as well as the later arrival and settlement of Indo-European peoples known as Aryans. The Aryans established Vedic religion and Sanskrit, and introduced social hierarchies like the caste system. Major empires like the Maurya and Gupta dynasties unified parts of India at different points. The document also examines aspects of Indian society, economy, and culture through history.
The document provides a detailed overview of the geography, history, and culture of India. It describes the Indian subcontinent's diverse terrain, including the Himalayan mountains, the Ganges river valley, the Indus river valley, and coastal plains. It traces the development of early civilizations like the Indus Valley civilization as well as the later arrival and settlement of Indo-European peoples known as Aryans. The Aryans established Vedic religion and Sanskrit, and introduced social hierarchies like the caste system. Major empires that rose and fell in India are also summarized.
The document summarizes the early empires of India from 512 BC to the Gupta Empire between 320-535 AD. It discusses the Persian and Magadha states in the 6th century BC and the rise of the Maurya Dynasty in the 4th century BC led by Chandragupta Maurya. It then covers the expansion of the Maurya Empire under Ashoka in the 3rd century BC and the spread of Buddhism. Following the decline of the Mauryas, the document outlines the invasions of the Bactrian Greeks and Kushans and their cultural influences. It concludes with the golden age of the Gupta Empire in northern India and the independent kingdom of the Tamils in southern India.
History of india and indian national movementManish Kumàr
This document provides an overview of the history of India from prehistoric times through the Indus Valley Civilization. It describes the Stone Age periods (Paleolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic) and tools used. The Mesolithic saw domestication of animals and early farming. The Neolithic brought polished stone tools, farming, domestication of cattle, pottery, painted designs. The Chalcolithic period added copper tools. It then details the Indus Valley Civilization from 2500-1700 BC, including major sites like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, and elaborates on aspects of their advanced urban planning, drainage systems, and use of burnt bricks.
This document provides an overview of the history and geography of ancient India. It discusses the origins and spread of Hinduism and Buddhism. Major empires that ruled India are described, including the Maurya Empire founded by Chandragupta Maurya in the 4th century BCE, the Gupta Empire in the 4th century CE, and invasions by groups like the Huns that contributed to the decline of these empires. The document also summarizes the development of Indian civilization and its major religious and philosophical texts.
Unit 4 lesson 2 india history of a civilizationCRCourseDev
Indian civilization can be traced back to 3000 BCE, though its most successful kingdom, the Mauryan Empire, arose around 200 BCE under the leader Asoka. Asoka expanded trade, promoted Buddhism, established hospitals, and brought stability. Subsequent kingdoms like the Kushan Kingdom in the 1st century CE continued expanding Indian trade along the Silk Road between China and Rome. The powerful Gupta Empire arose in 320 CE and presided over a period of prosperity, trade, and cultural achievements before invaders conquered the last strong Indian empire hundreds of years later.
The document discusses the origins and history of Nepal. It describes several myths about how Nepal was named. It then outlines the major historical periods and dynasties that ruled Nepal from ancient times through the modern era. The ancient periods included the Gopal, Mahispal, and Kirat dynasties. The medieval era saw rule by the Lichchhavi dynasty followed by the Malla dynasty during the "Golden Period." The modern period began with the Shah dynasty unifying the country and establishing the first Rana prime minister in 1846. Democracy was restored in 1990 after a decade-long civil war. Nepal became a republic in 2008 with the abolition of the monarchy.
A short presentation on History of India. It was rather difficult to fit in 5000 years of recorded history from the Indus Valley Civilization to Independence .. but here it is in about 35 slides! Thanks to the contributors in Google and Wikipedia - I have just amalgamated it.
The document provides an overview of the geography, civilizations, religions, and empires of ancient India. It describes the Himalayan mountain range and major river valleys that shaped settlement and trade. Notable civilizations included the Indus Valley civilization with major cities like Mohenjo Daro, the Vedic civilization of the Indo-Aryan settlers, and the Mauryan and Gupta empires that unified parts of India. Hinduism and Buddhism developed as major religions during this period, with Buddhism spreading across Asia. Society was highly stratified under the caste system.
The document provides information on important figures and periods in ancient Indian history. It discusses Chandragupta, who unified northern India in the 4th century BCE and defeated the Persian general Seleucus. It then covers the Maurya Empire founded by Chandragupta from 321-185 BCE and important rulers like Asoka who promoted Buddhism. Next, it outlines the Gupta Empire from 320-647 CE, noting its economic prosperity and cultural achievements under rulers like Chandra Gupta II. It concludes with the invasion of the White Huns signaling the decline of the Guptas and the fragmentation of North India into separate kingdoms.
Ancient India had one of the earliest civilizations, dating back to 3000 BC in the Indus Valley. The Aryan people invaded around 2000 BC and established kingdoms in North India, introducing Sanskrit, Hinduism, and the caste system. Hinduism developed as nature worship and believes in reincarnation. Buddhism emerged in the 6th century BC to reform Hinduism. Major empires included the Maurya Empire, which spread Buddhism, and the Gupta Empire, a golden age of arts and science. India experienced invasions by Persians, Greeks, Huns, and Muslims, who introduced new religions like Islam. India made many contributions to civilization, including religions, philosophy, yoga, literature,
The document summarizes information about the ancient Gandhara Kingdom located in northern Pakistan and eastern Afghanistan. Some key details:
- Gandhara's main cities were Purushapura (Peshawar), Takshashila (Taxila), and Pushkhalavati (Charsadda). It lasted from the 1st millennium BC to the 11th century AD and was ruled by various empires over time, including the Persians, Greeks, Indo-Greeks, and Kushans.
- The region flourished under Buddhist rule from the 1st to 5th centuries AD and was a center of Buddhism. Archaeological sites from this period, like the Dharmarajika
Gandhara was an ancient kingdom located in what is now northern Pakistan and eastern Afghanistan. It contained important cities like Peshawar, Taxila, and Charsadda. Gandhara experienced rule under various empires and powers from the 1st century BC to the 11th century AD, including the Persian, Greek, Kushan, and Hindu Shahi empires. It was a center of Buddhism under the Kushans and produced the Greco-Buddhist art style, evident in the ruins of stupas, monasteries, and sculptures found at important archaeological sites in the region.
Ancient India had several influential civilizations and empires. The Indus River Valley was home to the early Harappan civilization between 2500-1500 BC, which had large planned cities with water and sewage systems. Later, Indo-Aryan peoples migrated into northern India around 1750 BC, bringing their Vedic scriptures and Sanskrit language. Major religions that developed included Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism. Powerful empires like the Mauryan under Asoka and Gupta dynasty promoted trade and cultural growth across India between 300 BC-550 AD. Ancient Indian society had a caste system and advanced mathematics, medicine, and education.
The document summarizes the history of India from the Harappan civilization around 2300 BC through British colonial rule ending in 1947. It outlines the major empires and kingdoms that ruled India, including the Indo-Aryan civilization starting around 1500 BC, the Muslim Delhi Sultanate from 1000-1200 AD, the Mughal Empire from the 1500s-1700s, and the British East India Company gaining control in the late 1700s-1800s. The document also notes the Indian Mutiny of 1857 that led the British government to take direct control of India and the eventual independence movement led by Gandhi that resulted in India gaining independence in 1947.
In 176 BC, the Yuezhi were driven from Tarim Besin to westward by the Xiongnu, a fierce people of Magnolia.
The Yuezhi under the leadership of the Kushanas came down from Central Asia and swept away all earlier dynasties of the Northwest in a great campaign of conquest. They established an empire which extended from Central Asia right down to the eastern Gangetic basin.
In Bactria, they conquered the Scythians and the local Indo-Greek kingdoms, the last remnants of Alexander the Great's invasion force that had failed to take India.
From this central location, the Kushan Empire became a wealthy trading hub between the peoples of Han China, Sassanid Persia and the Roman Empire.
Roman gold and Chinese silk changed hands in the Kushan Empire, at a very tidy profit for the middle-men.
The document provides an overview of early India, including its geography, major rivers, and monsoon patterns. It then discusses the Indus Valley Civilization between 2500-1500 BCE, including its emergence, well-organized government, and eventual decline. Next, it covers the arrival of the Aryans and the development of Hinduism, including the Vedas, caste system, and epics like the Ramayana and Mahabharata. It also summarizes the key teachings of Buddhism founded by Siddhartha Gautama.
The document discusses the emergence of Mahajanapadas in ancient India during the 6th century BCE. Some key points:
- 16 major Mahajanapadas emerged across northern India, each centered around a city-state and ruled by Kshatriya tribes. These included Magadha, Kasi, Kosala, Vatsa, Kuru, Panchala, Surasena, Assaka, Avanti, Gandhara, Kamboja, Chedi, Videha, Saisunaga, and Matsya.
- The Mahajanapadas were both monarchies and republics. Monarchical states were located on the Gangetic plains while republic
The document provides a detailed overview of the geography, history, and culture of India. It describes the Indian subcontinent's diverse terrain, including the Himalayan mountains, the Ganges river valley, the Indus river valley, and coastal plains. It traces the development of civilization in the Indus Valley as well as the later arrival and settlement of Indo-European peoples known as Aryans. The Aryans established Vedic religion and Sanskrit, and introduced social hierarchies like the caste system. Major empires like the Maurya and Gupta dynasties unified parts of India at different points. The document also examines aspects of Indian society, economy, and culture through history.
The document provides a detailed overview of the geography, history, and culture of India. It describes the Indian subcontinent's diverse terrain, including the Himalayan mountains, the Ganges river valley, the Indus river valley, and coastal plains. It traces the development of early civilizations like the Indus Valley civilization as well as the later arrival and settlement of Indo-European peoples known as Aryans. The Aryans established Vedic religion and Sanskrit, and introduced social hierarchies like the caste system. Major empires that rose and fell in India are also summarized.
Impact of Hindu Civilization on the world Swadesh Singh
The document discusses the spread and influence of Hinduism in different parts of Asia and the world through three waves. Hinduism spread peacefully through cultural exchange, influencing languages, scripts, calendars, and art in Southeast Asian countries like Indonesia, Cambodia, Myanmar, and others. Hindu ideas and deities had a profound impact and are still reflected in many aspects of culture, architecture, and literature in these regions historically known as greater India. Angkor Wat is presented as the prime example of Hindu architectural influence.
The document summarizes the history of Indian civilization from ancient times to the establishment of empires. It describes the Indus Valley civilization including the cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. The Aryans later invaded and their Vedic period saw the development of Sanskrit and the Vedas. Major empires included the Mauryan Empire under Ashoka, the Gupta Empire which was a period of cultural flourishing, and the Mughal Empire which ruled in the 16th century. Key contributions of Indian civilization included urban planning, major religions, mathematics, and architectural achievements.
This presentation provides an overview of Indian civilization from its origins to modern times. It begins with the Indus Valley Civilization around 2500 BC, followed by the arrival of the Aryans. Major periods discussed include the Mauryan Empire founded by Chandragupta Maurya in 322 BC, the Golden Age of the Gupta Period from 320-480 AD, and the rule of the Turks and Mughals from 1175-1800 AD. European colonization from 1800-1947 is also summarized. The presentation concludes that while political unity was brief, Indian culture provided continuity and identity over its long history.
Indian culture had a significant influence on Southeast Asia between 200 BC and the 15th century. Indian traders, missionaries, and monks spread Hinduism and Buddhism through peaceful means rather than military conquest. They introduced Indian aspects like architecture, religion, art, culture, society, literature, maritime activities, trade, cuisine, and language. Key examples include Angkor Wat in Cambodia, which shows Dravidian architectural influences, and Prambanan temple in Java, which blended Buddhism and Dravidian styles. Indian missionaries and their role in spreading culture through ashrams and hermitages were also important to cultural exchange. Overall, Indian cultural dominance was established through maritime activities, trade routes, and powerful kingdoms with Indian names and heritage
In Civilizational march of HInduism, we have proved that culture advances without political motives, trade can proceed without imperialist designs, settlements can take place without colonial excesses and literature, religion and language can be transported without xenophobia.
The document summarizes the spread of Buddhism and cultural influences from India to Southeast Asia between 500 BCE to 1500 CE. It discusses how Indian merchants introduced Hinduism and Buddhism to the region through trade, and how various kingdoms like Funan and the Khmer Empire adopted Indian religions, social structures, and languages. It also describes the maritime empires of Srivijaya and Majapahit that controlled trade routes and influenced the spread of culture. The founding myth of Cambodia is presented, which tells of an Indian prince marrying a Naga princess and establishing the first Khmer dynasty.
1. Hinduism and Buddhism spread from India to many parts of Asia between 1500 BCE to 500 CE. Hindu gods like Indra, Varuna and Mitra were worshipped in the Mitanni Kingdom in ancient Syria, as evidenced by treaties between the Hittites and Hurrians.
2. In Egypt, excavations at Amarna revealed kings with Vedic names ruling in Syria around 1400-1500 BCE. The Hyksos dynasty in Egypt was of Indian origin. Hindu concepts like reincarnation and devotion to the sun god were also present.
3. Buddhism spread to East Asia between 500-1000 CE. In China, monks worked with spiritual leaders to preach concepts like moksha.
The document summarizes the important people, places, works of art, and events in the histories of India and Southeast Asia between 1500 BCE and 647 CE. It notes that the Indo-Europeans migrated to India around 1500 BCE and established irrigation systems, while Buddhism emerged around 500 BCE under Siddhartha Gautama. The Mauryan Empire was founded by Chandragupta Maurya in 324 BCE and was the first major empire in India. It collapsed around 184 BCE. Trade routes developed around 500 CE, connecting Southeast Asia and India via the Strait of Malacca.
The Harappan civilization arose in the Indus Valley around 2600 BCE, establishing large urban centers like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro with populations of 40,000-80,000. They developed advanced water and sewage systems but their written language remains undeciphered. The civilization declined after 1900 BCE for unknown reasons. Sanskrit speakers migrated to northern India around 1500 BCE, bringing the Indo-European language family. In the 4th century BCE, the Mauryan Empire was established and its emperor Ashoka converted to Buddhism after a bloody conquest. He promoted Buddhism throughout his empire using inscriptions and made it a state religion, allowing it to spread across Asia. South Asian trade flourished during this period
- India is a federal parliamentary republic located in South Asia. It has over 1.2 billion people and is the largest democracy in the world.
- India has a long and diverse history, with many ancient civilizations and empires rising and falling on the subcontinent over millennia. Major religions like Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism originated in India.
- In modern times, India gained independence from British rule in 1947 after years of campaigning for self-governance led by Mahatma Gandhi and other leaders. It is now a rapidly developing country with a strong economy and cultural influence worldwide.
The document provides details about the Indus Valley civilization and the Vedic period in ancient India. It describes some key findings from excavations at Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, including structures like the Great Bath. The Vedic period saw the migration of Indo-Aryan groups into India around 1800 BCE, who brought with them Sanskrit and Vedic religious traditions. The Vedic texts known as the Vedas were composed during this period. The caste system and patriarchal social structure developed in late Vedic times. Sanskrit evolved from the language of the Vedic texts and became important to Indian culture and religion.
The Vedic Vayupurana describes a battle waged among the ancient Aryans. It was as a result of this war that Anavs part of the Chandravanshi clan and Gurtar ( Guzar ) of suryabanshi had to immigrate to wester Aryabart area of modern Iran (Iran means "land of Aryans") to Tarim basin.
It was in these regions, where the fertile soil of the mountainous country is surrounded by the Turanian desert, that the prophet Zarathushtra (Zoroaster) was said to have been born and gained his first adherents. Avestan, the language of the oldest portions of the Zoroastrian Avesta, was once called "old-iranic" which is related to Sanskrit.
Chandravansi known as Sythians and Suryabanshi known as Guzar/Gusur by Tibbetian , Yuezhi by Chineese , Tocharian by Romans and Tushara by Poranic Indians.
The Indus Valley civilization flourished around 3rd millennium BCE in the Indus River valley in modern-day Pakistan and northwest India. Sites like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro had advanced urban planning with streets and water infrastructure. Around 2nd millennium BCE, Aryan groups migrated from Central Asia, bringing horses, metallurgy, and an early form of Sanskrit. They mingled with local populations, and their religious texts called the Vedas were composed, describing gods like Indra and rituals. The Aryans established a social hierarchy with Brahmins and Kshatriyas above other castes. Their expansion eastward saw conflicts with indigenous groups as Aryan culture spread across the
India is located in South Asia and has a long history and diverse geography. The Indus Valley Civilization developed around 2500 BCE along the Indus River in modern-day Pakistan. It had large cities with advanced architecture and infrastructure. Around 1500 BCE, nomadic Indo-European peoples called the Aryans migrated into India and their culture eventually mixed with and influenced the native Indus Valley peoples. Hinduism emerged as the dominant religion, incorporating beliefs from both groups. The Aryans also introduced the caste system, which stratified Indian society into distinct social classes. Over time, several large empires rose and fell in India, contributing to its cultural and scientific achievements.
The document provides information about various aspects of Indian culture and history:
- Indian civilization originated in ancient India and spread its influence on language and culture to many parts of Europe and Asia. Major Indian epics like the Ramayana and Mahabharata are an important part of Indian literature.
- Sanskrit was the main language of ancient Indian literature. Other aspects of Indian culture discussed include classical dance forms, festivals like Holi connected to harvests, and important architectural sites like the Taj Mahal and Khajuraho temples known for their sculptures.
- The document thus gives a broad overview of the long history and diverse cultural traditions of India through discussing its literature, performing arts, religions, and
The Kushan Dynasty ruled between 30-375 CE in areas of modern-day Afghanistan, Pakistan, and northern India. The dynasty was formed by the Yuezhi, an Indo-European people who migrated from northwest China and settled in the Bactrian territory. The Kushan Empire reached its peak under the rule of Kanishka in the 2nd century CE, stretching from modern Pakistan to central India. The Kushans were great patrons of Buddhism and played a key role in spreading it to Central Asia and China. Their territories fragmented in the 4th century due to invasions from the Hephthalites and Kidarites, marking the decline of the once-powerful Kushan Empire.
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International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)
1. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 7722, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 7714
www.ijhssi.org Volume 2 Issue 12ǁ December. 2013ǁ PP.67-71
Cultural History of Indian Diaspora in Cambodia
Dr. Pragya Mishra
Associate Professor Department Of Ancient History, Raja Mohan Girls P. G. College Faizabad U.P., India,
ABSTRACT: Since Ancient Days, Indians Had Been Making Excursion To Foreign Countries Through Land
And Sea Routes Especially To Suvarnabhumi Of South East Asia. At Present Also Indian Culture Prevailing In
Countries Like Cambodia, Burma, Malaya Etc. Speak For Themselves. In This Work Attempt Has Been Done To
Establish The History Of Spread Of Indian Culture In Cambodia Through Inscriptions, Jatak Stories, And
Presently Available Historic Temples. It Is Found That Indians Became Diaspora In Cambodia In The Process Of
Not Only Doing Business But Also To Establish Civilization In The Tribal Land Of Cambodia. Indian Diaspora
Made The Land Moralist Through Their Thinking, Writing And Ruling.
KEYWORDS: Cambodia, Cultural, Diaspora, Funan, Kambuj
I.
INTRODUCTION
Indians Had Been Visiting Foreign Countries To Encourage Trade Activities Since Ages. In The
Beginning They Had Been Trading Through Land And Sea Routes. Antiques Recovered From SUMER[1] And
SINDH Speak About The Trade Relation Between The Two Countries. Antiques Of Sindhu Culture Were Sold In
Markets Of Sumer, From Where These Were Reaching To The Then Developed Cultures Of Egypt, Antoliya,
Kreet Etc. Like Countries. In The Literature Of Western Countries We Find The Words Of Vedic Age Which
Exhibit The Trade Relation Among The Countries. The Words Ofir (Abhir), Koaf (Kapi), Karpas (Kapas) Etc. Are
Found In Bible Which Probably Have Reached To Western Countries From India. In The Inscription Of Asia
Minor Of Second Century (BC), The Incorporation Of Mitra, Nasatya, Varun Etc. Deities Exhibit The Proper
Connection Of Indians With Foreign Countries.In My Opinion, If Indian Literature And Deities Are Spread In
Asia Minor And Nearby Countries Then It Is Certain That Indians Had Been Living There Who Spread The Indian
Literature And Culture In Asia Minor And Neighboring States.Inscripts Available On Weight-Measures
Recovered From ASERIA Is In BRAHMI Inscript, Neem Wood And Malmal Like Indian Articles Are Found
With Mummies In Egypt. Many Indian Articles Have Been Recovered From The Grave Of The Then Egyptian
King TUTAN KHAMEIN. Many Indian Articles Were Sold In The Athens City Of Greek. Indian Articles Were
Exported To Western Countries From The Ports Of Sopara, Bharukaccha And Konkan[2].
In Buddha Era
th Century BC) Western And Eastern Countries Had Trade And Cultural Relationship With India. Crows And
(6
Peacock Like Birds From India Were Sold By Indian Businessmen For 500 And 1000 KARSHARPAN In Foreign
Countries[3]
II.
OUTFLOW OF INDIANS TO CAMBODIA.
Indian Foreign Trade Was On Its Peak In 5 th Century B.C.[4]. Indian Businessmen Of Eastern States
Were Going To SUVARNABHUMI Through CHAMPA Port[5]. Suvarnabhumi Consisted Of Areas Like Burma,
Malaya, Myam, Cambodia Etc. Indian Businessmen Were Journeying Frequently To Suvarnabhumi[6]. After
Trading Many Articles, They Were Earning Money With Great Hardships And Then Returning To Own
Country[7].It Implies That Indians Established Their Culture In South-East Asia Through Business Exchange.
Some Of These Businessmen Settled Permanently In Foreign Land And Involved Themselves To Begin The
Political System Of That Country. Brave Kshatriya Princes Established Their State Through Bravery And
Wandering Monks Established And Extended Their Religion And Philosophy. By 2nd Century B.C., Many Indian
States Were Established Within Indo-China Region. Cambodia Was Situated In South Of Indo-China Where
Indian Diaspora Established A KAMBUJ State Under Funan. Most Of The Countries Of South –East And South
Asia Were Part Of India In Ancient Times (1st Century B.C.). Indians Made Colonies In States Like Indonesia,
Malaysia, Cambodia And Ciyam And Enlightened Their Citizens By Taking Them In The Fold Of Indian Religion
And Culture. Hundreds Of Sanskrit Inscriptions Have Been Recovered From These Countries, Probably Sanskrit
Became The State Language Of These Countries Which Was Brought In By Indians. Indonesia Of South-East
Asia Was First Under Holland And Indo-China Countries Like Cambodia, Laos And Vietnam Were First Under
France.
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2. Cultural History Of Indian Diaspora
In The First Century AD The Funan State Of Cambodia Was Established By A BRAHMIN Named
Kaundinya Who Probably Went There To Preach Religion And Philosophy. Before The Arrival Of Kaundinya,
The Citizens Were Non-Social And Living In Woods. Kaundinya Spread The Message Of Civilization And Even
Taught Them To Wear Clothes.In The South Of Indo-China, The Indians Established Kambuj State In Cambodia
As Their Own Colony. These Were The Indians Who Moved To The Mouth Of Kang River In The Early Years Of
First Century AD. In The Beginning It Was A Small State Of Funan Where The Descendants Of Hindu King
Kaundinya Ruled For About 100 Years. First Of All Hindu Kings Of Funan Won Over Cambodia, Cochin, Some
Parts Of China, Siam And Malaya And Established A Big Kingdom Within Indo-China Region. They Established
th
Diplomatic Relations With India And China. In The 6 Century AD, JAYAVARDHAN And RAJYAVARDHAN,
The Descendants Of Kaundinya Were The Powerful Rulers Of Funan.
III.
ESTABLISHMENT OF FUNAN AS STATE
Funan Was One Of The Colonies Established By Indians Within Cambodia. In The Mid Of Third
Century AD, The Chinese Writer KANG TAI Has Described About This State As, “In The Beginning Funan State
Was Ruled By A Lady Named Leeu-Ya, And In Other State Named Ho-Fu State Lived A Pauranik Brahmin
Named Huain-Chain Who After Seeing A Dream Set On A Business Trip In A Ship With His Divine Arrows.
When The Ship Reached The Shores Of Funan, Then With The Intention Of Looting It, The Lady Leeu-Ya
Approached The Ship In A Boat. Guessing The Wild Intentions Of The Lady, The Brahmin Huain-Chain Shot The
Arrow Which Pierced Through The Boat Of Lady. Out Of Fear The Lady Surrendered To Huain-Chain And
Married With Him To Make Him The King Of Funan.Definitely, Huain-Chain Is The Synonym Of Indian
Kaundinya In Chinese. Thus It Can Be Said Confidently That Civilization Entered The Funan Through
Kaundinya. Probably He Was The First Man Who Reached Funan Along With Many Indians And Setup Indian
Colonies There. Since Women Did Not Accompany This Lot So All Of Them Married To Women Of Funan And
This Increased Their Population And Spread The Indian Culture And Religion. According To Chinese
Descriptions, In The Beginning Of 5th Century An Indian Resident Brahmin Kiao-Chain (KAUNDINYA) Was
The Ruler Of Funan. The People Of Funan Welcomed Him Warmly And Accepted Him As Their King. Probably
In 5th Century This Was The New Lot Of Indians Which Reached Funan And Due To That Indian
Culture Got More Cemented. In Chinese Literature This Second Indian Lot Was Also Led By Another
Kaundinya[8]. It Must Be Noted That We Find The Repetition Of One Name In Indian History As Well Like
Chandragupta.After Kaundinya, Cho-Ya-Pa-Mo (JAYAVERMA) Was Another Ruler Of Funan. He Also
Encouraged The Business. In His Regime The Name Of Bicchu Namsen Is Found Who Went There To Spread
Religion And Indian Philosophy In Champa And Cambodia. In 484 AD Jayaverma Sent A Group Of Wise People
To The King Of China Which Was Led By Nagsen. Nagsen Apprised The Chinese King That Residents Of Funan
Worship Maheshwar (Shiva). Namsen Recited A Poem In The Honour Of King Which Was An Appreciation Of
Maheshwar, Lord Buddha And The King. In The Treyang State Of Southern Cambodia An Inscription In
Sanskrit Has Been Recovered Which States The Construction Of One Retiring Room, Pond By The Queen
Kulprabhavati Of King Jayaverma. In The Year 619 AD Kambuj Was Also The Indian Colony On The Lines Of
Funan. The Chinese Name Of Kambuj Was Chain-La. Kambuj Was First Under Funan But After Rudraverma, It
Got Independence And Became Cambodia In The Early Years Of 7th Century.
IV.
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
ESTABLISHMENT OF KAMBUJ STATE
In 600AD The King Of Kambuj BHAVVERMA Annexed The Territory Of Funan State Also. By 700 AD
Complete State Of Funan Came Under The Rule Of Kambuj State.
In 700 AD Kambuj Became Independent Of Funan And Rose To Become Cambodia With The Course Of
Time. It Is Said That Originals Of Kambuj Were Nagvanshi. The Team Leader Who Went From India To
Establish Indian Colony Married The Daughter Of NAGRAJ. It Was The King Shrutverma Who Made
Kambuj Independent Of Phoonaun. The Capital Of Kambuj Was Named In The Honour Of Son Of
Shrutverma As Shreshthverma. It Was Situated In Laos Near Bassak. Shrutverma Is Taken As The Root Of
Kambuj Kings Clan And Called Vasudhadhar Vanshyonih. In The Inscriptions Of Baksayi Chamkron
(947AD) It Is Written That Shrutverma Got Independence To Kambuj State And Became The Root Of
Kambuj Dynasty (SHREE KAMBUJ BHUDAR BHRITAH SHRUT VERMA MULA MAULADPAST
BALI BANDHA KRITA BHIMANA)[8].
In 800 AD Kambuj Won Over The Other States To Become The Biggest Hindu Kingdom Of Indo-China
Region.
By 900 AD Kambuj Annexed Many States Like Recent Cambodia, Cochini-China, Laos, Ciyam Hyam And
Malaya. Hindu Kings Ruled On This Vast State Upto 1500 AD And Enriched The State.
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3. Cultural History Of Indian Diaspora
[5]
An Inscription (Ang Chumnik) Recovered From Cambodia Names Five Kings RUDRAVERMA,
BHAVVERMA, MAHENDRAVERMA, ISHANVERMA And JAYAVERMA.
[6]
Chronologically These Names Can Be Put In Order As Below :-
1.
SHRUTVERMA, 2. SHRESHTHAVERMA, 3. RUDRAVERMA,
MAHENDRAVERMA, 6. ISHANVERMA, 7. JAYAVERMA
V.
4.
BHAVVERMA,
5.
EFFECT OF INDIAN CULTURE ON KAMBUJ STATE
Kambuj State Situated In South-East Asia Was One Of The Important Centers Of The Indian Culture
Where Living Was Completely Affected By Indian Culture And Philosophy. Brahmins Were Placed On Important
Positions Who Were Engaged In Teaching And Study Of Religious Scriptures. Most Of The Brahmins Were
Leading The Life Of Saints And Ascetics In Ashrams And Were Completely Devoted To Meditation And
Discussion To Direct The Society For Betterment. Such Thinkers Were Studying Social Structures And Were
Coming Forward With The Ideas Of Developments. Wise And Famous Brahmins Were Appointed On Highest
Religious Positions. There Was A Large Number Of Rich Business Communities In The Society. Many Brahmins
And Business People Were Coming From India. Sanskrit Was The Language Of The State And Intelligentia. In
State Records, Highest Class Of Sanskrit Poetic Language Is Found. Many Scriptures Written In Sanskrit Like
Philosophy, Vedas, Puranas, Ramayana, Mahabharata And The Works Written By Padini, Patanjali, Manu,
Vatsyayan, Kalidas Etc Were Being Studied Thoroughly.
Governing Body Of Kambuj State Was Totally
Based On Structure Like India, The Principles Of Government Advocated By Politicians In India Were Also
Applied In Kambuj.Scripts Of AMCHUMNIK Described The Qualities Of Two Ministers Of King
BHAVVERMA Who Were The Masters Of Religion And Economics. “TASYATAU
MANTRIDAVASTAM
SAMYATAU KRITEYAVADINAU DHARMASHASTRARTHA SHATRAGYAU DHARMARTHANIV
RUPIDAU”
From The Above Shloka It Can Be Inferred Probably That Kambuj State Was Also Following The
Policies Of Chanakya. This Fact Is Verified By Another Evidence. A Minister Of King BHAVVERMA Installed
A SHIVLINGA And Inscribed A Statement That, “He Was The Closest Of AMATYA KING Because He Was
SARVOPADHASHUDDHA Or ANTARANGATWAMAST-HITAH. Here, It Must Be Noticed That It Was
CHANAKYA Who In This ARTHASHASTRA Describes That The Government Servant Who After Being
Testified For Purity And Impurity Comes Out With SARVOPADHASHUDDHA, He Only Be Appointed As
Minister. In The Inscriptions Of Kambuj, Use Of SARVOPADHASHUDDHA For A Minister Exhibits That The
State Policy Of Kambuj Was Also Influenced By KAUTILYA ARTHASHASTRA.
The Pillars Of TUOL
PRAHDHAT Describe The Installation Of KEDARESHWAR SHIV By King JAYAVERMA[8]. It Must Be
Noted That The Presence Of RAJYASABHA And Installation Of SHIVLINGA Both Depict The Influence Of
Indianness.
As In India, Scriptures Of Kambuj Also Begin With The Prayers Of Deity Eg. “NAMOSTU
PARAMARTHAY TRAILOKYAMURTAYE” Or TAM VANDE HARIM. Upto 8th Century AD Ancient Hindu
Religion Was Predominant In Kambuj And SHIV, VISHNU Etc. Were Being Worshipped. Inscriptions Of King
ISHANVERMA (549AD) Describe About YAGYIK KARMAKAND. SHIVA Was Principle Deity Of Kambuj.
Many Names Of Shiva Are Found In The Ancient Scriptures Of Kambuj- Rudra, Amratkeshwar, Vyomeshwar,
Pingleshwar, Ishan, Naimisheshwar, Kedareshwar, Shambhu, Trayambak, Etc. Worshipping Of Vishnu Was Also
Popular In Kambuj. This Comes As Evidence In Scriptures By Describing Different Names Like Hari, Achyuta,
Narayana, Trialokyasaar Etc. Shiva And Vishnu Were Also Worshipped Jointly As Evident From The Names Like
Harihar, Shankar Narayan, Shambhu-Vishnu, Hari-Shankar, Harachyuta, Shiv Vishnu Etc. All The Deities
Described In PAURANIK Literature In India Were All Idolised In Kambuj State And Were Installed In The
Temples. The Influence Of India On Religion Is Clearly Visible. Buddha Religion Also Entered In Kambuj Whose
Evidence Is Available In One Of The Inscriptions.
Ancient Indian Literature Like Vedas, Vedang, Puranas Etc. Were Studied And Taught In Full Swing By
Indian Diaspora In Kambuj State. According To One Inscription Brahmin Somverma (The Sister’s Husband Of
Bhavverma) Established A Temple Of TRIBHUVANESHWAR And Donated Ramayan, Mahabharat, And
Puranas For AKHAND PATH[8]. In One Of The Inscriptions Of 6th Century It States The Installation Of
Shivlinga By Acharya Vidya Vinaya That Starts With Wordings “AUM JEMINYE SWAHA” This Indicates
Kambuj Citizens Were Aware Of JEMINIKRIT POORVA MEEMANSHA.
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4. Cultural History Of Indian Diaspora
In Kambuj State Many Ashrams Were Established. In One Of The Inscriptions Of The Time Of
ISHANVERMA There Comes Description Of Establishing One Ashram By Arya Vidyadeo. In These Ashrams
Violence, Wearing Of Chhatra, Use Of Chawnwar, Using Dogs And Hens As Pets Were Totally Banned.
Habitants Of The Ashram Were To Lead The Life With All Rules And Regulations. This Ashram Order Was
Founded On The Basis Of Indian Customs, Which Is Described In Vedas, Was Taken In Cambodia By Indian
Diaspora Of Ancient Times.
In All The Inscriptions Found In Kambuj We Find Only Brahmin And Kshatriya Words. Vaishya And
Shudra Words Find No Place In Kambuj[9]. Probably The Diaspora Was Consisting Brahmins And Kshatriyas.
Brahmins And Kshatriyas Can Go For Marital Relationships Which Was Also In Vogue In India And According
To Scriptures, Here One Of The Marriage Between Sister Of King Bhavverma And Brahmin Somsharma Took
Place In Kambuj Whose Son Was Named HIRANYAVERMA, Which Indicates The Carrying Forward Of The
Gotra Of MOTHER And Not Of The Father. It Indicates The Custom Of Mother Oriented Family.
In The Inscriptions Of Kambuj The Language Used Is Pure Sanskrit. The Poetic Beauties Of Inscriptions
Are The Reflections Of Indian GUPTA CLAN Inscriptions. By Reading Them One Is Unable To Believe That
Such Inscriptions Could Be Found In A Country Which Is Thousands Of Miles Away From India. Definitely It
Can Be Said That It Were Indian Diaspora Who Spread The Indian Culture And Religion In Kambuj To The
Extent Of Indianisation. The Inscriptions Found From Ancient Cambodia Are The Size Of KHAND KAVYA
And Are Good Source Of Knowledge. In The MEBONE Inscription Of King Rajendra Verma There Are 218
Shlokas And Prey Roop Inscriptions Bears Up To 298 Shlokas.In The PRAH TOAK Inscription Of Senapati
Sangram There Are 161 Shlokas. All These Inscriptions Are In Sanskrit. In These Shlokas We Find The Use Of
Ehhandas Like Anushtup, Arya Sragdhara, Shardulvikriditam, Indravajra, Upendravajra, Malini, Vasant Tilak,
Mandakranta. These Inscriptions Describe The Glory Of King And The Chain Of Their Progeny, Which Is
Another Indicator Of Indian Custom. Inscriptions Also Describe The Installation Of Idols, Construction Of
Temples, And Donation For Associated Ashrams. The Sanskrit Used In The Inscriptions Is Pure And Follows All
The Grammatical Rules As Described In Ashtadhyayi Of Padini And MAHABHASHYA Of Patanjali. Later
Inscriptions Of Kambuj Find The Use Of Khmer Language Along With Sanskrit[10].
Indian Culture Finds Solid Impact On Art And Architecture Of Buildings In Kambuj. In The Year 889909, The Then King Yasho Verma Selected The Angkor Region For His Capital. It Is Mentioned In The
Inscriptions Of STOKE-KAL-DHOAM Of UDAYADITYA VERMA As “Then Param Bhattarak Param Shivlok
(Yashoverma) Established A City Named YASHODHARPURI And Brought JAGAT-TA-RAJA (DEVRAJ)
From HARIHARALAYA And Then Param Bhattarak Constructed The SHIKHAR (Temple) And Then Vama
Shiva Installed The Pious Linga (Devraj) In The Center.” This Yashodharpuri Setup By YASHO VERMA Was
Established Taking The Temple Of Phnom Bakhed As Center. Phnom Bakhed Temple Is Positioned In Between
Angkorvat And Angkor Dhoam, And The City Developed By Yashoverma In His Name Around This Temple
Remained The Capital Of Kambuj State For Three Centuries.
In The Year 1181-1201 AD The King JAYAVERMA Seventh Had Developed A New City Whose
Centre Was Bayon Temple Which Is Called Angkor Dhoam. During The Year 1112-1152 AD The Then King
Suryaverma Second Got The Famous Temple Of Angkorvat Built Which Is The Exemplary Piece Of Architecture.
Angkorvat Is A Vast Temple Which Has 650 Feet Wide Trench. Temple Is Situated In A Surrounding Of Two
And Half Miles Along With Trenches And Boundary Wall, It Has Fort Like Structure. To Go Across The
Trenches Filled With Water It Has A Bridge Which Is Thirty-Six Feet Wide. Both Side Of Bridge Has Barricading
Whose Pillars Bear The Shape Of Nag (Serpents). After Crossing The Bridge, It Has A Vast Gate Whose Both
Sides Have Buildings Which Were Earlier Used As Library. The Vast Gate Is West Facing. The Gallery Measures
265 Yards From East To West And 224 Yards From North To South. A Portion Of Nearly 2500 Feet Bears The
Description Of Vishnu And Yamlok. To Reach The Temple, Stairs Have Been Constructed Around The
Mountain, Like Pyramid. Height Of SHIKHAR Of This Temple Is 210 Feet. There Are Four More Shikhars One
In Each Corner Of Devasthan Which Has Lower Than Central Shikhar. Earlier In This Temple, The Idol Of
Devraj Was Installed. The Walls And Gallery Of Angkorvat Temple Bears Very Good Relief Work Which Exhibit
Indian Culture. In This Picture The Story Of Vishnu And Krishna, Ocean Churning By Devils And Devtas,
Ramayana Find Prominent Place. The Study Of Temple Indicates The Custom Of Shikhar, Relief Work And
Painting Reached Cambodia Due To Awareness Of Indians Who Influenced The Establishment There.
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5. Cultural History Of Indian Diaspora
VI.
CONCLUSION
Finally I Come To Conclusion Where Indian Seers Prayed God With Welfare Motive “Sarve Bhavantu
Sukhinah, Sarve Santu Niramayah”, There Many Indians Became Diaspora To Do Business World Widely And
Sent Indian Goods Having Medicinal Values In Foreign Markets. Sometimes SWASTIK Finds Place In Art
Which Carries The Message Of All Around Development And Was Accepted By The Dictator Hitler On His Flag
As A Symbol Of Victory. These Indians Went To Many Undeveloped And Uncivilized Countries To Develop
Them And Lit The Fire Of Culture In Far Flung Countries. Keeping In Mind “KRINVANTO VISHWAM
ARYAM” And Facing All The Dangers, The Indians Continued To Civilize The World Where They Have
Contributed To The Growth Of Civilization There They Became King Also To Serve The Citizens And Brought
Laurels. Sometimes Made The World Moralist Through Their Thinking, Writings And Doings. Indians Went As
Girmitia Labourers And Occupied The Top Positions In Foreign Countries. Thus The Indians Having Political,
Social, Economic And Scientific Temperament Had Been Successfully Exhibiting Their Prowess Worldwide
Since Ancient Days Till Date.
VII.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I Am Thankful To My Husband Dr RAMAPATI MISHRA For Translating My This Manuscript From Hindi To
English.
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