hypocale,ia

1. Hypocalcaemia
Symptoms
• Congestive heart failure
• Muscle stiffness, muscle spasm
• Cataracts
• Dry coarse skin, dermatitis,
hyperpigmentation, and eczema
• Gastric achlorhydria
• Seizures
• Abdominal cramps
• Arrhythmia (irregular heartbeat)
• Depression
• Confusion
• Lethargy or sluggishness
• Tetany (excessive nerve activity,
causing extreme pain)
• Petechia
Causes
• Parathyroid hormone [PTH]
deficiency/malfunction
• Vitamin D deficiency
• Dietary calcium deficiency
• Hypermagnesaemia
• Hypomagnesaemia
• Chronic kidney failure
• Pancreatitis
• High levels of phosphorous
• Low levels of protein albumin
• Decreased sun exposure

2. Treatments
•Intravenous calcium
supplementation
•Monitoring under
medical supervision
•Oral calcium
supplementation
•Treatment of
underlying causes of
hypocalcaemia
Preventive
Measures
• Maintain a diet that is sufficient
in fat-soluble vitamins
(including D) and dietary
calcium
• Moderate alcohol intake
• Moderate amount of sun
exposure
• Reduce intake of caffeine
(coffee & tea), sodium-rich
foods, acidic foods
Hypocalcemia