hypertension risk factors pathology treatment ...

1. HYPERTENSION

2. Blood pressure
TheTOP number is your systolic blood pressure.
ighest pressure when your heart beats and pushes the blood round your
normal : 80-120
The BOTTOM one is your diastolic blood pressure.
(The lowest pressure when your heart relaxes between beats.)
normal 60-80

3. Hypertension (HTN or HT), also known as high blood pressure
(HBP), is a long term medical condition in which the blood pressure
in the arteries is persistently elevated.
SBP :will be more than or equal of 140 mmHg
DBP :will be more than or equal of 90 mmHg
Hypertension

5. ETIOLOGY
Primary HTN: it is the elevation in BP without an
identified cause. This type is account for 90-95% of
total cases.
Secondary HTN: it is the elevation in BP with an
exact cause. This type is account for 5-10% of total
cases.

6. RISK FACTORS
❖ Age: :after 50 yrs of age
❖ Alcohol, smoking and DM
❖ Excessive dietary intake of sodium
❖ Gender
❖ Family history
❖ Obesity
❖ stress

7. The normal blood pressure is maintained by four mechanisms :
•Sympathetic nervous system activities
•Activities of vascular endothelium
•Activities of renal system
•Activities of endocrine system
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

8. CLINICAL FEATURES
❖ Some times the high blood pressure does not causes any symptoms, so that it is known as silent killer disease.
In some patients the symptoms will develop like :
❖ Severe head ache
❖ Blurred vision
❖ Dizziness
❖ Nausea and Vomiting
❖ Fatigue
❖ Shortness of breath and Irregular heart beat
❖ edema

9. High Blood Pressure and Atherosclerosis
atherosclerosis: plaque build-up in the arteries.
People with high blood pressure are more
likely to develop atherosclerosis.
high blood pressure puts added force against
the artery walls. this damage the arteries,
making them more vulnerable to the narrowing
and plaque buildup.
The narrowed artery limits or blocks the flow of
blood to the heart muscle, depriving the heart
of oxygen.

11. MANAGEMENT
Mainly the management of hypertension is possible by tw
•Life style modification
•Pharmacological therapy

12. LIFE STYLE MODIFICATION
Weight reduction
Diet : increase water intake.Dietary sodium reduction.
Reduce alcohol
Exercise
Stress management

13. PHARMACOLOGICAL THERAPY
Diuretics: it helps decrease the blood volume. Eg: chlorothiazide, furosemide
Beta blockers: These medications reduces the workload of the heart and blood ve
Eg: Atenolol, propanolol
Alpha blockers: These medications causes the peripheral
vasodilation of blood vessals. Eg: Prazosin

14. PHARMACOLOGICAL THERAPY
Vasodilators: These medications acting directly on the muscles in the wall of arteries and preventing the musc
ACE Inhibitors: This group of medication will reduce the conversion of A-I to A-II and prevents vasoconstrictio
Calcium channel blockers: These medicines will block the movement of extra cellular calcium into the cells a