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- 1. CHILD DEVELOPMENT John W.Santrock
- 2. DEVELOPMENT • The patternof change that begins at conception and continues through the life span.
- 3. CHILD DEVELOPMENT • Historicalviews of childhood • Improving the lives of today’s children • The modern study of child development • Resilience, social policy, and children’s development
- 4. Historical views ofChildhood • Original sin view • Tabula rasa view • Innate goodness view
- 5. Original sin view •Advocate during the middle ages • Children were perceived being born as evil beings • Goal of child rearing was to provide salvation, to remove sin from child’s life
- 6. Tabula rasa view •Proposed by English philosopher John Locke • Argued that children are not innately ad but like a “blank tablet” • He believed that childhood experiences are important in determining adult characteristics • Advised parents to spend time with children and to help in contributing in the society.
- 7. Innate goodness view •Swiss-born French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau • Stressed that children are inherently good • They should be permitted to grow naturally, with little parental monitoring or constraint.
- 8. THE MODERN STUDYOF CHILD DEVELOPMENT
- 9. 1. Methods fora New Science • The direct study of children which investigators directly observe children’s behavior, conduct experiments, and obtain information about children by questioning their parents and teachers had an auspicious/positive start in the work of these child study experts.
- 10. 2. Theories fora New Science-Gesell • Charles Darwin’s Evolutionary theory – had made the scientific study of children when he developed a baby journal for recording systematic observations
- 11. Cont. • Stages ofSigmund Freud – Psychoanalytic theory believed that children are rarely aware of the motives and reasons for their behavior and the bulk of their mental life is unconscious – Child’s experiences with parents in the five (5) years of life are important determinants of later personality development
- 12. Cont. • John Watson(1928) theory of behaviorism – argued that children can be shaped into whatever society wishes by examining and changing the environment – Believed that systematic observation of children’s behavior under controlled conditions
- 13. Cont. • James MarkBaldwin – A pioneer in the study of children’s thought – Introduced the term “GENETIC EPISTEMOLOGY”(study of how children’s knowledge changes over the course of their development) – Later Jean Piaget adopted his concept
- 14. Improving the Livesof Today’s Children • Health & Well-being – Jeopardized around the world because of many factors like poverty, AIDS, starvation, poor, health care, inadequate nutrition & exercise, alcohol & drug abuse, & sexual abuse
- 15. • Families &Parenting – Parent’s frustration is that they receive conflicting messages about how to deal with their children. • One expert urges them to be more permissive with their children • Another warns that their children should be controlled & discipline to avoid being spoiled brats
- 16. • Education – Extremelyimportant of children’s lives – Mentoring involves a more experienced, usually older individual acting as a guide, role model, or teacher to help someone who is less experienced become more competent
- 17. Sociocultural Contexts: Culture, Ethnicityand Socioeconomic Status
- 18. • Culture – encompassesthe behavior patterns, beliefs and all other products of a particular group of people that are passed on from generation to generation.
- 19. • Ethnicity – refersto characteristics that are rooted in cultural heritage, including nationality, race, religion and language – Central to the development of ETHNIC IDENTITY (a sense of membership in an ethnic group, based on share language, religion, customs, values, history and race)
- 20. • Socio-economic status(SES) – refers to the grouping of people with similar occupational, educational and economic characteristics – implies certain inequalities
- 21. • Gender – involvesthe psychological & sociocultural dimensions of being female or male – Sex refers to the biological dimension of being a female or male
- 22. RESILIENCE, SOCIAL POLICY& CHILDREN’s DEVELOPMENT
- 23. • Children whobounce back and/or triumph over poverty becomes “Resilient” • Social policy – A government’s course of action designed to promote the welfare of its citizens including children.
- 24.
- 25. Biological, Cognitive & Socio-emotionalProcesses • Biological processes – Produce changes in an individual’s body – Genes inherited from parents, the development of the brain, height & weight gains, motor skills & hormonal changes of puberty.
- 26. • Cognitive processes –refers to changes in an individual’s thought, intelligence, & language – Ex: putting together a two-word sentence, memorizing a poem, solving a math problem and imagining what it would be like to be a movie star
- 27. • Socio-emotional processes – involvechanges in an individual’s relationships with other people, changes in emotions, & changes in personality