Rights of Muslim Minorities in India and China
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An analysis of the human rights curtailment in Asia's two largest countries, India and China against the minority group in the country.
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Rights of Muslim Minorities in India and China
- 2. “Rights that are inherent to all” humans, regardless of race, nationality, ethnicity, language, religion or any other status (United Nations). Some basic rights include: Right to LIFE & LIBERTY Freedom from SLAVERY & TORTURE Freedom of OPINION & EXPRESSION Right to WORK & EDUCATION
- 3. UN human rights systems “refer to minorities as based on national or ethnic, cultural, religious and linguistic identity, and provides that States should protect their existence.”
- 4. “an obligation of all states to ensure that persons belonging to ‘minorities’ can fully exercise all their fundamental human rights. It is the responsibility of governments to provide security for all citizens regardless of their ethnicity.” The World Conference on Human Rights reaffirms that there is
- 5. The promotion and protection of the rights of minorities require particular attention to be paid to issues such as Survival and existence Promotion and protection of identity of minorities Equality and non-discrimination Effective and meaningful participation
- 6. Both in India and China, it is the movements and discourses of nation- making and nation-preserving – the quest for making a pure, cohesive nation – which accounts for the violation of the minority rights.
- 8. Hindus 80% Christians 2.3% Sikhs 1.9% Buddhists 0.8% Jains 0.4%
- 9. 3rd largest population worldwide: 172 million or 14.2% of 1.35 billion
- 10. ▪ …25 most populous nations in the world, Egypt, Russia, India, Indonesia and Turkey had the highest overall government restrictions and social hostilities in 2016 ▪ The highest levels of social hostilities perpetrated by groups or individuals among the 25 most populous countries were in India, Nigeria, Egypt, Bangladesh and Russia….
- 11. Indian Constitution does not define word ‘Minority’ Only inclusion of CIVIL, POLITICAL, ECONOMIC, SOCIAL, CULTURAL rights that encompasses all citizens of India
- 12. HOWEVER… Despite the laws in place, since 1946, Indian Muslims have suffered heavy losses of life and property in total 45,000 communal riots, of which more than 23,000 riots were major ones in which more than 7,60,000 Muslims were ruthlessly massacred so far….. 1947 1964 1983 19921987 2002 2017
- 14. Indian Muslims earn 1/4 as compared to Hindus per year and are 50% more illiterate than Hindus per year
- 15. ▪ Almost 43% of Muslims are illiterates in India (2011 Census of India Report) ▪ Educational backwardness due to ✓Abject poverty ✓Poor access of schools ✓High drop out rate ✓Low perceived returns from education ✓Dilapidated Madrassa conditions
- 16. ▪ Represent only 33% of the working class in both, public and private sector ▪ Key reason is low participation from women which stands at 15% ▪ Household monthly per capita expenditure is lowest among Muslims
- 17. ▪ Paltry representation in 3% in Civil Services, 1.8% in foreign services, 4% in Indian Police Service, and 4.5% in Railways ▪ Since 1947, judiciary representation has accounted for only 7.8% ▪ In defence services too, of one million soldiers, only 3% or 29,000 are Muslims (CNN IBN Minority Report) ▪ In 2013, of 998 candidates services, only 28 were Muslims
- 18. ▪ Lack of adequate ‘Muslim voice’ in the government with just three states with Muslim representatives ▪ Of 1418 BJP MLAs, there are only four Muslims, especially in heavy Muslim concentrated states ▪ Non-inclusion in Voter’s List and reserved constituencies push Muslims further into obscurity
- 19. Communal tensions makes Muslims fear for their safety & security. This is further fueled by political mileage, lackadaisal Govt. attitude and its inaction to action against the perpetrators
- 20. ▪ A ‘Mini Pakistan’ phenomenon in urban ghettos of Delhi, Mumbai, Gujrat ▪ Informal rules, discrimination & social boycott by public and private real estate and housing industry leaves Muslims with no choice ▪ Ghettos are easy target of neglect by local municipal and government authorities resulting in lack of basic civic amenities
- 22. ▪ Ingrained bias in justice system against Muslims leading to victimization ▪ Muslims live in constant fear due to socio- economic indicators and identity crisis ▪ Ghettos are targeted during communal riots leading to bias judicial behaviour ▪ The share of Muslims in total convicted and undertrial prisoners at the end of 2014 was 16.38% and 21.05%, respectively, higher than their population share of 14.23%
- 23. ▪ Muslims have borne the brunt of hate crimes such as lynching, threats, attacks on places of worship and forced conversion and communal riots ▪ Reports indicate that India, only last year, witnessed more than 700 outbreaks of communal violence that killed 86 and injured 2,321 people (CSSS & MRG Report) ▪ Failure by authorities, government reluctance and discriminatory laws in investigating or condemning these attacks create a climate of insecurity
- 24. Muslims carry a double burden of being labelled as ‘anti- national’ and as being ‘appeased’ at the same time
- 25. ▪ In India, the markets of Muslim identity – physical appearances of beards, skullcaps, head scarves, burkha; social and cultural norms of Muslims names, Friday namaz, azaans – invite frowns and to some extent, even violence ▪ Muslims are associated with the ‘ghetto- mentality’ ▪ They are subject to denied citizenship whereby they are othered as ‘Pakistani’ or ‘anti-national’ or ‘terrorists’
- 26. ▪ Muslims women are still within the shackles of being a minority within a minority ▪ Muslim women are excluded from all aspects such as income, jobs, education, security, rules of marriage and divorce, maintenance; furthering them into a life of obscurity behind their veil – a mere silhouette with no form or voice ▪ In many parts of India, Muslim women are subjected to crude cultural practices such as female genital mutilation, polygamy, ‘nikah halala’, conceived to be imperative under the Islamic Law
- 29. ▪ In India, the creation of the Muslim Personal Law has been equated to a phobia of application of ‘shari’ah’ ▪ While there is a need to reform a patriarchal Muslim Personal Law, the right-wing extremist have campaigned for a Uniform Civil Code to replace the personal law that has raised genuine fear in Indian Muslim community of the imposition of a Hindu code under the guide of national integration
- 30. ▪ Indian media plays a biased role in the portrayal of Muslims and is failing to perform its fundamental role of objective reporting without negative stereotyping’ ▪ Bollywood, too, has conditioned minds of Non-Muslim viewers with the notion that equates a Muslim to being a terrorist, and this change of Muslims from humanitarians to terrorists is the reflection of changing perception in the Indian society
- 32. HUMAN RIGHTS MUSLIMS IN CHINA
- 34. FOR MUSLIM HUI ▪ Enjoy basic human rights ▪ Freedom of Religion ▪ Freedom of Speech ▪ Freedom of Movement FOR MUSLIM UYGHURS ▪ Restricted basic human rights ▪ No Freedom of Religion ▪ No Freedom of Speech ▪ No Freedom of Movement ▪ EVERTYTHING IS OPPRESSION FOR THE GOVERNMENT - THE HUI ARE THE GOOD MUSLIMS AND THE UYGHURS THE BAD MUSLIMS
- 37. ▪ Launched in 2014 against Terrorism ▪ This Strike Hard Campaign has several stated objectives, but mainly targets anyone who “challenges … state security, ethnic unity, and social stability” ▪ Officials scrutinize the level of Turkic Muslims’ political loyalty by dividing people into three categories:“trustworthy”, “average” , and “untrustworthy”
- 38. ▪ Xinjiang authorities sent 200,000 cadres from government agencies, state-owned enterprises, and public institutions to be stationed in villages ▪ Regularly visit and surveil people ▪ Subject them to political propaganda ▪ A scheme that has been extended indefinitely
- 40. ▪ Beginning October 2016 Xinjiang authorities started to recall passports, allegedly for reasons of “collective management.” ▪ Chinese citizens of Kazakh and Uyghur ethnicity living abroad are asked to return
- 41. MYTH
- 45. BAN ON CHILDREN UNDER 16 TO PERFORM RELIGIOUS ACTIVITY OR STUDY RELIGION
- 48. A FEW MORE- ▪ NEWLY CONSTRUCTED MOSQUES ARE TORNED DOWN ▪ MUSLIM CRESCENTS REMOVED FROM BURIAL SITES ▪ PRAYER MATS AND QURANS ARE CONFISCATED ▪ NOT ALLOWED TO SERVE “KAZAKH” OR TURKISH DESSERTS ON TABLE ▪ BURN CLOTHES WHICH ARE CONSIDERED DISLOYAL ▪ REQUIRE THAT ALL HAJJ (PILGRIMAGES TO MECCA) MUST BE ORGANIZED BY THE STATE; ▪ BAN RELIGION FROM EDUCATION AND PUNISHES TEACHERS FOR FAILURE TO STOP OR REPORT ANY ACTIVITIES THAT HAS “HINTS OF RELIGION” IN SCHOOLS
- 49. VIOLATION!
- 56. ▪ ADMINISTRATIVE MEASURES AND CHECKPOINTS ▪ APPLY FOR PERMISSION FROM THE POLICE OR THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OFFICE – THE LOWEST LEVEL GOVERNMENT OFFICE – TO LEAVE THE AREA WHERE THEY RESIDE ▪ RESTRICTIONS ON ACCESS TO PASSPORTS
- 57. ▪ Facial recognition-enabled cameras across the region examine people and vehicles on roads ▪ Requiring people in some locales to put QR codes on certain types of knives, including kitchen and craft knives, and linking the codes to their ID card numbers ▪ In Xinjiang’s capital, Urumqi, all liquids – including water – lighters, and powders are banned from public transport
- 58. PRIVILEGE
- 63. FREEDOM IS A RIGHT! HOW TRUE IS THIS FOR CHINA?
- 64. ▪ Will the failure to accommodate Muslim minorities can lead to national dismemberment and international intervention? ▪ What is the future of Muslim Minorities in India and China? Separatism or Accomodation?