Human Genome Project Benefits

Human Genome Project Benefits
The Human Genome Project is beneficial to society because it helps create individualized medicine. The Personal Medicine Coalition writes, "Patients
with melanoma, leukemia, or metastatic lung, breast, or brain cancers are now routinely offered a "molecular diagnosis" in some clinical centers; this
allows their physicians to select tailored treatments that can greatly improve the chances of survival"(4). According to The Personal Medicine
Coalition, they explain how the advances in technology has helped create individualized medicine for sick patients. The Human Genome Project uses
sick patients and research to then come up with the solution of individual medicine because not everyone is the same and react differently to certain
types of medicine. The individualized medicine is increasing the survival rate of the people who have deadly ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
They explain how with the breakthrough of The Human Genome Project scientists will be able to understand a person's body and how they would
react to certain medicine that does not fit well with them. Also, scientists are able to expand their knowledge on causes of future diseases and how
they can be stopped before it can occur. Julia Stamps writes, "The increasing abilities to manipulate and analyze DNA are bringing profound changes to
society,..(par.14). According to Julia Stamps, The Human Genome Project has the abilities to do many things and individualized medicine is the main
one that is most beneficial to society. Being able to manipulate DNA fragments is a great new finding for the society. Through The Human Genome
Project we learn many things about DNA, its sequence and how it affects the society that we live in today. Individualized medicine is just the first step
to our growing
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Human Genome Project Essay
Human Genome Project
Human curiosity is one of the most powerful engines that drive new knowledge, development, advancements and life improvements today. Some
100,000 or 200,000 years ago Homo sapiens emerged, and up to today humans are still searching for answers such as what we are and where we came
from.
For all of the diversity of the world's more than five billion people, full of creativity and contradictions, every human mind and body is built and runs
with fewer than 100,000 kinds of protein molecules. And for each of the proteins, a single corresponding gene is responsible to ensure an adequate and
timely supply. Genes are often described as the biological blueprints or recipes for life and are found in the DNA, carrying ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
But if we are ever to uncover the mysteries of carcinogenesis, if we are ever to know how biochemistry contributes to mental illness, if we ever hope
to really understand the processes of growth and development, we must first have a detailed map of the genetic landscape. That's what the HGP
promises and what makes this international effort so breathtaking.
Human Genome Background and History
The idea of the HGP was initiated in 1977, when simple and efficient methods for sequencing DNA were described. Before that time the possibility of
sequencing the entire human genome was no more than extreme wishful thinking. In the 1980's it was becoming increasingly apparent to many
scientists that an understanding of basic biology would be greatly enhanced if the detailed structure of DNA was understood. Over the last two
decades, automated DNA sequencers have made the process of obtaining the base–by–base sequence of DNA easier. In 1984, for the first time a
meeting was sponsored by the Department of Energy (DOE) to address the problem of detecting extremely low levels of very rare changes in DNA
(mutations) in humans exposed to radiation and other environmental hazards. At that time, it was realized that the level of effort including the
automation of DNA analysis techniques would be similar to the requirements for sequencing the human genome.

The Human Of Human Genome Project
The Human Genome Project has been introduced to us more than twenty–five years from now. It was Initiated and sponsored by the National Human
Genome Research Institute, the project was introduced aiming at researching more human genes in order to understand, read genes and find cure for
diseases. It guided the medical field to new direction but at the same time created new challenges and problems. The primary objective of the project
isn't wrong or questionable but some believe its implications are. Genes are made of a molecule called DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) which contains the
instructions for making every protein in the body. By studying and understanding the genome system completely, we will be able to shed some light on
how to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Carlos Cruchaga and his team searched for dementia–related genetic variations in some of these families and Their results were published in 2014 in
the journals Nature and Nature Medicine. The team identified variations in genes called phospholipase D3 (PLD3) and UNC5C that appear to promote
the risk of late–onset Alzheimer's disease. The results of what they found inspired them to keep looking for more. Dr. Cruchaga received his
Association grant in 2011 for a study entitled "Exome Sequencing of Late–Onset Alzheimer 's Disease Families. Dr. Cruchaga selected 14 families to
observe who have inherited Late–Onset Alzheimer. His team and him later analyzed the exomes from certain members of these families, searching for
gene variations linked to Alzheimer's.
This process initially identified a variation in PLD3 that was shown to double the risk of Alzheimer's disease in some cases. Previous research has
found that people with Alzheimer's tend to have lower than normal levels of the PLD3 protein in their brains. This finding indicates that PLD3 may
protect the brain against Alzheimer's–like changes.
In 2005 there were various report on gene therapy trials delayed disease progression. It wasn 't a successful cure, but the results were promising enough
which triggered further research in that area. Scientists took skin cells from patients and modified them to secrete the protein nerve growth factor
(NGF) form brains. These NGF producing

Genetic Engineering: The Human Genome Project
Genetic Engineering
The Human Genome Project (HGP) completely mapped human DNA for the first time in April, 2003. In addition, the HGP revealed that there are
probably about 20,500 human genes, which is significantly fewer than originally predicted. This ultimate product of the HGP has given the world a
resource of detailed information about the structure, organization and function of the complete set of human genes. This information can be thought of
as the basic set of inheritable "instructions" for the development and function of a human being (genome.gov, 2016). T. K. Barger informs us in his
article titled Ethics Key as Study of Human Production Advances, that "Now they state that it is time for the next revolution: genome synthesis,
engineering, and editing...to make the human genome artificially." Furthermore, he states that the goal of making an artificial human genome is not to
manufacture complete humans, but to grow transplantable human organs, engineer immunity to viruses in cell lines via genome–wide recoding,
engineer cancer resistance into new therapeutic cell lines, and accelerate high–productivity, cost–efficient vaccines and pharmaceutical development
using human cells and organoids (Barger, 2016). Synthetic body parts, such as organs, could be produced and used to save and preserve life. Since
the 1890's, the use of dermatoglyphic fingerprints have been stored and used for forensic identification purposes. There are now several DNA databases
in

An Explanation Of The Scientific Importance Of Human...
An Explanation of the Scientific Importance of the Human Genome Project
The human genome project is an international effort that serves as a possible solution to the many diseases that affect billions of people worldwide.
This project is a great milestone in the field of genetics as it allows scientists to determine the sequence of genes in chromosomes which will show
where disease causing mutations are occurring and what can be done to reverse it. Looking back in time, many of the diseases which could be cured
were done by administering drugs and certain types of therapies. As the complexity of technology as well as advancements in the understanding of our
bodies increased, more diseases became curable through these very drugs and therapies. However, many times individuals find it hard to deal with the
side effects that these solutions create. The human genome project aims to make disease and illnesses curable more efficiently and to become readily
available to individuals throughout the world. It is therefore necessary the that society begins to accept this project as the new frontier in medical
treatment and prevention of diseases. By having a greater investment and understanding in the Human genome Project, the scientific community will
determine more information about DNA to develop treatment plans, prevention methods, and develop cures to diseases that affect humans; thus
yielding medically important information for society. When attempting to understand what the

Evolution Of The Human Genome Project
While many diseases and viruses are caused by outside sources, some diseases occur from within the human body. Regular ailments can be cured with
medicine, or fought off overtime by getting a vaccine, but certain diseases and anomalies cannot be directly treated. This is because they are
genetically inherited by certain parts of one's DNA. DNA stands for Deoxyribonucleic Acid, and is inherited from the parents of a person. These
strands, found within the nucleus of all cells, determine the appearance and genetic structure of a person. Through one's DNA, there may be diseases
inherited from the parents, such as sickle cell anemia, Gaucher's disease and Parkinson's disease. In order to heal and fix patients, doctors needed to
learn more about the Human Genome. In 1990 work began on the Human Genome Project, which would map the entirety of the genes in the human
species. However, the participants would not have been able to work without the discoveries made by those before them. In order for The Human
Genome Project to exist, the background of genetics must be known, for the discoveries made in the field would be what eventually led the project
itself. Genetics in itself is a fairly new concept, which officially began in 1865 in central Europe. A monk named Gregor Mendel learned about heredity
and inheritance through breeding pea plants. After retiring from his teaching and scientific life, he became the abbot of his church. Unfortunately, the
importance of his discovery was

Human Genome Project Research Paper
The Human Genome Project
The Human Genome Project basically was a research program that worked on a goal to get an image of human genome and get a better understanding
of all a human beings genes. DNA is founded on 4 chemical bases, they turn into twisted ladder shaped DNA molecules. And all the the four bases are
what create the genes just placed in different ways and different lengths. One revelation of the human genome project was when they learned that there
are about 20,500 genes. The Human Genome Project brought many scientist together around the world and each one was an important factor for the
project. It was a publicly funded organization and got funds and support from the Department of Energy and US National Institutes of Health ... Show
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The information that scientists have gathered can be viewed as a set of inheritable instructions for the function of a person's development. People still
use the tools scientists made during the Human Genome Project to extend their efforts for characterizing all of the genomes of many different
organisms. Its used a lot in biological research for mice, fruit flies and flatworms. Not only did they increase the materials scientists can use, they also
provided new advanced methods for understanding and organizing information that came from the Human Genome Project for scientists and other
people. The DNA the scientist used for the project came from volunteers whose identity was kept a secret. They provided the scientist with samples of
DNA for sequencing. This gave them more than enough DNA to sort through and gather information

Human Genome Project Paper
The Human Genome Project is a very well–known scientific research project made to determine the sequencing of chemical base pairs which make up
human DNA. The Human Genome Project is also made to identify and map all of the human genes from both physical and functional parts. But how
does this really affect us?
The Human Genome Project has aimed to provide us with detailed information about the Human Genome. This will be extremely effective towards
studying people with specific diseases such as heart disease, cancer, diabetes, hypertension and cystic fibrosis. The DNA sequences of any two people
are actually very alike. The little difference is those that cause a high risk of an individual developing a certain disease. During the course of ... Show
Privacy issues have also been rising throughout the project. Having this information being shared across governments or companies and the
availability of this information for anyone's interest is a great risk (NLCATP 2015). However, there are many scientists who don't believe in the HGP
simply because no one knows how a single gene change can affect humans. Clearly, if used correctly The Human Genome Project can become a
beneficial factor in curing life–threatening diseases. The information from genetic tests, provided by the scientific community, will be shared with the
public and medical communities. By sharing the information, it helps doctors save lives of patients. However, sometimes scientists still remain unsure
on how to interpret the results of tests. Many agreements were made during the project, resulting in the publication of scientists' findings. By having
the information visible to all, it allows advance understandings and the making of medical advances

Essay on The Human Genome Project
Does the Human Genome Project effect the moral standards of society? Can the information produced by it become a beneficial asset or a moral evil?
For example, X chromosome markers can be used to identify ethnicity. A seemingly harmless collection of information from the Human Genome
Project. But let's assume this information is used to explore ways to deny entry into countries, determine social class, or who gets preferential treatment.
Whether or not this type of treatment is acceptable to a moral society remains to be seen.
The major events of genetic history are important to understanding the Human Genome Project. Genetics is the study of the patterns of inheritance of
specific traits. The basic beginnings of genetic history lay in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"Research and technology efforts aimed at mapping and sequencing large portions or entire genomes are called Genome
projects"(Congress, 202). Genome projects are not the effort of a single organization, but instead are groups of organizations working in
government and private industry throughout the world. The controversies surrounding the Human Genome Project can be better explained by
explaining the structural and moral aspects of the project. Begun in 1990, the US Human Genome Project is a 15–year effort coordinated by the US
Department of Energy and the National Institutes of Health. It's purposes are to identify all the estimated 80,000 genes in human DNA, determine the
sequences of the 3 billion chemical bases that make up human DNA, store this information in databases, and develop tools for data analysis.
The objectives of the Human Genome Project are carried out by organizations such as the National Institutes of Health, Howard Hughes Medical
Institute, and various other private organizations. These organizations all have two shared objectives, placing "new methods and instruments into
the tool–kit of molecular biology" and "building research infrastructure for genetics"(Murphy, 17). Any attempt to resolve moral
issues involving new information from the Human Genome Project

Contributions Of The Human Genome Project
Every research paper published today on life sciences have a last–author, who is mostly a computational biologist. The last–author may not actively
involve in the research, but has contributed in more fundamental and important areas, without which the experiment might remain invalid and thus
unpublished. What do the computational biologists do? What important thing(s) they added to research paper that make the papers valid?
The least and most simple thing that the computational biologists do is biostatistics. A validity of biological experiment is determined by statistical
data. Computational biologists taken biology into account build many different software for calculation required for biostatistics. These software ease
biologists' lives ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This computer technology is useless without data from the physical world.
Today, computational biology has thrived forward to a new level where biologists do experiments totally in the virtual world and take them into
account and make them usable for further study or for drawing a conclusion about a subject. For example, in real world, biologists, or more precisely
evolutionary biologists, can't predict evolution and are unable to go back to the time or to repeat the same path that has led to today's world. Through
computer simulation or program, biologists can have a look through the evolutionary pathway that had been followed long time ago and made today's
world.
One of the theory of adaptation is exaptation. Survival of the fittest determined the adaptation and thus evolution of new species. "Some evolutionary
innovations may originate non–adaptively as exaptation, or pre–adaptations, which are by–product of other adaptive traits" (Barve and Wagner, 2013).
It has been known that birds got their feathers for flight from dinosaurs, and some proteins change into lens because of their ability to refract light. In a
nutshell, exaptation is the result of adaptation from traits that were evolved for something different at first, which later causes innovative changes and
give adaptation for a different trait.
Barve and Wagener used novel computational methods in their research. They randomly sample different metabolic pathways that can sustain life in
any given carbon

The Causes And Contributions Of The Human Genome Project
Human Genome ProjectA genome is the complete collection of an organism's genetic material. The human genome is composed of about 20,000 to
25,000 genes located on the 23 pairs of chromosomes in a human cell (Tortora, Funke, Case, 2016). According to the Human Genome Project (2000),
"A single human chromosome may contain more than 250 million DNA base pairs, and it is estimated that the entire human genome consists of about 3
billion base pairs." Now that we have identified what a genome is, we will now examine the Human Genome Project. The Human Genome Project
(HGP) is a project that began in October of 1990 (Tortora, Funke, Case, 2016). The HGP lasted for 13 years, so the end of the project was in 2003.
Mapping the entire human DNA sequence was the main purpose of the program (Tortora, Funke, Case, 2016). Associating specific human traits and
inborn diseases with genes at exact locations on the chromosomes was the goal of genomic mapping and sequencing (HGP, 2000). Figure 1 below
shows the timeline through which the Human Genome Project got completed. In 1990, the project commenced along with the Ethical, legal and social
implication program (ELSI). Fast forwarding to 1995, where the human physical mapping goal was achieved. Then in 1999, the sequence of the first
human chromosome was completed. Finally, in 2003, the project was completed.
Figure 1: Human Genome Project Timeline. Retrieved from: https://www.flickr.com/photos/142595545@N03/26964377742

Outline
Thesis: Large corporations, such as insurance companies, and governments are looking to save money on future policyholders through the use of
genetic testing.
General information on the Human Genome Project
Time of discussion leading up to implementation
Who was involved
Where does the funding come from
Insurance Companies and discrimination
Discrimination against unborn children
Genetic testing for &#8220;bad'; or unwanted traits
Fix vs. Abort
Not covering unborn with unwanted traits
Denying Benefits to Current Members
Forcing Genetic test to continue coverage
Not covering spouses, children, etc.. who come up &#8220;Bad';
Denying coverage to new members
1. New members who want to join but have unwanted traits
People ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The HGP is a scientific study and mapping of the estimated 50,000–100,000 genes in the human body. It is being hailed as one of the most important
projects in the world by scientists and scholars alike. The information that these researchers uncover could be helpful for generations to come. The
research will allow doctors to correct genetic disorders before children are born, eliminate the often–fatal problems associated with babies born
prematurely, and to cure diseases such as AIDS. The problem with thisproject is not the doctors, scientists, and other researchers investigating the
genes. They are out to help people and are not doing this to get rich. Large corporations, such as insurance companies, and governments are looking to
save money on future policyholders through the use of genetic testing. These illustrate the negative and corruptive aspects of the HGP.
The Human Genome Project was originally founded by the Department Of Energy (DOE) and is now jointly researched by the DOE and the National

Institute of Health (NIH). Research on the project began in 1990. They used a four–letter system to decode the long strands of deoxyribonucleic acid.
As understood from previous research, there are four nitrogenous base pairs that make up DNA. &#8216;A&#8217; stands for Adenine,
which is paired with &#8216;T&#8217; for Thymine, and &#8216;G&#8217; stands for Guanine, which is paired with
&#8216;C&#8217;,

The Human Genome Project Is Important To Society
"Mapping the human genome has been compared with putting a man on the moon, but I believe it is more than that. This is the outstanding
achievement not only of our lifetime, but in terms of human history. A few months ago I compared the project to the invention of the wheel. On
reflection, it is more than that. I can well imagine technology making the wheel obsolete. But this code is the essence of mankind, and as long as
humans exists, this code is going to be important and will be used" ( Thomas Michael Dexter). The Human Genome Project is an international
collaborative journey of risks to identify and mark all the locations of every gene of the human species. The Human Genome Project in the United
States started in 1990 and was thought to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Akudo Ejelonu writes, "The medical industry is building upon the knowledge, resources, and technologies emanating from the Human Genome Project
to further understanding of genetic contributions to human health....Genetics is playing an increasingly important role in the diagnosis, monitoring, and
treatment of diseases" (What is the Human Genome Project–Why Is It Important To Society par.10). According to this evidence, the Human Genome
Project has opened doors for scientists to better understand the use of gene therapy for humans. Genetics is now playing an important role in
curing, monitoring, and diagnosing diseases that can make someone very sick. With gene therapy it can save lives and help cure the world of its
deadly diseases. "Genetics Home Reference" states, " Hundreds of research studies (clinical trials) are under way to test gene therapy as a treatment
for genetic conditions, cancer, and HIV/AIDS" (Gene Therapy Experimental Techniques, Safety, Ethics, and Availability par.15). The "Genetics
Home Reference" is insisting, gene therapy is on its way to becoming a treatment for anything and everything. It is on its way to becoming a full
time treatment for diseases that will later be cured because of frequent gene therapy sessions with sick patients. All of the hundreds of research that
has been done on this subject is just a grasps an understanding of how it all works and how it changes the world in a positive way. Larissa Hirsch
states on page three, "Scientists hope that the human genome mapping will help lead to cures for many diseases and that successful clinical trials will
create new opportunities"(Gene Therapy and Children par.4). Larissa Hirsch is stating that the Human Genome Project plays a big role in gene therapy.
The Human Genome Project is opening doors for scientists that have successfully performed medical trials when it comes to treating

A genome is all the DNA in an organism, including it's genes. Genes carry information for making all the proteins required by all organisms. These
proteins determine, among other things, how the organism looks, acts, processes and fights infections.
DNA is made up of four similar chemicals (bases, adenine , Thymine , cytosine , and guanine ) that are repeated millions or billions of times
throughout a genome. The human genome has three billion base pairs. The order of these base pairs are extremely important and determine everything
in an organism.
The Human Genome Project started in the mid–1980's and was discussed widely throughout the scientific community and public press in the last years
of the decade. In the United States, DOE ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The massive amount of data and related technologies generated by the HGP and other genomic research presents a wide array of commercial
opportunities. These opportunities range from medicine and food to energy and environmental resources.
Older companies are racing to retool and newer companies are seeking parts in the information revolution with DNA at it's core. IMB, Compaq,
DuPoint, and other big pharmaceutical companies are among those interested in the potential for targeting and applying genome data.
In HGP there are two types of sequences, the draft and the high quality. To get the draft sequence, scientist determine the order of base pairs in each
chromosomal area at least four to five times to ensure data accuracy and to help with reassembling DNA fragments in their original order. This
repeated sequencing is known as genome "depth of coverage." The draft sequence for the human genome was completed on June 26,
2000. To generate high quality sequencing , additional sequencing is needed to close gaps, reduce mistakes and allow only a single error in 10,000
bases. The finished version will provide an estimated eight to nine times the coverage of each chromosome. Thus far, high quality

The Human Genome Initiative is a worldwide research effort that has the goal of analyzing the sequence of human DNA and determining the location
of all human genes. Begun in 1990, the U.S. Human Genome project was originally planned to last 15 years but now is projected to be complete in 13
years. This project was started to find the 80,000 – 100,000 human genes and to determine the sequence of the 3 – billion chemical bases that make up
human DNA. The information generated by the human genome project is expected to be the source book for biomedical fields, including those such as
developmental biology and neurobiology, where scientists are just beginning to understand the underlying molecular mechanisms. The ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the spring of 1987, a report on the human genome initiative was prepared by the Health and Environmental Research Advisory Committee (HERAC)
of the Department of Energy (DOE). In early 1988, further discussion culminated in the publication of two additional, widely circulated, influential
reports. The U.S. Congress Office of Technology Assessment (OTA) report presented a comprehensive and detailed analysis of the scientific
developments that had led to the promise of "mapping and sequencing" the human genome and presented an outline for a multi–phase research plan for
accomplishing the goal of sequencing human DNA over the course of the following two decades. In fiscal year 1988, the Congress of the United
States launched the human genome project by appropriating funds to both the DOE and the National Institutes of Health (NIH) specifically for support
of research efforts to determine the structure of complex genomes. The NIH was delegated $17.2 million and the DOE received $10.7 million in 1988
by the human genome research institute.
It is generally agreed that the overall goal of the Human Genome Initiative is to acquire fundamental information needed to further our basic scientific
understanding of human genetics and of the role of various genes in health and disease. As refined through the discussions over the last half of the
1980's and defined in the NRC report, the Human Genome Initiative has several interrelated goals:
Construction of a

The Human Genome Project A Go Or No?
Is the Human Genome Project a Go or No? Rapid growth in the health field over the past several decades has brought with it many advancements even
in the prenatal stages of life, one may think this is all positive, but is it really? With all new technology and advancements in the health field the lives of
humans can be heavily impacted by these advancements in the study of human genes.
The study of the human genome began in the early 1990s and involved into a global project. The purpose was to gain more information about human
genes. Which was very difficult to do, with this project in place a better understanding of the human genome was possible. Today women who are
expecting go threw an array of tests and screenings to see if their child will have certain genetic diseases, cancers or any health conditions that will
impair the child's life. This is possible due to the testing of the human gene. The benefits of testing the fetus are plentiful, but others argue these tests
can be a hindrance to some. The pro testing side argues it improves the lives of human population, reduces disease, creates new medications and gives
a better understanding of humans. The other side argues about the ethics of practicing the testing of genes, privacy, and discrimination to the life of a
person who has a high risk to certain aliments. In order to remedy this dispute between both sides there needs to be some boundaries, the testing of
genes cannot simply be aborted, and also the direction

The author, Francis S. Collins, is the man responsible for the successful completion of Human Genome Project (HGP). HGP is an international
multidisciplinary scientific research project which was involved in mapping and sequencing human DNA and determining the various aspects of its
function. With this incredible expertise to his credit, Dr. Collins in the book 'The Language of Life' talks about personalizing medicine by
understanding the DNA of each individual. The author starts by narrating some real life incidents of his family members which threw light on the
importance of DNA sequencing, then the author goes to talk about various situations and conditions which all implicate the importance of personalized
medicine in today's world. In this book, the author focuses on cancer, microbiome, brain disorders, aging and the genetics related with them. The main
underlying point in explaining the genetics of each of the conditions is to reiterate the importance of sequencing DNA beforehand so that a
personalized medicine for the disease can be developed and the disease can be treated well before its advanced stage with serious effects.
The book talks about many fascinating facets of DNA and the important message they contain which when understood can help us to make significant
contributions to the field of medicine. The topic which aroused my interest the most in this book is the last chapter called 'A Vision for the future'. As
the chapter's heading suggests this chapter is

What Is The Human Genome Project?
What Is The Human Genome Project?
Imagine a world where most diseases and cancers have either been cured or have treatments to help people with them. Where there is no longer a
regular doctors check up and now they would now take a look at what's inside you. Where doctors will now look at the genes in your genome and find
the problem in there. After they find the spot where there is something wrong, they would easily know what it is and give you a diagnosis and a
treatment. Due to the Human Genome Project, dreams like these can actually become reality. It can help scientists or anyone get to know how the
human body works and how humans have evolved throughout time. Even scientists just wanting to know more about the world of genes by what they
are and what they do. Through this new technological project things like diseases and cancers wouldn't be a problem and people can focus on more
scientific projects that can benefit the world. Through this one project many other projects have benefitted and many have been created. Even though
many people may not know about the Human Genome Project, it could be one of the best technological project advancement that has shook and
impacted the scientific community greatly. The Human Genome Project was created in 1990. This project was an international research effort from
scientists all around the globe that wanted to identify and sequence the human genome and the genes that are inside the genome (" The Human
Genome"). This project

The Genome Project Of Any Species
The genome sequencing project of any species would not be possible without modern sequencing technologies and the methods described in this thesis,
transcriptome and genome resources for whitefly can be rapidly developed which enable exciting research. Methods and results described in this thesis
are just examples for any genome project, and would suit best to any arthropod that contain bacterial endosymbiont. This concluding chapter
summarizes the previous chapters and also outlines the possible future directions for improvements and describes the exciting research studies possible.
8.0.1 What can we do with the transcriptome
Chapter 1 began by addressing the research problem and describing the whiteflies that have been studied so far and why the genome of this species is
needed. Although, four transcriptomes of different whitefly species have already been published and the data are available to public. These four
transcriptomes were compared in Chapter 2 to identify sequence and functional differences across them. The main aim of the Chapter 2 was to obtain a
comprehensive transcriptome data set for Asia I species which could effectively used for further analysis in this thesis.
In order to capture the complete transcriptome of Asia I species, two different libraries (Normalized and Unnormalized) were generated and sequenced.
These combined data sets from two libraries not only led to complete transcriptome resource but also to identifying the abundance and least

The Human Genome Project : A Research Project
The human genome project is a research project which had a purpose of being able to map and understand all the genes of human beings and organisms
(National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health 2014a) and to determine the DNA sequence of the complete genome
(National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health 2014b). The Human genome project enabled researchers to obtain the
instructions they needed to gain an understanding of how to build an individual (Genetics Home Reference 2014a). The Human Genome Project made
several claims which included to complete sequencing and mapping the genomes of organisms and the ethical, legal and social consideration related to
it. (U.S. DOE Human Genome ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To sequence DNA it needs to be amplified first and this can be done in two ways; The Polymerase Chain reaction (PCR) and Cloning. Cloning
isolates the DNA fragments from restriction enzymes and then combines the fragments with the vector. Once united with the vector the DNA
fragments are then able to replicate to provide an unlimited amount of DNA for the experiment. PCR allows DNA to be multiplied millions of
times in a couple of hours, PCR is used because it's highly specific, easily automated and can amplify very small samples of DNA. The technique of
PCR has had a huge effect on genetic disease diagnosis. To sequence the DNA, Gel Electrophoresis is used as it separates DNA fragments according
to their size by running an electric current through the gel (Boehm). Mapping and sequencing the genome of organisms has allowed tests to be
conducted, for example; gene tests, this is where individual genes or short lengths of DNA or RNA are tested for and Chromosome tests; this is where
whole chromosomes or long lengths of DNA are tested for (National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health 2014c).
This claim has been met by the human genome project, this is because by mapping and sequencing the genomes of standard organisms genetic testing
and genetic screening can be conducted. For example, new

The human genome project is something that I have been very interested with ever since first learning of it. I had heard bits and pieces of what it is
about, but my interest was greatly stimulated by Dr. Whited in basic genetics 311 last spring. The discussion that we had regarding theproject left me
with several ideas and questions about not only the process and ethics involved, but the future of the study of genetics as a whole.
To begin discussion about the HGP, we first must understand what it is. It is a massive undertaking of collaboration of geneticists that begin in 1990.
Their goals are to identify all the estimated 80,000 to 100,000 genes in human DNA and determine the sequences of 3 billion ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This opens up a great opportunity to identify individuals with a disease before it could be diagnosed. This would allow for earlier treatment and
chances at possible prevention of certain disorders.
There are many human medical problems that can be controlled by early detection. This program would be incredibly beneficial to the fight of those
diseases. Also as a medical benefit is the possibility of gene therapy drugs that could prevent or cure disease. They also could reach as far as to
eradicate many of the killers that have plagued mankind for generations. These are some of the reasons that many large companies are attempting to
align themselves with other companies that have the technology to capitalize from these new findings. Projections of DNA–based products and
technologies in the biotech industry are exceeding $45 billion by the year 2009.
Exploration into the function of each gene discovered will continue well into the 21st century. The knowledge gained from this will lead us to better
understand the cause of genetically related diseases. Having the ability to recognize the causation of a disease will shift technology from trial and error
treatments to specific drugs designed to treat the gene sequence and protein structure. This is called gene therapy and is the most exciting aspect of the
HGP. It gives the

The Human Genome Project Essay
The Human Genome Project is a worldwide research effort with the goal of analyzing the structure of human DNA and determining the location of the
estimated 100,000 human genes. The DNA of a set of model organisms will be studied to provide the information necessary for understanding the
functioning of the human genome. The information gathered by the human genome project is expected to be the source book for biomedical science in
the twenty–first century and will be of great value to the field of medicine. The project will help us to understand and eventually treat more than 4,000
genetic diseases that affect mankind. The scientific products of the human genome project will include a resource of genomic maps and DNA sequence
information ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The overall budget needs for the effort are expected to be about $200 million per year for approximately 15 years.
Lasers are used in the detection of DNA in many aspects of the project; a very important use is in sorting chromosomes by flow cytometry. Lasers are
also used in confocal fluorescence laser microscopy to excite fluorescently tagged molecules in genome mapping, in addition to other mapping uses. In
diagnostic applications, lasers are used with fluorescent probes attached to DNA to light up chromosomes and to create patterns on DNA chips.
From the beginning of the human genome project it was clearly recognized that acquisition and use of such genetic knowledge would have momentous
involvements for both individuals and society and would pose a number of consequential choices for public and professional deliberation.
As Thomas Lee writes, "the effort underway is unlike anything ever before attempted, if successful, it could lead to our ultimate control of human
disease, aging, and death".
Whatever its justification, the human genome project has already inspired society with the hope of "better" babies, and one way to deploy
pragmatism in the analysis of genetic engineering is to look at this promise of "better" babies in its social context: parenthood. Parents hope
for healthy children and, if they could afford it, make choices (such as choosing parental care) to help "engineer" healthier babies.

The Human Genome Project : An American Geneticist
THE HUMAN GENOME PROJECT
The human genome project has its origins in the mid–1980s, but its intellectual roots stretch back further. Alfred Sturtevant an American geneticist
created the first Drosophila gene map in 1911. In 1953, Francis Crick and James Watson discovered the double helical structure of theDNA molecule.
This discovery was the first crucial step in molecular genome analysis, and in much of the molecular biological research of the last half–century. In the
mid–1970s, Frederick Sanger developed techniques to sequence DNA and with this development the idea of analyzing the entire human genome was
first proposed by a few academic biologists. The early genome project was established in 1987 and in 1988, Congress funded both the National
Institute of Health and the Department of Energy to embark on further exploration of this concept. In 1990 the initial plans for the project were drawn
up and made public through a joint research plan, "Understanding Our Genetic Inheritance: The Human Genome Project, The First Five Years, FY
1991–1995." (NIH, 2012). This initial research plan set out specific goals for the first five years of what was to then predicted to be a 15–year research
effort (NIH, 2012). In 2001, the Human Genome Project published its results showing a 90 percent complete sequence of all three billion base pairs in
the human genome (NIH, 2012).
The HGP employed a two–phase approach to uncover the human genome sequence. The first phase used DNA shotgun

The Human Genome Project ( Hgp )
In 2000, the $3 billion dollar project––The Human Genome Project (HGP)––came to completion. Geneticists can now provide a patient with a
comprehensive map of their DNA sequence. Obtaining such information can tell a patient if they have the gene variant associated with many different
genetically linked diseases such as Alzheimer's, diabetes, heart conditions or even cancer. This medical revolution can indicate what drugs to take, at
what dosage and what lifestyle choices can be made in order to prevent the disease or at the least, control the symptoms at the earliest stages as
possible. However, this new diagnostic tool has raised some ethical issues: Will your privacy be protected? Will insurance companies pressure you into
getting your... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, a percentage of the Human Genome Project budget was devoted to the Ethical, Legal, and Social Implications (ELSI) research. This program
was founded to identify and address issues raised by genomic research, including conflicts of interest affecting all the concerned parties. These issues
also include worries about insurers using genetic information to impose high premiums and deny coverage or companies refusing employment
opportunities. Yet with new technology comes new laws; for example, in the United States, the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act was passed
on May 21st 2008[1]. As the name implies, this law prohibits employers and health insurance companies from using genetic information, protecting
citizens from discrimination based on their predisposition to developing a genetic disorder. If DNA sequencing were to become standard medical
procedure, such laws will have to be enacted in order to protect the patient's rights.
In the process of developing the Human Genome Project, multiple gene expression–based cancer markers were identified. Furthermore, geneticists
began to note that cancer pathologies are most often not restricted to one single genomic mutation. On the contrary, a large number of different
alterations in a patient 's DNA come together and cause the malignant transformation. The combination of mutations, structural variations and

The Human Genome Project?
"Today we are learning the language in which God created life . . . humankind is on the verge of gaining immense new power to heal. Genome
science will have a real impact on all our lives, and even more on the lives of our children. It will revolutionise the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment
of most, if not all, human diseases."
– Bill Clinton, June 2002.
The Human Genome Project came into existence in the late 1980 's as scientist from around the world aimed to map where every human gene is
found on our chromosomes. The Project was a great success as scientists were successful, but now in order to extend the project, scientists are trying
to work out what each gene codes for. This information would be vital as it could help ascertain how a particular gene might be damaged or how
mutations on some genes can lead to illness or disorders. Using such information, faulty genes could be easily replaced.
The idea of undertaking a coordinated study of the human genome arose from a series of scientific conferences held between 1985 and 1987.
The project got underway in 1990 in the United States and one of the first directors of the project was American scientist, James Watson– who was also
in 1962 – along with Francis Crick and Maurice Wilkins– awarded the Nobel Prize Award for the discovery of the structure of
DNA.
The DNA that is

The Human Genome Project Paper
Science is an astonishing, intellectual field; it teaches humans about life and allows them to alter it in order to reap desirable results. The diligence and
intellect of scientists who are able to rework the human body has contributed to the sharing of many beautiful and tear–jerking stories about babies who
have been born and patients who have survived. As technology and knowledge about the body increases, people begin to question how much we
should use our intelligence to change the bodies that God has created. However, within the medical sphere, specifically with the process of modifying
genes, scientists should use their God given gift of intellect to control the evil, residing in the form of diseases, that would otherwise destroy all... Show
The superb story of one heart recipient from Texas, named Blake, showcases how beautiful it is to receive the gift of life. Blake was only four days
old when his parents found out that he had a heart defect, if he wasn't treated immediately then he would die. However, thanks to the process of organ
transplantation, a heart was found for Blake almost immediately. Today, he lives a wonderful life and participates in numerous sports ("We are
incredibly blessed"). To know that this child is able to live a full and happy life because of the astounding process of organ transplantation is just simply

The Human Genome Project (HGP) began in 1990 with funding from the Department of Energy and the National Institutes of Health with the goal of
decoding the human genome. Researchers from across the world are working in conjunction to understand the sequence of amino acid base pairs and
how they interact with one another to elicit specific genetic reactions. Once the decoding of the genome takes place, scientists will be able to develop
individual treatment plans and understand a number of diseases. Research has found that there are over 3 billion amino acid base pairs which make–up
20,000 genes. Of these 20,000 genes, the human genetic code is defined by forty–six tightly packed bunches called chromosomes. Due to the vast array
of amino acid base pairs, the project has taken over ten years to complete the sequencing of the specific parts, but the task of understanding how the
parts interact one another and the influence they have on diseases has yet to be accomplished. The genetic material in chromosomes defines human
attributes and is developed from proteins. Proteins are a series of amino acids, which are strung together, and the unique combination of nucleic acids
(A, T, C, and G) in the protein give specific directions to the cell to produce certain combinations of amino acids. This process creates proteins varying
in form and function based upon the series of amino acids. The differing proteins cause numerous actions in the body to be carried out, and are

The Human Genome Project (HGP) is a project coordinated by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and the National Institute of Health (NIH). The
HGP began in 1990 and was scheduled to be completed in 2005. The goals of the project are to identify all the genes in the human genome (estimated
to be 80,000 – 100,000 total) and develop the complete human DNA sequence. After the sequencing is done, a database with all the sequence
information can be made and data analysis tools can be developed to use the information. The HGP will then have to consider ethical, legal, and social
issues.
A new 5–year goal was approved in 1998 in which the HGP could be finished two years earlier than first planned in 1990. The new ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The private sector is also contributing to the human sequencing project. One such company is Celera Genomics. The President of Celera Genomics, J.
Craig Venter, is promising to give away the human genome sequence once the company has completed the sequence. Although he is just beginning to
set up a high throughput lab, he believes he can generate the human genome sequence in 18 months. Many people are skeptical about how he can
develop the human genome and provide it to the public without any costly strings attached. Celera plans to patent many human genes and a large set of
single nucleotide polymorphism's (3). If Celera Genomics is the first to sequence the human genome, there may be a price to pay for the sequences that
revolutionize the biological community.
Another task of the HGP is to determine variations in the human genome. One approach is to map single nucleotide polymorphism's (SNPs). By
mapping the SNPs, scientists can gain a better understanding of the variations and the functional aspects of these variations. "A map of 100,000 SNPs
(one SNP per 30,000 nucleotides) is likely to be sufficient for studies in some relatively homogenous populations, while denser maps may be required
for studies in large, heterogeneous populations" (2). These maps could provide markers that identify disease genes in humans.
Once the mapping and the complete human sequence are developed, the

Importance Of The Human Genome Project
The Importance Of The Human Genome Project
The Human Genome Project(HGP) provided valuable information that changed biology and medicine. Beginning in the 1990's a research project was
created with the intent of determining the sequence of nucleotide base pairs that made up human DNA. The Collaboration was key to completing this
project, it was an international project that required, funding, certain technologies, and research methods. The Human Genome project provided
important information that benefited medical science. This project helped scientist understand different genetic diseases that plagued mankind and
opened the doors to many other scientific findings. Although the Human Genome Project was met with initial resistance it has proved to be significant
in many aspects of science. The Human Genome project was widely anticipated, the possibility of understanding human disease, causes of disease, and
human evolution was at the forefront of science. In 1985 a project was formally proposed with the goal of determining the complete nucleotide
sequence of the human genome. Although the proposal had the possibility to change science it was met with much resistance. The main concern was
privacy of genetic information, educating health care professionals, and ethical issues involving the design of genetic research. Finally, in 1990 under
the direction of U.S. department of energy and the national institutes of health the Human Genome Project was officially initiated in

Drosophil The Evolution Of The Human Genome Project
The Human Genome project was ultimately introduced in 1985 and by the early 1990's the project began to spread. The collaboration of multiple
countries such as, Great Britain, France, Japan, China, and Germany joined the United States in working to complete the project in a minimum of 3
years. Laboratories in these countries mapped and sequenced the project that is known as the Human Genome. All of the genes in a person's body is
called a Genome, therefore the name of the project the Human Genome Project. Scientist found that the Human Genome structure displays information
on structure, organization, and function of a complete Human Genome. The Human Genome Project is the study of how all DNA is linked and the
various mutations that can occur. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The idea of Drosophila came from both Alfred and Thomas once they realized that the Drosophila can be a useful source to the Human Genome
Project because of it's large chromosomes, and the acceleration in it's reproduction. Scientist also realized that they could use other species; mice, fruit
flies, and flatworms because these were all species with similar genes and functions. The Research of Drosophila led to the theory of heredity, which
with this research lead to the development of the chromosome theory, that presented the connection of genes through chromosomes. Doing this Alfred
and Thomas were able to build the first genetic map of chromosomes. There Is an estimation of 20,000–30,000 human genes that were involved in the
project, out of that a discovery of 99.9 percent of everyone's DNA was corresponding. Scientist took gathered samples of opposite ethnic groups all
around the world from the countries who participated in the Human Genome Project. Approximately 700 different ethnic groups were targeted by
scientist to donate. Alfred and Thomas collaborated with Anthropologist and other geneticist to build a better understanding of how opposite ethnic
groups are linked. Sadly of the thousands of samples collected they were of little use because of the different laboratories across the world. Scientist
believed in two important key facts in understanding the Human Genome which were; follow the different migrations of opposite ethnic groups to
trace if these groups are corresponding, trace a Family Tree of the populace, and last to analyze the genes which will lead to mutations and diseases.
Scientist realized that necessary precautions needed to be too be taken to collect samples from ethnic groups going extinct, but decided to not voice the
extinction of those disappearing ethnic groups to not

The Human Genome Project Essay examples
The Human Genome Project (HGP), an international scientific research project, has educated the public tremendously on various topics concerning
DNA and genetics. This study has been beneficial to communities alike. As stated, the HGP sought to identify all the genes in human DNA, determine
the sequences of the three billion chemical base pairs that make up human DNA, store this information in databases, improve tools for data analysis,
transfer related technologies to the private sector, and address the ethical, legal, and social issues that may arise from the project. In favor of achieving
these goals, scientists studied the genetic makeup of several nonhuman organisms (Human Genome Management Information System, 2011).
The HGP ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Due to scientist's interest in human genetic variation, human racial classification became a focus of scientific investigation by evolutionary biologists
attempting to categorize individual humans based on presumed patterns of biological difference. Scientists had hoped to classify humans in the same
way that they classified other species. These scientists attached hierarchical titles to these categorizations; they claimed that differences in skin color,
physiognomy, and geography were associated with scientifically measurable differences in character, aptitude, and temperament (Smedley, 1998).
However, studies supporting these claims have been unsound (Gould, 1981). Categorization of humans by racial and ethnic groups continues, as
researchers must remain aware of this historical legacy of the science of heredity as the genomic era continues to develop (Bonham et al., 2005).
Although the HGP has been informative to the public, especially when it comes to racial variations in disorders and genetic reflected illnesses, there
are ways it may be used to harm rather than help human development. Due to the information obtained through the research, the stigma related to
illnesses or disorders may be closely associated with certain ethnic or racial backgrounds. This can have negative effects on ethnic groups, in that some
people may already believe they are pre–exposed to an illness.

Human Genome Project Pros And Cons
Research on our genetic composition is one of the more intricate researches because of its risk, cost and required effort. But understanding the
blueprint of the human race is equally important that is why researchers are still determined to learn more about it. Genes are also very difficult to
understand, because they are so complex and basically define what we are. A better understanding of genes and ourDNA can lead to revolutionary
medical advancements. (Healthcare Infographics, 2014)
The Human Genome Project (HGP) follows a different approach in discovery. It's an inward approach rather than the more usual outside exploration
just like our voyages in outer space.
The Human Genome Project (HGP) was the international, collaborative research ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As researchers learn more about the functions of genes and proteins, this knowledge will have a major impact in the fields of medicine, biotechnology,
and the life sciences. (n.d.) As a STEM student, my opinion on this matter is entirely about the benefits and its drawbacks. I think almost all researches
that has touched on genetics pose unethical issues in them. This will be heading into questions regarding the manipulation of the natural sequence of
our DNA which, makes this a very controversial issue. Next is protecting privacy of the individual whose genes were collected as part of the research.
Despite these drawbacks, it has encouraged researchers to continue because of its numerous advantages. One is creating effective drugs in the field of
medicine. Gaining an understanding about genes could lead to much more efficient drug modification which can entirely change how it works on the
individual. Another pro is the advancement in discoveries. The more of the genome that is known, the more particular medical conditions can be
attributed to certain genes. By understanding the underlying genes involved in the process, it is possible that more medical discoveries can be made
regarding the origin, evolution, and potential cure for these

Human Genome Project Essay examples
Human Genome Project
The Human Genome Project is an international project basically sponsored by the U.S Government. It started in October 1990 with an aim to sequence
the entire human genome. The complete set of information present in the form of the genes in an organism forms its genome. Each human being has
23 pairs of chromosomes having DNA double helix in each. The Human Genome Project is a worldwide research effort with the goal of analyzing the
structure of human DNA and determining the location of the estimated 100,000 human genes. In parallel with this effort, the DNA of a set of model
organisms will be studied to provide the comparative information necessary for understanding the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
An important feature of this project is the federal government's long–standing dedication to transfer the technology to private sector by licensing them,
awarding grants for innovative research and earning multi–billion U. S dollars that could later be used for medical researchers. To help achieve these
goals, researchers also are studying the genetic makeup of several nonhuman organisms. These include the common human gut bacterium Escherichia
coli, the fruit fly, and the laboratory mouse.
The process for the sequencing of the Human Genome is long and complicated. At first a collection of blood and sperm samples from anonymous
donors which are then combined into a mixture. The mixture is subjected for DNA extraction using chloroform, phenol and water. Pure DNA is
dissolved in water. It is subjected to an enzyme, restriction that cuts the DNA fragments. The short DNA fragments are treated with alkali to make
sticky ends. The sticky end DNA fragments are subject to fluorescent probes, having separate colours for a single base. The labeled DNA fragments are
fed into an automatic sequencing machine that reads the base sequence according to the colours of the bases. A computer then uses this piece of
information to read the sequence into a continuous DNA sequence by finding overlaps and matching

Overview Of The Human Genome Sequencing Project?
Since the completion of the human genome sequencing project in 2003 there has been an emphasis on determining what role the ~3.3 billion
nucleotides, constituting the human genome, play. (1) How scientists have defined function, regarding the genome, has changed over the years. There
has been debate on how function of the genome is defined between different fields. The inconsistencies in definitions, analyses and new discoveries into
novel functional elements of DNA have led to many in the scientific community to wonder what proportion of our genome is functional. The advent in
various programable nucleases such as TALENs, designer ZFNs and type II Crispr–cas 9 has opened the field for gene function analysis. I will discuss
how the type ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This has resulted in defining a class of non–coding functional elements that include: promoters, enhancers, silencers, insulators, and noncoding RNA
genes such as microRNAs, piRNAs, structural RNAs, and regulatory RNAs. These elements are associated with chromatin structures and, are under
influence from DNA methylation, acetylation, transcription factor/cofactor binding, chromatin regulating proteins and DNase. These factors provide a
biochemical marker for potential regulatory elements which may possibly have function, but to the degree of which these factors/modifications
indicate the sequence's function is still unclear. (6)
A potential revolutionary biochemical technique would be using the CRISPR–CAS genome editing system (a protein complex found in bacteria). It
functions much like an "immune system" of the bacterium. This nuclease provides a mechanism against inserted foreign DNA from being translated.
Foreign DNA is usually inserted from phage infections or plasmid insertions. The CRISPR–CAS complex is able to cleave exogenously inserted
material before translation. (7)
CRISPR–CAS works by transcribing a CAS9 nuclease protein (from CAS genes) and a guide RNA (crRNA) from spacers within the CRISPR loci.
Spacers are sections of copied "foreign" DNA that have been inserted from previous exposures to phages or antibiotic gene transfers with other
bacteria. When a foreign piece of

Human Genome Project Ethics
The human race, a species consumed by curiosity and discovery. With the rapid growth of scientific knowledge, a new mystery has unraveled. This
endeavor is known as The Human Genome Project. The Human Genome Project is an organization designed to physically map all of the genes in the
human body. Once these scientists uncover all of the genes, it becomes possible to isolate them for uses such as possible prevention, treatments and
cures. This organization promotes the progression of science to new heights. "There have been a number of technological advances since 1990 that
have accelerated the progress of the project to a completion date sometime during the year 2003," (Melaas). The project raises uproar in the argument
of ethics. Ethics can... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In order to eliminate this, implementing policies on genetic research must be upheld containing the extent to which society is willing to allow the
change in the population. Scientific experimentation will forever grow. The possibility to completely diminish science and research is slim. A
solution to this would be enacting rules and regulations. These regulations will limit to only testing on humans for necessary causes such as disability
or disease. If a life remains at risk, the genetic screens should proceed. However, if for cosmetic reasons, the Human Genome Project needs to draw the
line. Extra funding allow this solution to take off. "[T]he Human Genome Project will likely pay for itself many times over on an economic basis,"
("Human Genome Project Completion: Frequently Asked Questions."). If in startling economic standing, why not put more of an effort towards ethical
considerations and regulations? With this solution, insurance companies can now back patients regardless of potential risks. Children and adults will
also experience diversity. Exposure to varying personalities and handicapped individuals can increase. This solution inevitably benefits everyone. It will
teach society to embrace one's self and flaws. Flaws can transform into more respectful attributes. A solution that benefits everyone does the greatest
amount of

Questions On Human Genome Project
Layan Kojan
BIOL 1010
Assignment #3 – Option 2 The Human Genome Project
Tuesday November 17, 2015
What makes one person differ from the other? Is it physical appearance, personality or mentality? These three factors separate each individual from one
another and it is what makes them different. Physical appearance, personality and mentality are made up from the same building blocks which are
known as DNA sequences. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), is a self replicating material that is found throughout every living organism. It's a large
macromolecule that transforms characteristics into life. DNA is made up two strands that run in opposite directions therefore they are known to be
antiparallel. The lagging strand runs in the 5 '–3 ' direction while the leading strand run's in the 3 '–5 ' direction (International Baccalaureate
Organization, 2009). There's a phosphate group attached by a covalent bond to the carbon atom which is covalently attached to a nucleotide base. The
two DNA strands are attached to each other by hydrogen bonds. There are two hydrogen bonds found between Thymine and Cytosine and three
hydrogen bonds found between Guanine and cytosine (International Baccalaureate Organization, 2009). Many studies have been done in order to
gather information about the human DNA. The sequence of base paring in DNA was determined by The Human Genome project (International
Baccalaureate Organization, 2009).
The whole idea of the

Genetic Privacy And The Human Genome Project
With bounding advances in the field of genetics, genetic privacy has sparked a controversy. In the 1980s, the Human Genome Project was formulated
to sequence the entirety of the human genome. The first draft of this project was published in Nature in February, 2001, about 10 percent short of
completion (National Institutes of Health [NIH], 2015). Originally, scientists had hypothesized that there was anywhere from 50,000 to 140,000 genes,
but after the release of this first draft and the later completion of the full sequence in April 2003, it was revealed that there were actually about 20,500
genes (NIH, 2015). As of April 2003, the structure, organization, and function of these many genes can finally begin to be better understood. While the
completion of the Human Genome Project seems like a huge accomplishment, there are those who are worried about its implications. Each person's
genome holds a plethora of essential information that many would like to keep private (Moor, 1999, p. 261–262). However, the compilation of a
national genetic database would benefit both the fields of medicine and justice by facilitating personalized health care, improving overall health care,
and aiding in the conviction of criminals.
Scientists anticipate that genetic information will be useful in the concept of personalized health care. While the sequencing of the human genome is
the first step towards this, it does not guarantee success. Rather, it is important to develop a deeper

Almost every aspect that makes a person unique is due to genetic factors, from the color of an individual's eyes to the functions of white blood cells.
The one thing that makes an individual's unique characteristics the hardest to understand is the fact that it is all composed of four bases in different
patterns. These patterns of adenine, thiamine, guanine and cytosine are the only things that differ one human from the next. This genetic code is
contained in every cell that is found in the human body. Gregor Mendel first discovered the foundations of inheritance in the nineteenth century. His
discovery was the basis that has now made it possible for humans to learn more about the genetic code. Mendel's ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The next two goals of the project are to store all of the data on databases and create tools to analyze this information. The final goal of the project is to
tackle the ethical, legal and social issues that may arise during the time it takes to complete the project (2).
The completion time of the project has been accelerated due to new advances in technology. The new goals include having a working 90% draft
sequence by the summer of 2000 and finishing the project by the year 2003. The finished project in 2003 would be a 100% high quality sequence
of all of the base pair sequences of the human genome. The DOE and the NIH have also stated that one of the highest priorities of the HGP is to
not only complete the project but to make all of the information available to the public (3). The early completion of the HGP does not come at a
bargain price. The estimated budgets for 1999 alone are $89.8 million for the DOE and $225.7 million for the NIH, bringing the grand total to $315.5
million for one year (4).
The HGP is progressing faster than what was expected, but a race to be the first to complete the human genetic sequence has emerged and become
very aggressive. For example, in 1998, the Perkin–Elmer Corporation and Dr. J. Craig Venter, head of the Institute for Genomic Research, announced
that they intended to start a new genomics company. The companies' intent was to

Gene Essay Assignment: The Human Genome Project
A genome is the complete DNA set of an organism. These DNA molecules are made up of two strands. Every strand is composed of four nucleotide
bases: adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine. Complementary strands are paired in certain ways. Cytosine always pairs with guanine and adenine
always pairs with thymine. The human genome holds about 3 billion base pairs, found in the chromosomes. Each of the 46 chromosomes are
composed of thousands of genes, which transmit the instructions to make proteins. Each gene in the human genome produces approximately three
proteins. "The Human Genome Project (HGP) was the international, collaborative research program whose goal was the complete mapping and
understanding of all the genes of human beings."
The HGP was the greatest biological venture ever embarked upon. There were several goals of the project. Researchers attempted to correctly identify
disease–causing variations in the human genetic code and determine the role of specific genes in disease and health. In addition, they aimed to advance
DNA sequencing technology and genomic analysis technology. The Human Genome Project intended to make the DNA sequence of humans
accessible to both the scientific community and public.
The HGP was a historical accumulation of genetics research. In the year 1911, Alfred Sturtevant came to the realization that he could pinpoint the
locations of the mutated fruit fly genes the Thomas Hunt Morgan

Human Genome Project Benefits

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