The neuron is the basic building block of the nervous system, consisting of a cell body, dendrites, an axon, and terminal buttons. Neurons communicate via electrical and chemical signals. The brain develops rapidly after birth through processes like neuron and synapse growth and synaptic pruning, which refines connections. Early childhood is critical for brain development as experience shapes pruning and the formation of over 15,000 new connections per neuron. The brain remains plastic and can form new connections if damaged.