how many digit strings of length 4 have at least 2 A. Solve the recurrence relation: a_n = 5a_n -
1 - 6a_n - 2 where a_0 = 0. a_1 = 6. How many digit strings of length 4 have at least two
consecutive digits that are the same ?
Solution
n=4 places to be filled using 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9
No of strings having atleast two consecutive digits same = Total number of strings having 4
digits - strings not having any consecutive digits
=10*10*10*10 - 10*9*8*7
=10000-5040=4960
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How would you identify, isolate, amplify, and then clone the gene th.pdf
1. How would you identify, isolate, amplify, and then clone the gene that encodes for a specific
protein?
-Use knowledge of PCR, restriction enzymes, primers, vectors, RFLP, NCBI, genomes, and
microarrays.
Solution
The basic purpose of gene isolation is to integrate it with the host cell to get the desired product
usually desired protein. First of all we should know that gene isolation was made possible with
the help of recombinant DNA technology. In the history first time gene was isolated from the
bacteria with the help of bacteriophages. These phage can hybridize with the bacterial DNA. By
isolating the phages we can isolate the gene. This is the fundamental principal of gene isolation.
Bacteriophages infect the bacteria and phage DNA integrates with the bacterial DNA. This
integrated phage DNA is known as prophage, and the bacterium is known as lysogen. Phage
goes two forms of cycles, lysogenic and lytic cycle. Induction will bring about extraction of the
prophage and its multiplication to make numerous progeny, i.e. it enters a lytic phase in which
the bacteria get burst and destroyed. Extraction of prophage is not accurate, it always contain an
additional gene or part of gene of bacteria DNA. When this phage attacks to the new host cell
and it transfer the bacterial gene to the new bacteria. In this way a new gene or allele will
incorporate to the host cell this process is known as transduction.