How to do research

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This document discusses how to write research reports. It outlines the key steps in the research process, including selecting a topic, reviewing relevant literature, formulating a hypothesis, choosing an appropriate research method, collecting and analyzing data. It also covers important considerations like research ethics and the relationship between research and theory. Common sociological research methods like surveys, interviews, experiments and case studies are described. The goal of research is to move beyond assumptions to establish valid and reliable findings through a systematic process.

Technology Business

Writing Research Reports

How to do Research
Slides by Dan Cavanaugh

This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law:
any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network;
preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images;
any rental, lease, or lending of the program. Background photo source: GoGo Images Corporation/Alamy Royalty Free

What is a Valid
Sociological Topic?

 Macro - Broad Matters

 Micro - Individualistic

Matters

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 5: How Sociologists Do Research 2

Common Sense and the
Need for Research

 What Everyone Knows

May Not Be True

 Move Beyond Guesswork

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 5: How Sociologists Do Research 3

A Research Model

 Selecting a Topic

 Defining a Problem

 Reviewing the Literature

 Formulating a Hypothesis

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 5: How Sociologists Do Research 4

A Research Model

 Choosing a Research

Method

 Collecting Data

 Analyzing Results
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 5: How Sociologists Do Research 5

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 5: How Sociologists Do Research 6

Research Methods

Surveys
 Selecting a Sample
 Random Sample
 Stratified Random Sample

 Asking Neutral Questions
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 5: How Sociologists Do Research 7

Research Methods

Questionnaires
 Self-Administered

 Allow the Largest
Sample
 Low Cost
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 5: How Sociologists Do Research 8

Research Methods

 Interviews
 More Researcher Control

 Time Consuming

 Interviewer Bias

 Structured Interviews
 Unstructured Interviews
 Establishing Rapport
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 5: How Sociologists Do Research 9

Research Methods

Participant Observation
 Researcher Participates
 Problems with
Generalizability
 Done for Exploratory
Work
 Generates Hypotheses
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 5: How Sociologists Do Research 10

Research Methods

Case Studies
 Focus on Single
 Event
 Situation
 Individual
 Reveals Detail
 Problem with
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 5: How Sociologists Do Research 11

Research Methods

Secondary Analysis
 Analyze Data

Collected by Others
 Researcher Cannot

Be Sure of Data
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 5: How Sociologists Do Research 12

Research Methods

Documents
 Examine Books,
Newspapers, Diaries,
etc.
 Limited Scope

 Cannot Study Topic
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 5: How Sociologists Do Research 13

Research Methods

Experiments
 Experimental Group

 Control Group

 Independent Variables

 Dependent Variables
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 5: How Sociologists Do Research 14

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 5: How Sociologists Do Research 15

Research Methods

Unobtrusive Measures

 Observe People

Without Them
Knowing

 Question of Ethics
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 5: How Sociologists Do Research 16

Deciding Which
Method to Use

 Access to Resources

 Access to Subjects

 Purpose of Research

 Researcher’s Background

and Training Chapter 5: How Sociologists Do Research
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 17

Deciding Which
Method to Use
 Quantitative Research
Methods
 Emphasis on Precise
Measurement
 Uses Statistics and
Numbers
 Qualitative Research
Methods
 Emphasis on Observing,
Describing, and
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 5: How Sociologists Do Research 18

How Not to do
Research
 Choose Biased Sample
 Ask Biased Questions
 List Biased Choices
 Discard Undesirable
Results
 Misunderstand Subjects
World
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 5: How Sociologists Do Research 19

Controversy in Research

 Poke into Private

Areas of Lives
 Threatens Those

with a Stake

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 5: How Sociologists Do Research 20

Ethics in Sociological
Research
 Openness, Honesty, and
Truthfulness
 Forbids Falsifying Results
 Condemns Plagiarism
 Subjects’ Informed
Consent
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 5: How Sociologists Do Research 21

How Research and Theory
Work Together

 Neither Research nor

Theory can Stand Alone
 Theories Must Be Tested

 Findings Must be

Explained with Theory
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 5: How Sociologists Do Research 22

Thank you for your

Slides by Dan Cavanaugh
Patience.
This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law:
any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network;
preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images;
any rental, lease, or lending of the program. Background photo source: GoGo Images Corporation/Alamy Royalty Free
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 5: How Sociologists Do Research 23

Here are some key rules of scholastic rigor: - Methods and findings must be able to withstand peer review and scrutiny - Claims require robust evidence and logic to support them - Intellectual honesty and integrity are paramount Scholastic rigor helps maintain high standards of quality, accuracy and ethics in academic work. It enhances academic freedom by requiring solid justification and reasoning. Number FOUR Diversity of Thought - The university welcomes diverse & conflicting viewpoints rather than enforcing orthodoxy - Exposure to a variety of perspectives strengthens critical thinking & prevents intellectual stagnation - An inclusive culture where all are free to question received wisdom & propose unconventional ideas Number FIVE

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This document discusses how to write research reports. It outlines the key steps in the research process, including selecting a topic, reviewing relevant literature, formulating a hypothesis, choosing a research method, collecting and analyzing data. It describes various research methods such as surveys, interviews, experiments, and case studies. It emphasizes the importance of selecting an appropriate method based on factors like resources and research goals. The document also stresses the need for ethical research practices like informed consent and avoiding bias.

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Building Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems with open-source and custom AI models is a complex task. This talk explores the challenges in productionizing RAG systems, including retrieval performance, response synthesis, and evaluation. We’ll discuss how to leverage open-source models like text embeddings, language models, and custom fine-tuned models to enhance RAG performance. Additionally, we’ll cover how BentoML can help orchestrate and scale these AI components efficiently, ensuring seamless deployment and management of RAG systems in the cloud.

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In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject. We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup. Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved. The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring. The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise. By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.

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How to do research

1. Writing Research Reports How to do Research Slides by Dan Cavanaugh This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program. Background photo source: GoGo Images Corporation/Alamy Royalty Free

3. Common Sense and the Need for Research  What Everyone Knows May Not Be True  Move Beyond Guesswork Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 5: How Sociologists Do Research 3

4. A Research Model  Selecting a Topic  Defining a Problem  Reviewing the Literature  Formulating a Hypothesis Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 5: How Sociologists Do Research 4

7. Research Methods Surveys  Selecting a Sample  Random Sample  Stratified Random Sample  Asking Neutral Questions Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 5: How Sociologists Do Research 7

9. Research Methods  Interviews  More Researcher Control  Time Consuming  Interviewer Bias  Structured Interviews  Unstructured Interviews  Establishing Rapport Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 5: How Sociologists Do Research 9

10. Research Methods Participant Observation  Researcher Participates  Problems with Generalizability  Done for Exploratory Work  Generates Hypotheses Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 5: How Sociologists Do Research 10

11. Research Methods Case Studies  Focus on Single  Event  Situation  Individual  Reveals Detail  Problem with Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 5: How Sociologists Do Research 11

12. Research Methods Secondary Analysis  Analyze Data Collected by Others  Researcher Cannot Be Sure of Data Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 5: How Sociologists Do Research 12

13. Research Methods Documents  Examine Books, Newspapers, Diaries, etc.  Limited Scope  Cannot Study Topic Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 5: How Sociologists Do Research 13

14. Research Methods Experiments  Experimental Group  Control Group  Independent Variables  Dependent Variables Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 5: How Sociologists Do Research 14

16. Research Methods Unobtrusive Measures  Observe People Without Them Knowing  Question of Ethics Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 5: How Sociologists Do Research 16

17. Deciding Which Method to Use  Access to Resources  Access to Subjects  Purpose of Research  Researcher’s Background and Training Chapter 5: How Sociologists Do Research Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 17

18. Deciding Which Method to Use  Quantitative Research Methods  Emphasis on Precise Measurement  Uses Statistics and Numbers  Qualitative Research Methods  Emphasis on Observing, Describing, and Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 5: How Sociologists Do Research 18

19. How Not to do Research  Choose Biased Sample  Ask Biased Questions  List Biased Choices  Discard Undesirable Results  Misunderstand Subjects World Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 5: How Sociologists Do Research 19

21. Ethics in Sociological Research  Openness, Honesty, and Truthfulness  Forbids Falsifying Results  Condemns Plagiarism  Subjects’ Informed Consent Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 5: How Sociologists Do Research 21

22. How Research and Theory Work Together  Neither Research nor Theory can Stand Alone  Theories Must Be Tested  Findings Must be Explained with Theory Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 5: How Sociologists Do Research 22

23. Thank you for your Slides by Dan Cavanaugh Patience. This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program. Background photo source: GoGo Images Corporation/Alamy Royalty Free Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 5: How Sociologists Do Research 23

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