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How Has Technology Reshaped Human Cognition
- 2. Part 1 How technology has reshaped Human Cognition BY: Russel Jane Z. Dulos BSE-Eng 2
- 3. Lesson 2 Teaching 21st Century Brains:
- 4. Twenty-first century brains will slowly adapt to the technology-rich environment. Nonetheless, significant brain changes due to heavy exposure to media technology appear to be overstated. With advancing technology, it is becoming increasingly important to identify the types of digital media and teaching techniques that best facilitate learning. This chapter explains the concept of working memory (WM), associates WM with the frontal-most regions of the brain, and suggests teaching techniques that are likely to stimulateWM processing.
- 5. Working memory or operative memory, can be defined as the set of processes that allow us to store and manipulate temporary information and carry-out complex cognitive tasks like language comprehension, reading, learning, or reasoning. Working memory is a type of short-term memory.
- 7. Working memory, according to Baddley and Hitch, is made up of three systems, which include components for information storage and processing. 1. The Central Executive System: Works like an attention supervision system that decides what we pay attention to and how to organize a sequence of operations that we will need to do to do an action. 2. The Phonological Loop: Allows us to manage and retain spoken and written material in our memory.
- 8. 3. Visual-spatial Agenda: Allows us to manage and retain visual information.
- 9. Episodic Buffer: integrates information from the phonological loop, Visio-spatial sketchpad, the long term memory and the perceptive entrance into a coherent sequence.
- 10. 3. Its content is permanently being updated. It is modulated by the dorsolateral frontal cortex. Characteristicsof working memory 1. Its capacity is limited. We are only able to store 5-9 elements at a time. 2. It is active. It doesn't only store information, it also manipulates and transforms it.
- 11. Examples of working memory Working memory refers to the ability that allows us to retain the elements that we need in our brain while we carry-out a certain task. Thanks to working or operative memory, we are able to: • Integrate two or more things that took place close together. For example, remembering and responding to the information that was said during a conversation.
- 12. • Associate a new concept with previous ideas. It allows us to learn • Retain information while we pay attention to something else. For example, we are able to prepare the ingredients that we need for a recipe while we talk on the phone.
- 13. Factors That Causes WorkingMemory Impairment Effects of stress on neurophysiology - Working memory is impaired by acute and chronic psychological stress - The more stress in one's life, the lower the efficiency of working memory in performing simple cognitive tasks. Students who performed exercises that reduced the intrusion of negative thoughts showed an increase in their working memory capacity. Mood states (positive or negative) can have an influence on the neurotransmitter dopamine, which in turn can affect problem solving.
- 14. Effects of alcohol on neurophysiology Alcohol abuse can result in brain damage which impairs working memory. Alcohol has an effect on the blood- oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) response. Adolescents who start drinking at a young age show a decreased BOLD response in these brain regions Age Finally, age seems to be an additional factor. Older adults are more susceptible than others to the effects of alcohol on working memory.
- 15. Relationshipwith neural disorders An impairment of working memory functioning is normally seen in several neural disorders: ADHD - Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by inattention, or excessive activity and impulsivity, which are otherwise not appropriate for a person's age
- 16. Parkinson's disease: Patients with Parkinson's show signs of a reduced verbal function of working memory. The most obvious early symptoms are tremor, rigidity, slowness of movement, and difficulty with walking, but cognitive and behavioral problems may also occur.
- 17. Alzheimer's disease: It is the cause of 60–70% of cases of dementia. The most common early symptom is difficulty in remembering recent events. Huntington's disease: also known as Huntington's chorea, is an inherited disorder that results in the death of brain cells.
- 18. Exhaustion of Working Memory is also possible. The techniques are avoiding memory overload, encouraging students to take handwritten notes, organizing content during the learning process, teaching students how to search the Internet, and instructing students to retrieve newly-learned information.
- 19. How to Improve Working Memory Break big chunks of information into small, bite-sized pieces. Use checklists for tasks with multiple steps. Develop routines. Practice working memory skills. Experiment with various ways of remembering information. Reduce multitasking. Use mindfulness to minimize distractions and sharpen working memory. Add exercise to your daily routine.