This biology project document contains information on various topics related to reproduction and heredity. It discusses contraceptive methods, the process of sperm fertilizing an egg in the mother's womb, and Mendel's laws of inheritance. Mendel's laws include the law of dominance, the law of segregation, and the law of independent assortment. The document also contains sections on managing waste and the importance of proper waste disposal.

1. BIOLOGY
PROJECT
WORK NAME :
N.ABHIJNA
CLASS : 10TH
SECTION : D

2. INDEX :
1. How do organisms
reproduce?
Topic: a. Contraceptive
methods
b. My Journey in my Mother’s
womb
2. Heredity
Topic: Rules for inheritance of
traits

3. CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS :
The use of drugs, devices, or surgery to
prevent pregnancy.
These methods are:
 caps or diaphragms
 combined pill
 condoms
 contraceptive implant
 contraceptive injection
 contraceptive patch
 female condoms
 IUD (intrauterine device or coil)
 IUS (intrauterine system or
hormonal coil)
 natural family planning (fertility
awareness)
 progestogen-only pill
 vaginal ring

4. MY JOURNEY IN MY MOTHER’S WOMB
During mating, human males produce semen which
is produced by the male reproductive system and
ejaculated by penis. Each drop of semen contains
thousands of sperms which are microscopic in
nature. When the male ejaculates in the woman’s
genitals or the vagina, sperm enter through the
cervix into the uterus. Approximately 300 million
sperms are present in each human ejaculation, but
less than 1% of it make their way into the cervix
(mouth of the womb) as most of it is killed by the
acidic fluids near the vagina, failed to make it due to
flow back, prevented from entering by mucus or
move towards the walls of the cervix into dead-end
channels.
The rest (10000 sperm cells approximately) of the
sperms approach towards the oviduct where ovaries
release eggs towards the far end of the uterus, half
of which move towards the oviduct. Out of this, due
to the mucus lining in the uterotubal junction, only

5. : RULES FOR INHERITANCE OF TRAITS MENDEL’S
CONTRIBUTION
These two experiments lead to the formulation of Mendel’s laws
known as laws of inheritance which are:
Law of Dominance
Also known as the Mendel’s first law of inheritance, when two
parents of two contrasting characters are crossed then the
dominant trait shows in the next generation while the recessive
trait is suppressed. The alleles that are suppressed are called as
the recessive traits while the alleles that determine the trait are
known as the dominant traits.
Law of Segregation
Also known as Mendel’s Second law of inheritance, states that
for any trait each pair of alleles of a gene split and one gene
passes from each parent to the offspring. So, during the
production of gametes, two copies of each hereditary factor
segregate so that offspring acquire one characteristic from each
parent.
Law of Independent Assortment
Also known as Mendel’s third law of inheritance, according to
this law of independent assortment completely different pairs of
alleles are passed to the offspring independent of each other.
So, we can also say that according to independent assortment a
pair of trait segregates independently of another pair during
gamete formation. As the individual heredity factors group
independently, different traits get equal opportunity to occur
together.

6. MANAGING THE GARBAGE WE PRODUCE
Substances that are broken down by
biological processes are said to be
biodegradable. How many of the
substances you buried were
biodegradable? Substances that are not
broken down in this manner are said to
be non-biodegradable. These substances
may be inert and simply persist in the
environment for a long time or may
harm the various members of the eco-
system.
Improvements in our life-style have
resulted in greater amounts of waste
material generation. Changes in attitude
also have a role to play, with more and

7. THANK
YOU
NAME :
N.ABHIJNA
CLASS : 10TH
SECTION : D