The document discusses internationalization (I18N) and localization (L10N) in Codename One. I18N is the process of making a single application work across different locales, while L10N adapts the application for each specific locale. A locale goes deeper than just language and includes things like number, date, and sentence formatting. The document also covers translation, formatting numbers and dates based on locale, and handling right-to-left languages like Hebrew and Arabic where the entire UI needs to be flipped.