hydraulique pivot

1. A THESIS Submitted by
HADJI Mohammed
Salah
Hydraulic Performances Optimisation
of Center Pivot Irrigation System
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Doctorate LMD in Mechanical Engineering
Option: Energy Installations and Turbomachines
Faculty of Technology
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Renewable Energy Development Unit in Arid Zones (UDERZA)
Laboratory
Supervisor: Ayoub Guerrah
Co-Supervisor: Atia Abdelmalek
Discussion on …. /…. / 2022
PEOPLE'S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ALGERIA
MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND SCIENTIFIC
RESEARCH
UNIVERSITY OF ECHAHID HAMMA LAKHDAR EL OUED

2. OUR TEAM
Gisb Green Power
Company
LEVRES Laboratory
PhD Student
Mechanical
Engineering
Ayoub Guerrah
HADJI Mohammed Salah
Associate Professor at El
Oued University, Algeria
Atia Abdelmalek

3. Scope of the Study
Statement of the Problem Catch can test
Genetic algorithm procedure
01. 04.
THESIS PRESENTATION OUTLINE
Introduction Test Procedure and Research
Methodology
New Product Optimization
Models
Conclusion and Recommendations
03. 06.
Objective of Thesis Conclusions
Literature Review
Results of Nozzles Spaces
Optimization
Results of Nozzles Sizes Optimization
02. 05.
Previous work done Results (Summary of Findings)

4. INTRODUCTION
Scope of the Study
 Under present market forces and strict competition, the irrigation
methods are forced to be competitive.
 Center pivot irrigation systems must enhance by techniques and
procedures to become more efficient, productive, flexible and
innovative to stay ahead.
 The optimization model provided by the study plays a key role and has
a practical impact on the survival and financial aspects of the center
pivot system through the improvement of irrigation uniformity, which
increases the quantity and quality of agricultural products.

5. INTRODUCTION
Scope of the Study
 The studied model helps in increasing crops productivity and quality and
also improves the competitive advantage (uniformity of irrigation) for a
center pivot system until reaching the desired values.
 The studied model for design optimization also determines the optimum
nozzles spaces and sizes of existing or new systems taking into account the
system's specifications and operational conditions, as also the maximum
value of irrigation uniformity along the system.
 Optimization becomes efficient if the findings enhance the water
application uniformity by a great difference between the original and
optimized values in terms of the CUH for the whole system.

6. The usual form of optimization problem is:
To find 𝑋 =
𝑥1
𝑥2
𝑥3
.
.
𝑥𝑛
𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑧𝑒𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑧𝑒𝑠 𝑓(𝑥)
Subject to the constraints:
𝑔𝑗 𝑥 ≤ 0 𝑗 = 1,2, … , 𝑚
ℎ𝑘 𝑥 = 0 𝑘 = 1,2, … , 𝑝
𝑥𝑖𝐿 ≤ 𝑥𝑖 ≤ 𝑥𝑖𝑈 𝑖 = 1, 𝑛
where
f(x) is the function that expresses the objective (or aim) function;
gj(x) an inequality constraint and hk(x) an equality constraint function
INTRODUCTION
Statement of the Problem

7. Previous work done
Review of literature
M.I. Valín, M.R. Cameira, P.R. Teodoro and L.S.
Pereira (2012) develop a simulation model named
'DEPIVOT' appropriate for design and field
evaluation of center pivot systems, including to
support farmers advising and combining the
referred capabilities.
They highlighted three substantive domains in enhancing
system's water uniformity.
 to select a sprinkler package and assess the respective runoff
potential.
 to design changes in the existing systems.
 to improve management of center pivot system.

8. Previous work done
Review of literature
Q. Tu, X. Wang, and H. Li (2012)
presented a mathematical optimization
model based on a genetic algorithm to
contribute to system performance
enhancement as well as cost reduction.
In the genetic algorithm optimization model:
 The minimal annual cost was defined as the objective
function.

9.  The pump and pipeline operating conditions, minimal
working pressure of sprinkler and sprinkler working
pressure deviation range were chosen as the
constraint conditions.
The model can optimize the number of sprinklers, pipe diameter,
discharge and pressure head of each sprinkler, specific cost and energy
consumption of the system.
 Number of sprinklers, pipe diameter and sprinkler pressure head at the
end of the pipeline were taken as the decision variables.
Previous work done
Review of literature

10. R. Delirhasannia, A. Sadraddini, A. Nazemi, D. Farsadizadeh,
and E. Playán (2010) create a prototype based on an enhanced
model of MATLAB software to simulate any important wind's
impact on the water application uniformity and average water
depth applied under center pivot spray sprinklers.
Previous work done
Review of literature

11. To evaluate the
different center pivot
systems adopted and
implemented in El
Oued region, Algeria.
To study the effect of
particular factors,
and reactions on the
performance of
center pivot system.
To analyse the role
of irrigation
uniformity in
enhancing system’s
Objectives of the study

12. To identify the uniformity of irrigation which
varied only by the sprinklers sizes or
spaces.
To analyse the investment in sprinklers
arrangement and package which should
contribute to a system’s efficiency by improving
the irrigation uniformity along the system.
To study the functions of various parameters
individually and jointly with respect to the
optimization model of studied system, and to
evaluate the performance level of the proposed
model by different methods.
Objectives of the study

13. Presentation of the study
area:
Field experiments were
conducted in Debila (78 km2),
507 km from Alger, in El Oued,
southern Algeria.
At an elevation of 57 meters, the
area's boundary is 6.952533°E
along the longitude and
33.514810°N along the latitude.
Test Procedure and Research Methodology

14. System descriptions:
The system consists of one span
including the main water pipeline,
nozzles, a supporting trussing
structure, a pivot point anchoring
the machine to a permanent field
spot, and a drive unit usually
located at the end of the second
third of the lateral pipe.
Test Procedure and Research Methodology

15. System descriptions:
All the studied systems are generated with a rate of 23 m3/h of a water
inlet flow. The nozzle used in these systems was set approximately 1.3 m
above the ground surface and the variable distance between the nozzles
begins with less than 4.6 m near the pivot point and decreases to
approximately 1 m at the outer or moving end of the lateral pipe.
Test Procedure and Research Methodology

16. Test Procedure
and Research Methodology
In many existing systems, the fixed spray nozzle that installed without the
use of a pressure regulator is the common type of nozzle utilized.
 This nozzle was set approximately 1.3 m
above the ground surface.
 The variable distance between the
nozzles begins with less than 4.6 m near
the pivot point and decreases to
approximately 1 m at the outer of the
lateral pipe.
 The droplet size can be reduced or
increased with the use of a flat head
screw.

17. Properties / Symbol Value
Inlet flow rate (Qin), m3/h; 23
Total length (L), m; 60; 50; 46
Pipe diameter (D), m; 0.06
Pivot pressure (P0), Pa; 1.25 105
Nozzle’s wetted diameter (Φ), m; 4.6
Elevation difference (h0), m; 1.3
Kinematic viscosity at 25 °C (ϑ), m²/s; 0.884 10-6
The density of the fluid (ρ), kg/m3; 103
Test Procedure and Research Methodology
This Table lists
the parameters,
which used for
the procedure's
calculations.

18. The catch can test is a typical
method for testing the
irrigation uniformity of center
pivot systems.
The Mini-Centre Pivot
Systems as a whole were
subjected to the catch can
test according to ISO 11545
standards.
Test Procedure and Research Methodology

19. A schematic
representation of
the important
steps employed
for the
investigated
genetic algorithm
optimization
technique along
with a Mini-Centre
Pivot System.
Optimization problem formulation
Test Procedure and
Research Methodology

20. in which:
d - nozzle diameter.
m - the number of collectors.
Optimization problem sizes formulation
Test Procedure and
Research Methodology
𝑑𝑖 = 𝑑1, 𝑑2, 𝑑3, … , 𝑑𝑛
𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑧𝑒 − 𝑝 𝑑 𝑠𝑢𝑐ℎ 𝑎𝑠 𝑑 ∈ 𝑆 ⊂ 𝑅𝑛
𝑝 𝑑 = 𝐶𝑈𝐻 = 100 1 −
𝑗=1
𝑚
3 𝑗 ℎ𝑗 − ℎ𝑚𝑜𝑦
𝑗=1
𝑚
3 𝑗 ℎ𝑗
5 ≤ 𝑑𝑖 ≤ 15 𝑚𝑚,
𝑑𝑖 > 𝑑𝑖−1
The nonlinear inequality constraints are:
The fitness function is:
The main goal of an optimized mathematical model for the problem addressed is:

21. in which:
X - nozzle space.
m - the number of collectors.
Optimization problem spaces formulation
Test Procedure and
Research Methodology
𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑧𝑒 − 𝑝 𝑑 𝑠𝑢𝑐ℎ 𝑎𝑠 𝑋 ∈ 𝑆 ⊂ 𝑅𝑛
𝑝 𝑑 = 𝐶𝑈𝐻 = 100 1 −
𝑗=1
𝑚
3 𝑗 ℎ𝑗 − ℎ𝑚𝑜𝑦
𝑗=1
𝑚
3 𝑗 ℎ𝑗
The nonlinear inequality constraints are:
The fitness function is:
The main goal of an optimized mathematical model for the problem addressed is:
𝑋𝑖 = 𝑋1, 𝑋2, 𝑋3, … , 𝑋𝑛
60% 𝑊𝑑 ≤ 𝑋𝑖 ≤ 𝑅
𝑋𝑖+1 > 𝑋𝑖
𝑋𝑖+2 − 𝑋𝑖+1 < 𝑋𝑖+1 − 𝑋𝑖

22. Summary of Findings
EXCELLENT
FAIR
GOOD
5%
77%
14%
POOR
4%
This Figure illustrates
the heterogeneity of
water distribution of 46-
meter-long MCPS, with
808 collectors placed
uniformly 3 meters in all
directions over the
entire field, using the
original nozzle sizes
and spaces.
PORTION OF
THE FIELD (%)
Depth OF WATER
APPLICATION

23. Summary of Findings
The CUH values of
the traditional
system commonly
used by farmers
were 59.58% and
70.76%.
Modern system
gives 95.98% and
97.28% of CUH,
which consider as a
suitable values.
UNIFORMITY COEFFICIENT

24. OPTIMISATION RESULTS DISCUSSION
The optimum solutions for every nozzle
diameter of the MCPS 60, 50, and 46 m in
length after 100 generations.
十 The difference between the nozzles is
an order of diameter larger still,
beginning with the nozzle closest to
the pivot point and finishing with the
nozzle furthest from the pivot point.
十 The increasing impact nozzle
diameters for the optimized
distribution fit the water application
rate better than the actual distribution.
Summary of Findings
OPTIMAL CONFIGURATION OF THE NOZZLES SIZES
Every nozzle diameter of the MCPS 60, 50,
and 46 m in length in the original distribution
have the same diameter (13mm).

25. OPTIMISATION RESULTS DISCUSSION
The evaluation criteria for the irrigation
efficiency of the investigated Mini-Centre
Pivot Systems studied.
十 The measured catch can volumes are
compared with the volumes predicted
by the suggested model in the Figure
at left for each system studied.
十 There is no significant difference in
the measured catch can volumes
along with the investigated systems
for the optimized nozzle distributions
against the original nozzle
distributions.
Summary of Findings
OPTIMAL CONFIGURATION OF THE NOZZLES SIZES
A sufficient average volume of water collected
in all catch cans gives an adequate flow
supply by each nozzle, which provides a
uniform water distribution throughout the
system.

26. THE EXPERIMENTAL VALIDATION DISCUSSION
A comparison between the experimental
and analytical Heermann and Hein
uniformity coefficient (CUH).
十 For the actual nozzle diameters of
each studied system, there is no
significant difference between the
experimental and modeled CUH.
十 For the 60, 50, and 46 m Mini-Centre
Pivot Systems, the differences were
7.86%, 4.17%, and 1.62%,
respectively, these findings refer that
the result of the provided
methodology is valid.
Summary of Findings
OPTIMAL CONFIGURATION OF THE NOZZLES SIZES
The procedure has the ability to estimate the
experimental CUH based on the calculation
by applying the proposed methodology to a
MCPS.

27. OPTIMISATION RESULTS
DISCUSSION
The water distribution along the studied
systems was not uniform since CUH was
less than 80%.
十 For the actual nozzle spaces of each
studied system, the measured volume
decreases as it moves away from the
pivot point which reduces the water
application uniformity dramatically.
十 The outer portion of a system cover a
larger portion of the field and have a
smallest application rates, which is
inefficient for the performance of an
MCPS.
Summary of Findings
OPTIMAL CONFIGURATION OF THE NOZZLES SPACES
The measured catch can volumes along each
individual tested system.

28. OPTIMISATION RESULTS
DISCUSSION
The water distribution under the studied
systems with spacing optimization will be
highly uniform to the actual configuration.
十 The range of variation along the lateral
pipe is acceptable (about 50 ml) and
the average of catch can volumes
calculated by the model is appropriate
for different nozzle spaces.
十 The appropriate values of volumes
suggested that the model's nozzle
spaces were accurately defined.
Summary of Findings
OPTIMAL CONFIGURATION OF THE NOZZLES SPACES
The catch can volumes at specific points
under the MCPS evaluated as calculated by
the model.

29. OPTIMISATION RESULTS
DISCUSSION
十 A considerable increase in the efficiency of the systems studied was shown by the
Table.
十 The significant enhancement in CUH between the optimized and actual nozzle spaces is
linked to a reduction in differences between a catch can volumes on the optimized
nozzle spaces along the system evaluated.
Summary of Findings
OPTIMAL CONFIGURATION OF THE NOZZLES SPACES
Type of Mini-Center Pivot System
CUH values
Original spaces of nozzles Model spaces of
nozzles
MCPS 60 m in length 64.34% 88.12%
MCPS 50 m in length 59.58% 89.57%
MCPS 46 m in length 69.92% 87.88%
十Table illustrates the evolution of CUH in the studied systems by a function of
improved nozzle spacing

30. MODEL VALIDATION
Summary of Findings
OPTIMAL CONFIGURATION OF THE NOZZLES SPACES
To validate the
proposed model's
performance, a modern
center-pivot irrigation
system with a length of
312.5 m was chosen.
Nelson Irrigation
Corporation specified as
a part of this system
design, manufactured
the sprinklers, and
determined the suitable
sprinklers chart of this
system.

31. CUH
CUH calculated
experimentally was 89.83 %
and the proposed model
calculates a CUH of 86.68
%.
A comparison between the actual and
optimized nozzles spaces of the selected system.
Nozzles spaces
The optimum spaces of
nozzles determined by the
model were compared with the
real nozzles distribution of the
same selected system, in
which, the accuracy in
determining nozzle spaces
was checkn.
1
MODEL VALIDATION
Summary of Findings
OPTIMAL CONFIGURATION OF THE NOZZLES SPACES

32. 1) The results from the study conclusively
indicate that when selection and
appraisal of the proposed model
interacted with a clear declaration of
system characteristics, it will have a
significant and robust performance of
the center pivot system.
CONCLUSION

33. 2) The optimization procedure is recently
used to enhance the system’s efficiency.
These systems need improvement by
such techniques, which can handle
complex problems in a proper way.
CONCLUSION

34. 3) The study successfully examines the
accuracy of the proposed model in
selecting nozzles sizes and spaces to
improve system design.
CONCLUSION

35. 4) The study clearly indicated that the
proposed model dependent on the
factors like wind speed, pressure
regulator, and wetted diameter,… and
these factors play a crucial role and
impact the performance of the center
pivot system either directly or indirectly.
CONCLUSION

36. 5) In short, the performance of a center
pivot system can significantly be
improved depending on the optimization
procedure like the model provided by the
study and dominate the factors, which
influence the uniformity coefficient.
CONCLUSION

37. SUGGESTIONS
1) For the center pivot system, to get the
same contribution, inlet flow rate and type of
sprinkler can help in their own way.
2) Center pivot systems developers should
suggest optimization procedures to focus on
developing models that examine and
enhance the performance of the system.

38. SUGGESTIONS
3) For the success of irrigation systems has
to try and get good practical contributions
and to make the researchers feel that they
really are part of the irrigation system
company.

39. ISTSID, 24-25-26/02/2019
M. S. Hadji, A. Guerrah, and K.
Mansouri, "A Hydraulic Comparison
between Center Pivot Irrigation
Traditional and Modern Type
ANABIB," presented at the
International Symposium on
Technology & Sustainable Industry
Development ISTSID'2019, EL OUED,
ALGERIA, 24 - 26 February, 2019.
SCIENTIFIC PRODUCTIONS
INTERNATIONAL COMMUNICATION

40. MEE'2020
Hadji Mohammed Salah, Guerrah
Ayoub, Atia Abdelmalek, Mansouri
Khaled et Brik Mohamed,
"Diagnostic des Différents Pivots
D'irrigation Traditionnel Adopté
dans la Région d'El-Oued,"
presented at the 1st International
Symposium on Materials, Energy
and Environment MEE'2020,
January 20-21st; 2020, El Oued,
ALGERIA.
SCIENTIFIC PRODUCTIONS
INTERNATIONAL COMMUNICATION

41. WATER AND ENERGY
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL
H. M. Salah, G. Ayoub, A.
Abdelmalek, and M. Khaled,
"Theoretical Sprinkler-Spacing
Configurations in Center Pivot
Irrigation System," Water and
Energy International, vol. 62, no. 9,
pp. 54-59, 2019.
SCIENTIFIC PRODUCTIONS
INTERNATIONAL PUBLICATION

42. ENGENHARIA AGRÍCOLA
M. S. Hadji, A. Guerrah, and A. Atia,
"IRRIGATION UNIFORMITY
OPTIMISATION OF A MINI-
CENTRE PIVOT SYSTEM,"
Engenharia Agrícola, vol. 41, pp.
526-535, 2021.
SCIENTIFIC PRODUCTIONS
INTERNATIONAL PUBLICATION

43. JOURNAL OF IRRIGATION
AND DRAINAGE ENGINEERING
H. M. Salah, A. Guerrah, and A. Atia,
"Optimal Sprinkler Spacing for a Mini
Center Pivot System," Journal of
Irrigation and Drainage Engineering,
vol. 148, no. 11, p. 04022042, 2022,
doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)IR.1943-
4774.0001715.
SCIENTIFIC PRODUCTIONS
INTERNATIONAL PUBLICATION

44. HADJI Mohammed Salah
hadji-msalah@univ-eloued.dz
salah.88.energie@gmail.com
+213 670 41 91 03
THANKS
FOR YOUR ATTENTION