This document discusses factors that influence population health and early opportunities for conducting health impact assessments (HIAs) related to housing policy decisions. Specifically, it notes that past housing HIAs have guided decisions focused on housing quality, affordability, neighborhood access and interactions, and social interactions. It also lists specific policy areas that could benefit from HIAs, such as low income housing tax credit allocation plans, public housing redevelopment programs, rental assistance programs, code inspection programs, and sustainable communities plans.
On January 16, 2014, ULI’s Terwilliger Center for Housing, in partnership with the American Planning Association and the National Multifamily Housing Council, held the first annual ULI/Carolyn and Preston Butcher Forum on Multifamily Housing. Attended by 50 industry leaders, the event provided a forum to discuss the changing multifamily residential landscape and led to the development of a series of “big ideas” for expanding the availability of rental housing nationwide. The ten principles presented here are a summary of the ideas framed at this event.
This presentation was developed by Michelle McDonough Winters, Senior Visiting Fellow for Housing at the ULI Terwilliger Center. Special thanks to Doug Bibby and Mark Obrinsky at the National Multifamily Housing Council, who provided feedback on the development of the ten principles and assisted with some content of the presentation.
Housing affordable to people regardless of their income is a precious resource to Oregon communities. Since 2007, partners throughout Oregon have worked together to hone strategies and build partnerships that are supporting the preservation of affordable housing throughout the state, including the purchase of manufactured home parks by resident cooperatives. This session will explore successes to date, the work that remains to be done, and our plans for this work in 2015.
Presenters
Michael Parkhurst, Meyer Memorial Trust
Julie Cody, Oregon Housing and Community Services
Barbara Shaw, Portland Housing Bureau
Patrick Shea, US Department of Housing and Urban Development
Shelly Cullin, Chrisman Development Company
Martha McLennan – Northwest Housing Alternatives
Chelsea Catto, CASA of Oregon
Using TIF to Promote Healthy CommunitiesVierbicher
This presentation provides a history of tax incremental financing in Wisconsin, trends in its use, recent changes and best practices in using TIF to promote development that can lead to healthier communities.
Putting All Your Eggs In One "Water Utility" BasketVierbicher
This presentation will discuss the experience of Brokaw Water Utility, identify lessons learned and give recommendations for water utilities to successfully manage risk when relying on a large customer.
Development aid is the term given to the financing provided to improve living conditions in impoverished nations and regions by public actors from countries that are more financially well off.
Nikolas byous universal basic income midterm project unm crp 275 community ch...Dr. J
Can you imagine what your community would accomplish if everyone who lived there had financial security? Would the citizens of that community have the time as well as the mental and emotional space to be more engaged in their community? An engaged community is a community which solves local issues that adversely affect the citizens of that locality. If all communities had this same level of engagement, could we overcome global issues? Finding a solution to poverty and financial insecurity is key to attaining greater community engagement. Universal Basic Income is a solution to poverty and financial insecurity, and ultimately, greater community engagement.
On January 16, 2014, ULI’s Terwilliger Center for Housing, in partnership with the American Planning Association and the National Multifamily Housing Council, held the first annual ULI/Carolyn and Preston Butcher Forum on Multifamily Housing. Attended by 50 industry leaders, the event provided a forum to discuss the changing multifamily residential landscape and led to the development of a series of “big ideas” for expanding the availability of rental housing nationwide. The ten principles presented here are a summary of the ideas framed at this event.
This presentation was developed by Michelle McDonough Winters, Senior Visiting Fellow for Housing at the ULI Terwilliger Center. Special thanks to Doug Bibby and Mark Obrinsky at the National Multifamily Housing Council, who provided feedback on the development of the ten principles and assisted with some content of the presentation.
Housing affordable to people regardless of their income is a precious resource to Oregon communities. Since 2007, partners throughout Oregon have worked together to hone strategies and build partnerships that are supporting the preservation of affordable housing throughout the state, including the purchase of manufactured home parks by resident cooperatives. This session will explore successes to date, the work that remains to be done, and our plans for this work in 2015.
Presenters
Michael Parkhurst, Meyer Memorial Trust
Julie Cody, Oregon Housing and Community Services
Barbara Shaw, Portland Housing Bureau
Patrick Shea, US Department of Housing and Urban Development
Shelly Cullin, Chrisman Development Company
Martha McLennan – Northwest Housing Alternatives
Chelsea Catto, CASA of Oregon
Using TIF to Promote Healthy CommunitiesVierbicher
This presentation provides a history of tax incremental financing in Wisconsin, trends in its use, recent changes and best practices in using TIF to promote development that can lead to healthier communities.
Putting All Your Eggs In One "Water Utility" BasketVierbicher
This presentation will discuss the experience of Brokaw Water Utility, identify lessons learned and give recommendations for water utilities to successfully manage risk when relying on a large customer.
Development aid is the term given to the financing provided to improve living conditions in impoverished nations and regions by public actors from countries that are more financially well off.
Nikolas byous universal basic income midterm project unm crp 275 community ch...Dr. J
Can you imagine what your community would accomplish if everyone who lived there had financial security? Would the citizens of that community have the time as well as the mental and emotional space to be more engaged in their community? An engaged community is a community which solves local issues that adversely affect the citizens of that locality. If all communities had this same level of engagement, could we overcome global issues? Finding a solution to poverty and financial insecurity is key to attaining greater community engagement. Universal Basic Income is a solution to poverty and financial insecurity, and ultimately, greater community engagement.
Downtown & Infill Tax Increment Districts: Strategies for SuccessVierbicher
Tax Increment Financing (TIF) is the #1 local funding source for revitalization of downtowns and urban areas. Such areas face far different challenges than industrial parks or mixed-use neighborhoods when it comes to formulation and implementation of TIF plans. When used successfully in urban areas and downtowns, TIF can not only grow jobs and property tax base, but also serve as a tool for remediating environmental contamination, integrating green design into infrastructure and the built environment, reestablishing a community’s commercial core, improving bikeability, and retrofitting a suburban-style development pattern into walkable urban streets.
Lyons, CO CPAT Final community presentationAPA_Planning
The Lyons Community Planning Assistance Team (CPAT) conducted work in Lyons Feb. 12-16, 2014. The team presented their preliminary recommendations and observations to the community on Feb. 15. More on the project, including he team's final report is on the APA website here: https://www.planning.org/communityassistance/teams/lyons/
Due to changing demographics and market conditions, affordable and senior housing projects are becoming more prevalent in discussions about housing types within a community. These projects often provide unique opportunities for revitalization and strategic partnerships. There are an array of incentives available to promote this type of housing. This presentation will explain why we are seeing changes in this particular housing market and what communities can do to create strategies for successful development projects that can help achieve multiple community development objectives.
This presentation provides details about the Small Community of New Glarus, Town and Village Quick Facts, Common Small Town Issues, and Tools for working with small communities.
Kirk Monroe, Vectra Bank
Pat Coyle, Colorado Division of Housing
Carl Koelbel, Koelbel & Co.
Heidi Majerik, Forest City Stapleton
Susan Powers, Urban Ventures LLC
Renee Martinez-Stone, Perspective 3
Downtown & Infill Tax Increment Districts: Strategies for SuccessVierbicher
Tax Increment Financing (TIF) is the #1 local funding source for revitalization of downtowns and urban areas. Such areas face far different challenges than industrial parks or mixed-use neighborhoods when it comes to formulation and implementation of TIF plans. When used successfully in urban areas and downtowns, TIF can not only grow jobs and property tax base, but also serve as a tool for remediating environmental contamination, integrating green design into infrastructure and the built environment, reestablishing a community’s commercial core, improving bikeability, and retrofitting a suburban-style development pattern into walkable urban streets.
Lyons, CO CPAT Final community presentationAPA_Planning
The Lyons Community Planning Assistance Team (CPAT) conducted work in Lyons Feb. 12-16, 2014. The team presented their preliminary recommendations and observations to the community on Feb. 15. More on the project, including he team's final report is on the APA website here: https://www.planning.org/communityassistance/teams/lyons/
Due to changing demographics and market conditions, affordable and senior housing projects are becoming more prevalent in discussions about housing types within a community. These projects often provide unique opportunities for revitalization and strategic partnerships. There are an array of incentives available to promote this type of housing. This presentation will explain why we are seeing changes in this particular housing market and what communities can do to create strategies for successful development projects that can help achieve multiple community development objectives.
This presentation provides details about the Small Community of New Glarus, Town and Village Quick Facts, Common Small Town Issues, and Tools for working with small communities.
Kirk Monroe, Vectra Bank
Pat Coyle, Colorado Division of Housing
Carl Koelbel, Koelbel & Co.
Heidi Majerik, Forest City Stapleton
Susan Powers, Urban Ventures LLC
Renee Martinez-Stone, Perspective 3
Addressing Obesity In The Latino Community Through Community-based Advocacy In Baldwin Park
Alfred Mata, Local Policy Specialist, California Center for Public Health Advocacy.
Nothing About Me, Without Me - Person-Centered PlanningAquila "Q" Jordan
Presentation at the Interhab Conference, October 2015
Applying the HCBS Final Rule to Person-centered planning in Kansas's managed care system, KanCare.
Longitudinal Study on the Generational Impacts of Habitat for Humanity: A Res...Karthikeyan Umapathy
Habitat for Humanity addresses the challenging social issue of providing affordable housing to income-constrained families. There isn’t much research on the generational impact of affordable homeownership on the families served by Habitat. In this research, we propose a longitudinal research design that will collect and analyze data gathered from families who received affordable housing. This study will be performed as a collaborative inquiry with a partnership from HabiJax, Jacksonville, FL, affiliated with Habitat for Humanity. We will be conducting semi-structured interviews focused on education, employment, wealth building, safety, neighborhood, health, and critical life-changing impacts. We will be collecting data every 5 years over the next 30 years. Collected data would be analyzed to identify the generational impacts of affordable housing. We will be sharing the findings with HabiJax decision-makers who could improve program strategies.
ADA, Title III: What does it mean for your program?ShannaDusza
What is the Americans with Disabilities Act and what does it mean for you and your program? Upon completion, the successful participant will understand the purpose and meaning of the ADA law as well as identify potential disabilities in the classroom, and how to determine if accommodation is readily achievable.
Planning with not for: Rural transportation and equityRPO America
During the 2020 Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting, National Association of Development Organizations Associate Director Carrie Kissel discussed issues in rural demographic change, social equity, and incorporating equity and justice into the work of rural transportation organizations.
Similar to Housing Opportunity 2014 - Maximizing Housing Opportunities with Health Impact Assessments, Rebecca Morley (20)
Lara Jakubowski, Nonprofit Centers Network
Nicholas Koncilja, St. Charles Town Company
Bill Mague, Artspace Projects Inc.
Aaron Miripol, Urban Land Conservancy
Presentation to Windust Meadows HOA Board of Directors June 4, 2024: Focus o...Joseph Lewis Aguirre
Presentation to Windust Meadows HOA Board of Directors June 4, 2024: Focus on Public Safety as Job #1, Engagement, Wealth of HOA, Branding, Communication, Culture, Civic Responsibility
Elegant Evergreen Homes - Luxury Apartments Redefining Comfort in Yelahanka, ...JagadishKR1
Experience unmatched luxury at Elegant Evergreen Homes, offering exquisite 2, 3, and 4 BHK apartments in the serene locality of Yelahanka, Bangalore. These meticulously crafted homes blend modern design with timeless elegance, providing a harmonious living environment. Enjoy top-tier amenities and a prime location, making Elegant Evergreen Homes the ideal choice for discerning homeowners.
Investing In The US As A Canadian… And How To Do It RIGHT!! (feat. Erwin Szet...Volition Properties
=== Investing In The US As A Canadian… And How To Do It RIGHT!! (feat. Erwin Szeto) ===
Ever been curious about Real Estate Investing in the US?? At Volition, for the past 14 years, we have been focused on helping investors invest in over $250M of real estate and generate $100M of wealth in the Toronto market, but we are always open to learning more about other business models and learning from other investors.
The US has always been an intriguing market to invest in. But the US is a big place… if you’re interested in investing in the US, you probably have a lot of questions, like:
☑️ Specifically WHERE should you invest?
☑️ What are the best markets to invest in and why?
☑️ How much are property prices there?
☑️ What are the returns like?
☑️ What is cashflow like?
☑️ Compared to investing in Toronto or other cities in Ontario, what are the benefits / tradeoffs?
☑️ What ownership structure should I use?
☑️ What are the tax implications?
☑️ Can I get financing?
☑️ What are tenants like?
Enter Erwin Szeto, a longtime friend of Volition. Since 2005, Erwin Szeto and his team have navigated the challenging landscape of being landlords in Ontario. Now, they are shifting their focus and guiding their clients' investments toward the more landlord-friendly environment of the USA. This decision comes after assisting Canadian clients in transacting over $440,000,000 in income properties. Faced with issues like affordability constraints, tenant-friendly laws, rent control, and rental licensing in Canada, Erwin sees a clear opportunity in the U.S. Here, there is a significant influx of investments leading to the creation of high-paying manufacturing jobs. Erwin and his clients are poised to capitalize on these opportunities where landlord rights are stronger and there is no rent control.
To facilitate this transition, Erwin has partnered with and become a client of SHARE, a one-stop-shop U.S. Asset Manager. Founded by Canadians for Canadians, SHARE enables as passive an ownership experience as possible for landlords in the U.S., while still maintaining direct, 100% ownership.
Erwin is “Making Real Estate Investing Great Again”!!
Website: https://www.infinitywealth.ca/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/iwinrealestate and https://www.facebook.com/ErwinSzetoOfficial
Podcast: https://www.truthaboutrealestateinvesting.ca/
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/iwinrealestate/ and https://www.instagram.com/erwinszeto/
Simpolo Tiles & Bathware
Tile ho,
toh Simpolo.
Since the first steps were taken in 1977, Simpolo Ceramics has carved its niche as a consistently growing organisation with unparalleled innovation and passion rooted in simplicity.
We endure gratification for every experience we offer, created to share something meaningful. It may not resonate with the majority, but that makes us a class apart. If only a handful were to understand the purpose of our existence, we would be proud to have found our believers. Rather, people with whom we can share our beliefs.
VISUALIZER
Design your space in your style with our very own Visualizer. Now, you can choose the tiles of your liking from our wide selection and see how they would look in a space. Select the tile from the multiple options and the visualiser will replace the surfaces in the image with the selected tiles. This way, instead of just your imagination, you can choose the tiles for your place by getting an actual picture of how they would look in a space. So, design your space the way you desire digitally and implement it in real life to get the best results!
You can also share this visualiser with others to help them design their space.
Committed to delighting customers with world-class ceramic products and services. Make Simpolo synonymous with the best quality and set new benchmarks of excellence for all stakeholders. Pursue best business practices with utmost integrity to make Simpolo an exciting organisation to work with, for vendors, channel partners, investors and employees alike.
Gain worldwide recognition in the field of ceramic building products through Research and Innovation and bring an enhanced lifestyle within reach for every household.
Keep Your Home Naturally Cool and Warm Out Change in Seasons
Vinra Construction is a private limited company registered under the ROC. The management has an experience of over 15 years of understanding the needs and delivering apt solutions to the end users We are providing turnkey solutions in construction fields. like Construction, Interior Designing Facility Management, Plantation Management, etc..
Vinra Construction Tech Enabled Company for Eco-Friendly Home Construction
Contact With Vinra for a Greener Future >>> Call us @ 888 4898 765
Torun Center Residences Istanbul - Listing TurkeyListing Turkey
THERE IS LIFE IN ITS CENTER!
The most energetic spot of the city that will add utterly different pleasures to your life, with a park that will make Istanbul breathe, delighting indoor and outdoor bistros, cafes, restaurants, the brand-new Food Hall concept, where dozens of unique tastes are served together, market area, cinema, theater, fitness club, SPA and event venue...
All the pleasures that will enrich your lives are awaiting you on the most beautiful side of the city, at Torun Center Residences. In Mecidiyeköy, where the heart of Istanbul beats, business, life and entertainment opportunities are located at the exact center, at Torun Center, the most beautiful side of the city.
Penthouse apartments and different styles of flats from 1 + 1 to 4 + 1, from 100 to 425 square meters in a 42-story residence tower, have been designed for those who want to live in the center of magnificence. Torun Center is the redefinition of a better life with specially landscaped floor gardens, apartment options with private balconies, and automatic glass systems equipped with Trickle Ventilation that offers clean air comfort.
Business and life in the same place
Excellent service
Torun Center has many delightful details, from a swimming pool to sunbathing and resting terrace. With 24/7 concierge services, 24/7 security, valet, technical service, closed-circuit camera system (CCTV), central heating and cooling system, it makes your life easier.
Delightful details
The two-story Torun Center Lounge, with its indoor and outdoor seating areas, children's playroom, private dining and TV lounge, promises unforgettable memories to you and your loved ones with its unique Istanbul view.
Neighboring to the most pleasant square of Istanbul
A few steps from the Torun Center Residences, you can reach the city's most modern city square and open the doors of a quality city life. Torun Center Residences brings together on the same project the long-awaited city life for Istanbul and gourmet restaurants, cafes, gym and SPA, and state-of-the-art cinema and Artı Stage, hosting the most famous plays of the season.
Located at the intersection of alternative public transportation options such as the metro and Metrobus, Torun Center comes to the fore as the most accessible office for both sides of Istanbul. With a central location and rich transportation lines, Torun Center offices make life easier for employees and increase productivity.
The SVN® organization shares a portion of their new weekly listings via their SVN Live® Weekly Property Broadcast. Visit https://svn.com/svn-live/ if you would like to attend our weekly call, which we open up to the brokerage community.
Rixos Tersane Istanbul Residences Brochure_May2024_ENG.pdfListing Turkey
Tersane Suites Residences is a luxurious real estate project located in the heart of Istanbul, next to the beautiful Golden Horn. This unique development offers hotel concept residences with Rixos management, making it the perfect choice for both homeowners and investors.
The Tersane Suites Residences offers a wide range of options, from studio apartments to spacious four-bedroom units, all designed to the highest standard. The suites are finished with high-quality materials and feature modern, open-plan living spaces, fully-equipped kitchens, and large balconies with stunning views of the city and sea.
One of the standout features of Tersane Suites Residences is the Rixos management, which provides a truly exclusive and upscale living experience. Residents will have access to a range of luxury amenities, including a fitness center, spa, and indoor and outdoor swimming pools. Plus, the on-site restaurants and cafes provide a taste of the local and international cuisine.
The Tersane Suites Residences also offers a great opportunity for investors, as it provides a rental guarantee program. This means that investors can enjoy a steady income stream, with the peace of mind that their property is being managed by a reputable and experienced team.
The location of Tersane Suites Residences is also unbeatable, with easy access to the city’s main transportation links and within close proximity to the historic center, making it the perfect base for exploring all that Istanbul has to offer.
BricknBolt Understanding Load-Bearing Walls and Their Structural Support in H...BrickAndBolt
Load-bearing walls are the backbone of any home construction, providing crucial structural support that carries the weight of the house above. For companies like Brick and Bolt Mysore and Bricknbolt Faridabad, understanding and properly implementing these elements are key to constructing safe and durable buildings.
500 acres of brilliance await you here at Riverview City which offers modern living, effortless convenience, and a beautiful natural setting. It is a mega township by Magarpatta City in Loni Kalbhor, Pune. Enjoy easy access to work, schools, and fun while experiencing a perfect work-life balance.
Visit - magarpattacity.developerprojects.in
Need MCA leads? No sweat! MCAs are great for small biz funding. Learn how to snag top-notch leads: businesses needing cash, with repayment ability, decision-makers, and accurate contacts. Use content, social ads, lead platforms, partnerships, and capture processes for quality leads.
https://www.leadgeneration.media/blog/b/streamline-your-mca-sales-process-with-pre-qualified-leads
Lixin Azarmehr, a Los Angeles-based real estate development trailblazer, co-founded JL Real Estate Development (JL RED) in 2015 and serves as its CEO. Her expertise has propelled the firm to specialize in luxury residential and mixed-use commercial projects, with a portfolio that features upscale retail spaces and sophisticated care facilities.
The KA Housing - Catalogue - Listing TurkeyListing Turkey
Welcome to KA Housing, a distinguished real estate development nestled in the heart of Eyüpsultan, one of Istanbul’s most promising districts.
Just 10 minutes from the bustling city center, Eyüpsultan offers a serene escape with the convenience of urban living. The direct metro line ensures seamless connectivity to all parts of Istanbul, making it an ideal location for residents who seek both tranquility and vibrancy.
KA Housing boasts unparalleled accessibility, with proximity to Istanbul Airport only 30 minutes away, facilitating easy international travel. Effortless city access is guaranteed by direct metro and transportation links to Istanbul’s cultural and commercial hubs. Quick access to key metro lines connects you to every corner of the city within minutes, making commuting and exploring the city hassle-free.
The development offers luxurious living spaces with a range of unit layouts from 1+1 to 4+1, designed with meticulous attention to detail. Each unit features balconies or terraces, providing stunning vistas of Istanbul and enhancing the living experience. High-quality materials and superior craftsmanship ensure durability and elegance, while sound-proof insulation and high ceilings (2.95 m) offer comfort and sophistication.
Residents of KA Housing enjoy exclusive on-site amenities, including a state-of-the-art gym, outdoor swimming pool, yoga area, and walking paths. Entertainment options abound with a private cinema, children’s playground, and a variety of dining options including a café and restaurant. Security and convenience are paramount with 24/7 security, a dedicated carpark garage, and an IP intercom system.
KA Housing represents a prime investment opportunity with limited availability in a high-demand area, ensuring enduring value and potential for lucrative returns. Homes in this development provide exceptional value without compromising on quality, offering affordable luxury for discerning buyers. The construction is of the highest quality, built to the latest seismic and disaster resistance standards, ensuring safety and resilience.
The community and surroundings of KA Housing are enriched by close proximity to prestigious universities such as Haliç University, Bilgi University, and Istanbul Ticaret University, making it an ideal location for students and academics. The development is adjacent to the Alibeyköy stream leading into the Halic waters, offering serene natural escapes amidst lush greenery. Residents can enjoy the cultural richness of the area, surrounded by historical and cultural landmarks that blend leisure, nature, and culture seamlessly.
https://listingturkey.com/property/the-ka-housing/
Omaxe Sports City Dwarka stands out as a premier residential and recreational destination, offering a blend of luxury and sports-centric living. Located in the thriving area of Dwarka, this project by Omaxe Limited is designed to cater to modern lifestyle needs while promoting a healthy, active living environment.
One FNG by Group 108 Sector 142 Noida Construction UpdateOne FNG
One FNG by Group 108 is launching a new commercial project in Sector 142 Noida. Office space and high street retail shops on the FNG and Noida Expressway. For more information visit the website https://www.onefng.com/
Green Homes, Islamabad Presentation .pdfticktoktips
Green Homes Islamabad offers beautifully designed 5, 8, and 10 Marla homes near the airport and motorway. Enjoy luxury, convenience, and high rental returns in a prime location.
2. HIAs Completed or in Progress in the US, April 2013
http://www.pewhealth.org/reports-analysis/data-visualizations/the-rise-of-hias-in-the-united-states-85899464695
3. 3
Urban Land Institute • Housing Opportunity 2014 Conference
May 14-16, 2014 • Denver, Colorado
4. 4
Urban Land Institute • Housing Opportunity 2014 Conference
May 14-16, 2014 • Denver, Colorado
EARLY OPPORTUNITIES
Past housing-related HIAs have
guided decisions focused on:
▪ Housing quality
▪ Housing affordability
▪ Interaction with neighborhood
(e.g., access to work, transit,
food, recreation)
▪ Social interactions (e.g.,
cultural cohesion without
concentrated poverty)
Specific opportunities:
▪ Low Income Housing Tax
Credit Allocation Plans
▪ Public Housing
Redevelopment/Choice
Neighborhoods Decisions
▪ Rental Assistance/Choice
Voucher Programs
▪ Code Inspection Programs
▪ Sustainable Communities
Plans
5. Discussion Question 1:
Take 3-5 minutes and think of a
policy decision that might benefit
from an HIA. List as many as you
can think of.
Editor's Notes
Review this slide after the tree exercise to wrap it up. Relevant stats:
Only 20 - 30% of all health issues that people face are caused by genetic and
genetics contribute 10-15% to disease and injury
10-15% of disease and injury is related to access to health care
Factors responsible for population health:
Health status is determined by:
Genetics: 20 – 30%
Health care: 10%
Social, environmental conditions, and behavior: 60 – 70%
There are now over 225 completed and in progress. This is up from 119 just 3 years ago.
Product: Technical Document with Case Studies
Audience: Public health professionals and housing practitioners
Topics: *How housing impacts health
*Housing opportunities for health impact assessment
*“How to” conduct an HIA of a housing decision
Release: Early 2015 – Issued by Pew