hornafrica2006

Development Policy Review Network
DD PP RR NN
DPRN REPORT NO. 19
Regional expert meeting
Horn of Africa 2
Final report

DPRN East Africa regional expert meeting 2 (2006) - 1
Contents
page
Introduction 2
Clarification of the theme of the day 3
The programme and method: Open Space 3
Workshop reports 6
Reactions and evaluation 13
Appendix 1: Composition of action groups 15
Appendix 2: List of participants 17

DPRN Horn of Africa regional expert meeting 2 (2006) - 2
Report of the DPRN Horn of Africa regional expert meeting
Can we make a difference? Dutch development aid in Africa
Compiled by: Jan Abbink, Ed. (with contributions from Bashir Hussein,
Theo Groot, Iman Icar, Marjan Lucas, Ursula Oberst and
Tanja Odijk)
Date of event: 9 November 2006
Organising institution: African Studies Centre, Leiden
Venue: Poortgebouw, LUMC, Leiden
Introduction
The African Studies Centre has again organised a regional expert meeting for the
Horn of Africa region within the framework of the Development Policy Review
Network (DPRN), in addition to those on West African and East Africa. The aim of
these annual days is to bring together different stakeholder groups such as
policymakers, development practitioners, scientists, independent journalists and
consultants, etc. for informal exchange and reflection on the developments in the
different regions and the role of Dutch development aid in Africa. This year a more
challenging meeting method was chosen, namely Open Space Technology. This
allows for greater group dynamics and encourages interdisciplinary connections and
continuous interaction. Open Space is a meeting approach that has been used
successfully all over the world for more than twenty years in both business and non-
profit organisations. The method gives participants the chance to raise issues related
to the theme and to discuss them at length. Participants did not need to prepare
anything – they just had to come with an open mind and engage themselves in the
process, with the idea that learning and enjoyment can go hand in hand. This Open
Space meeting was facilitated by Theo Groot (MSc), who lives in Uganda and has
extensive experience with this approach.
The Dutch government, NGOs and MFOs (Dutch co-financing organisations) are
prominently present in the Horn of Africa, a region suffering from chronic
underdevelopment, poverty, instability and political volatility. The Horn countries
(Ethiopia, Eritrea, Djibouti, Somalia, and sometimes Sudan as well) are facing growing
challenges as to socio-economic development, impacts of environmental and climate
change, political and state reform, and communal relations.
It is useful to take a look at Dutch involvement in the Horn of Africa – despite it
being modest - and evaluate what the policy interventions have been, as well as to
reflect on the dilemmas and setbacks in dealing with development initiatives in the
difficult political environment of the Horn countries. Have the ‘targets’ of
development cooperation benefited? What room for manoeuvre is available and what

space is there for positive contributions to development and stability, and how can
Dutch policies be improved in view of the enduring problems in the Horn? This
represented a focus away from the one of last year, which focused in more general
terms on the prospects and problems of democratisation and political reform in the
region and the role of non-state actors and international development partners.
The 2006 DRPN regional expert meeting brought together a group of 25 people
working in the Netherlands on the Horn of Africa region, including researchers (36%),
policymakers (4%), journalists (4%) and development practitioners (NGOs/MFO staff
and consultants – 32%) and others (12%) for more in-depth discussions and
exchanges of view. An important input came from various migrant or ‘Diaspora’ self-
organisations (12%) in the Netherlands that maintain good contacts with the home
countries.
Clarification of the theme of the day
The theme of the day was Can we make a difference? Dutch development aid in
Africa. At the 2005 DRPN meeting it was felt that there was a need for the
representatives of research institutes, NGOs, MFOs, media and ministries to hold
more in-depth discussions on the Dutch contributions to development thinking and
efforts: what is being done, what are recurring bottlenecks, how are Dutch efforts
received and responded to, and how should we adapt our approach and our
methods? The exchange of experiences was to be a central point in the working
group meetings, as well as certain assumptions and common practices in
development work. There is a need for frequent ‘rethinking’ of approaches and of
the directing of development aid and funds for certain purposes. E.g. programme aid
as has been given in recent years, which does have its advantages but also some
drawbacks as compared to project aid. Donor policies towards repressive developing
country (DC) regimes is a constant challenge, as is the issue of political
conditionality. Supporting non-democratic governments should be avoided, whatever
the motives.
The impact of Diaspora/African migrant organisations in the Netherlands and Europe
in general is substantial through remittances, knowledge, close contacts with
relatives and friends in the African DC countries, and one needs to reflect on how to
involve them more effectively in the work of government, NGOs and MFOs. While
such organisations often have a limited agenda and a specific constituency, their
positive energy should be utilised more. A DRPN day can help to achieve this goal.
The programme and method: Open Space
The main purpose of the regional expert meetings is to create a platform for
development experts, practitioners, policymakers and other persons interested or
active in the region, with a view to exchanging views, knowledge and experience in
order to increase ‘synergy’ between their activities. To create such a platform, the
conveners of the meeting this year opted for a methodology that would allow
maximum interaction among participants while honouring their expertise: Open
Space. This option is in line with last year’s evaluation, during which participants

suggested more time for face-to-face contacts, in-depth exchanges and open
discussions.
The Open Space Technology is a meeting methodology developed in the 1980s by
Harrison Owen (USA).1 Participants are invited to participate on the basis of a specific
theme about which they feel passionately. The day’s agenda is compiled by the
participants themselves after which they self manage a considerable number of
workshops. Information from the different workshops is shared through in-real-time
written reports. Depending on the purpose of the conference, action groups are set
up around selected issues.
At the start of the Horn of Africa regional expert meeting, participants raised the
following general issues for discussion:
• How can cultural skills be tapped and strengthened for development?
• The Dutch involvement in financing health; accessibility of the poor to health
services vs. daily needs;
• How can aid target the poor more directly?
• How to build trust among foreign and local businesses?
• Cultural rights and aid morale;
• Pastoralism and education;
• Agency, skills and human potential in refugee camps: from humanitarian
assistance to development aid?
• Cooperation for and among indigenous peoples;
• How to limit the vulnerability of women and children during and after conflict?
• How can the capacity of women to alleviate poverty and fight HIV/AIDS be built up
– and what can the Dutch role be?
• How should the donor governments deal with governance in an aid-receiving
country? How should one deal with the impact of political repression: is avoiding
direct support to the government feasible? Should aid be conditional, and how?
• Demographic pressure on development;
• Aid and domestic internal accountability;
• How should the imbalance of power between donor and implementing
organisations in relation to finances be dealt with?
• A country’s aid absorption capacity may be limited;
• Aid will expand and diversify rapidly; how should a comprehensive participatory
evaluation be organised?
• How should the move towards the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and the
contribution of development policies towards realising them be enhanced and
measured?
• Youth involvement in poverty alleviation and development programmes;
• Learning from past experiences in development; culture as a determining factor
for development;
• After the project: has local capacity-building and empowerment been realised?
• How do we respond to and deal with corruption in development work?
1 See for more info: www.openspaceworld.org.

• Post-conflict rehabilitation/development; what is the role of donors and local
partners, what methods of intervention (participation of beneficiaries) are to be
used?
• Can collaboration work in settings of diverse cultures?
• What is more important: aid or trade, or perhaps both? In what way can aid
support trade?
A number of issues were then discussed first in a general gathering, then in four
different workshops. Short reports were produced and posted during the day. The
end reports of these workshops can be found below (see p. 4 onwards)
Once all the issues had been reviewed, participants selected several main issues that
they considered most important through a ranking exercise. The following five topics
emerged for workshop discussion:
• The importance of cultural identity for development relations;
• How to stimulate ‘business and care’ in the Horn of Africa?
• No reinventing the wheel in development practice / the difficulty of bringing
projects together abroad;
• Political use of aid in the Horn of Africa;
• The role of the Diaspora and of civil society organisations in North East Africa.
While the groups formed (on the basis of only about 25 participants) were basically
too small to ensure maximum profit from the Open Space meeting technology,
discussions were in-depth and personal, new contacts were created and old ones
reinforced, and a lot of information and relevant details were exchanged. This is
reflected in the (brief) reports below.
Following the discussions in the afternoon session, two ‘action groups’ were created
to take up some of the key topics in an on-going exchange and dialogue.

Workshop reports
ISSUE WORKSHOP
(OR ‘SPACE’) 1: The importance of cultural identity for development relations
CONVENOR: Bob Gaske
REPORTER: Marjan Lucas
NUMBER OF PARTICIPANTS: 8
KEY POINTS
First of all, a bottom up approach in development aid is to be chosen rather than a
top-down approach, taking the local community in account not only as beneficiaries
but also with regard to expertise, culture, responsibility and ownership. Cultural
identity in development aid is a crucial factor, but must be understood (1) as a
dynamic phenomenon, not as a static one; and (2) in a broad, politico-cultural sense.
If understood in this manner, space is to be given for awareness on how and why
cultural identity changes over time. Examples are the changes – if not simply the
destruction of genuine culture –due to political radicalisation in Somalia (the
‘Arabisation’ of Islam) and Ethiopia (a stronger influence of Orthodox-Christian
religion as well as of Islamic revivalism on identity).
A top-down approach should not be legitimated too easily using the argument that
the national government in the region decentralised its power, because this does not
mean that power is really owned locally. The example discussed was Ethiopia, where
society is radicalising due to a lack of trust in the government. Radical opposition
strengthens nationalist movements and religious extremism (‘In God we trust’).
RECOMMENDATIONS / ACTIONS
Make local civil society visible in the countries where governments fail (e.g. Ethiopia)
and/or are non-existent (e.g. Somalia), help them to become strong partners for
internationals to work with and use them for the implementation of aid, as well as to
link the civil society in the region with expertise in Diaspora organisations.
Acknowledge the reasons for, as well as the danger of China reaching out to African
countries: they do not put impose preconditions, as e.g. respect for human rights, in
economic alliances.

If cultural identity is mentioned as a development aid factor, it must not only be
expressed in general, globally addressable terms (as is more and more the tendency)
but should also be specified for the particular region of concern.

ISSUE WORKSHOP
(OR ‘SPACE’) 2: How to stimulate “business and care” in the Horn of Africa
CONVENOR: Tanja Odijk
REPORTER: Tanja Odijk
KEY POINTS
The Horn of Africa is a difficult area as the situation in most of these countries
(Eritrea, Ethiopia, Djibouti, Somalia Somaliland) is complex. The countries are so
interlinked and most are very unstable. The positive role of business groups and
firms is often underestimated. New forms of aid combined with business practices
which are geared more to local circumstances and which are not based on fixed,
external models should be developed and would have great potential.
Several points were discussed in this workshop:
• Market-oriented development needs a stable environment;
• This requires a stronger focus should on peace-building activities;
• The policy of the Dutch government is already focused on ‘partnership’, i.e.
linking business with local NGOs or local government, which we consider positive;
• Businesses and multinationals have already entered the Horn of Africa; Maybe not
yet all of them, but many are dealing with corporate socially responsible (CSR)
business. We believe that people are becoming more and more aware of this, and
applying more pressure makes it possible to make a change for the better. This is
to be done ‘step by step’;
• At the same time business at grass-roots level should be stimulated. People are
already able to start small businesses. The main issue here is that people learn to
focus on the market/clients, instead of on the products they have been producing
already for a long time (different mind sets / change of paradigms).
See above.

ISSUE WORKSHOP
(OR ‘SPACE’) 3: No reinventing of the wheel in development practice / The
difficulty of bringing projects together (abroad)
CONVENOR: Iman Icar / Hendrien Maat
REPORTER: Iman Icar
KEY POINTS
1. It is difficult for groups or organisations of different background in the Horn of
Africa to come to work together or learn from each other unless they know what
the result or the benefit will be;
2. Business and development aid never go hand in hand;
3. Education and capacity building are part of the solution / problem;
4. Infrastructure (roads, ports, buildings – sustaining the system – taxes).
Ad 1. To contribute to creating a safe environment where experiences can be
exchanged by different groups; to facilitate members.
Ad 2. A fair share of the benefits should go to the community.
Ad 3. School curricula must also be adjusted to the local circumstances of the pupils,
and no ‘wrong’ messages should be given to the pupils.
Ad 4. Speaks for itself: the lack of good infrastructure should be a constant point of
attention. The problem is often the precarious security situation, which delays
investments.

ISSUE WORKSHOP
(OR ‘SPACE’) 4: Political use of aid in the Horn of Africa
CONVENOR: Jos van Beurden
REPORTER: Pieter Zeegers
NUMBER OF PARTICIPANTS: About 10
KEY POINTS
• Peace should be established before development aid can be successful.
• If development aid is used to pressurise the beneficiary government to recall its
actions, this could only be successful if the aid supplying countries are forming
blocks.
• Is Chinese aid a threat to the Western aid? Could the latter be replaced by the
former?
• Budget support on governmental level can have surprising outcomes. Aid supplied
at governmental level is very sensitive to abuse and can be counter productive.
The example from Uganda: budget support for the Ministry of education, gives
the Ugandan government a free hand to devote more money to defence issues/
military operations.
• What will be the effect of international community’s increased aid to the
recognised transitional federal government of Somalia in Baidoa?
Provide policymakers on a regular basis with new insights on the political, legal and
social developments on the ground, based on research, journalistic reports and
inside information from local people into local politics, conflicts, judicial problems,
etc.

ISSUE WORKSHOP
(OR ‘SPACE’) 5: The role of the Diaspora and civil society in NE Africa
CONVENOR: Bashir Hussein / Jan Abbink
REPORTER: Bashir Hussein / Jan Abbink
KEY POINTS:
Participants discussed both potential opportunities to be harnessed and problems to
tackle when it comes to the role of the (Horn of) African Diaspora based in the
Netherlands and the civil society organisations back in the region.
Questions and issues raised on the role of the Diaspora were the following:
• The role of African Diaspora within the framework of the development agenda for
Africa, its possible added value, and its specific problems/obstacles preventing it
to realise its potentialities;
• The contribution of the Diaspora includes: sending money back to their families
(remittances), setting up private enterprises, small-scale community development
projects, transferring knowledge and innovative ideas, etc. The Diaspora also
represents a strategic link between their host countries and the countries of origin
in terms of socio-cultural and entrepreneurial networks;
• The Diasporas often have specialised, locally relevant skills, broader knowledge
and awareness of local needs, access to the local social networks, ability to reach
to otherwise remote and isolated areas and social groups. The added value of
Diaspora skills, resources and efforts can be of strategic importance for Africa’s
development. African Diaspora organisations are often by-passed by the donor
community;
• Problems of the Diaspora include: African professionals, academicians and
scholars feel marginalised, economically and socially isolated (e.g. unable to find
proper employment). The Diaspora is still facing daunting challenges like
fragmentation and inability to create the needed critical mass to gain better
visibility and recognition from institutions in the hosting countries;
• A positive example of Diaspora contribution is the London-based PENHA (Pastoral
and Environmental Network in the Horn of Africa): an effective contribution to the
local development and successful self-initiative of the region’s ‘scientific
Diaspora’.
For the Netherlands’ development cooperation system:
• Recognise the importance of the Diaspora’s potential contribution to Africa’s
development;

• Identify and establish, in cooperation with the African immigrant community, the
main entry points of Diaspora-led development initiatives with respect to the
official aid system;
• Explore and harness the tradeoffs between the Diaspora’s development-oriented
efforts and the official development aid on the part of the donor community,
including the Netherlands;
• Empower Diaspora organisations by investing and improving their organisational
development, but also in terms of capacity building and support for initiatives
undertaken by the Diaspora;
• Support the socioeconomic and intellectual integration of the African Diaspora by,
for example, employing African professionals in the development industry so as
to bring their skills and specialised knowledge back to the African continent.
• For the African Diaspora:
• Find ways of becoming more organised, and be less fragmented and more
focused on the collective interest so as to improve both credibility and visibility;
• Document the work better work and publicise it – be it local development projects
at community level or scientific research, etc.;
• Coordinate efforts to enhance the impact on the development process better.
Several questions and issues were raised on the role of civil society organisations
(CSOs) in Africa:
• CSOs are particularly important because of their (at least perceived) political
neutrality. Sometimes CSOs act not only as an independent voice but can mediate
between the government and concerned social groups. However, in most Horn
countries, governments severely restrict CSOs.
• In the absence of the state (Somalia), a main risk is the emergency of a myriad of
unaccountable NGOs, fuelled by fierce competition for donor funds. This ’NGO-
sation’ has adverse effects on local society: false needs are created or NGOs, to
attract international aid, portray some locally solvable minor problems as
insurmountable obstacles. This creates aid dependency.
• There is a tendency among international development organisations and foreign
aid workers to impose their own views and agendas on local partners,
endangering the ‘ownership’ and the sustainability of development programmes.
Recommendations:
• Local people and local CSOs should be encouraged to critically reassess and
rethink their culture and then produce the best combination of local values or
ideas and those imported, for instance, through their international counterparts;
• International development agencies as well as Diaspora interest groups should be
transparent and honest and avoid the impression of having ‘hidden agendas’;
• Development aid efforts should suggest cultural and political neutrality and aim at
inclusiveness (participatory approach);
• The role and the contribution of local CSOs should not be susceptible to particular
political agendas: CSOs in their turn need to be accountable and transparent.

Reactions and evaluation
The Horn of Africa meeting and workshops were very much appreciated by
participants for personal contacts, information exchange, meaningful discussion,
and new insights. Despite this, there was general disappointment with the low
number of people participating (less than half of those who had registered). Only one
person from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs was present, one or two from the media
and from MFOs, and relatively few academic researchers. There were more people
from migrant/Diaspora groups and NGOs. There were also several independent
consultants and students. Perhaps the low attendance (27 people, and a lower
number in the afternoon) was due to the ‘unstructured’ nature of the meeting, via
the Open Space’ formula, without key note and plenary speakers. Inquiries were
made by the ASC among people absent but initially registered for the day. It emerged
that among the reasons for not participating were: lack of time and other urgent
obligations, lack of sufficient new and interesting speakers, déjà vu feelings, a too
broad focus of the day and a lack of clarity about Open Space meeting technology. It
may also be that the audience for these DRPN days feel that they will not have any
real impact on ‘policy review’ in development cooperation, or at least that this is not
the best forum to try it.
It is interesting to note that the Open Space formula was adopted for this year
in order to meet some of the criticism of last year, when various participants had
noted that the keynote speeches and the moderated plenary discussion were too
dominant and that there had not been enough time for real discussion and exchange
of experiences in smaller groups. The latter was the case this year, but the groups
were too small to realise their full potential. It was also suggested by some no-
showers that cooperation with other organisations/institutions in preparing the day
would be useful. This was attempted last year, but then it took us a lot of effort to
enlist others.
On 10 November 2006, one day after the Horn of Africa gathering, an evaluation
meeting was held at the ASC, participated in by the three conveners, the facilitator
Theo Groot, and ASC’s co-organiser Ursula Oberst.
The following points came to the fore:
• The ASC might want to evaluate the DPRN days in view of the feeling that the gain
from these gatherings for the ASC is limited;
• Some participants thought the idea to organise these DRPN days was too ‘top-
down’;
• It was noted that it may not be very productive to meet every year for a DRPN day;
• Some institutions and NGOs do not find it useful to meet again because networks
already exist and cooperation and mutual information are in some cases already
well-developed at both institutional and personal levels;
• The discussions were informative and did raise consciousness, but will most likely
not have any meaningful impact on reviewing/reformulating the development
policies of either the Dutch government ministries or the NGOs and MFOs;

• For the ASC: only the three regional coordinators from the ASC (Jan Abbink, Han
van Dijk and Dick Foeken) participated in the days, and no other staff. Next year
the ASC might ask at least two staff per theme group to participate in the DRPN
days. Other ASC staff should be asked to be involved in the preparation of the
days with a view to increasing participation.
Suggestions for improvement in the practical sense:
• Publish the list of participants (those having registered) on the ASC and DRPN
websites so that people know who is going to participate;
• Perhaps for next year a more structured programme should be developed that
would include an introductory speaker. But then care should be taken that enough
room for spontaneous agenda-setting and discussion group emergence remains;
• For a next round, participants might perhaps also be asked to prepare better, e.g.
by reading a common set of papers/chapters relevant to the topic of the day.
Another formula in which a great say in agenda-setting is given to the
participants is the ‘World Café’ formula, where there are one or two brief
introductions by speakers at the beginning of the day, but afterwards a grouping
of people in discussion circles that change frequently in composition;
• In view of the small numbers of people and the partly shared concerns, it might
be a possibility for the next (third) round to merge the discussion days for East
Africa and the Horn of Africa into one session, so as to create a larger audience.

DPRN Report of the Horn of Africa regional expert meeting 1 - 15
Appendix 1 – Composition of Action Groups (resulting from the Horn of Africa day 2006)
Group 1
ISSUE: Political use of aid in the Horn of Africa
CONTACT PERSONS:
NAME CONTACT ORGANISATION
Ab Drent abdrent@gmail.com
Alite Thijsen alithi@planet.nl
Berhanu Gebeyehu begebeyehu@yahoo.co.uk ASC
Lilian Muhungi lilian.muhungi@icco.nl ICCO
Sicko Pijpker sicko.pijpker@icco.nl ICCO
Miranda Poeze miranda.poeze@minbuza.nl MinBuZa
Diana Bosch d.bosch@hccnet.nl LEAD, PENHA
Abdullahi Aden a.aden143@orange.nl SBSS
Bob Hensen atobobhensen@hotmail.com Africa-Europa-Interaction
Johannis Leeuwenburg jleeuwenburg@ggdzhz.nl
Jos van Beurden jos.vanbeurden@inter.nl.net

Group 2
ISSUE: The role of the Diaspora (in the Netherlands/Europe) and civil society (in the Horn Africa)
CONTACT PERSON: Jan Abbink and Bashir Hussein
NAME CONTACT ORGANISATION
Iman Icar nuricar@yahoo.com SBSS
Joachim Persoon menanye@yahoo.com
Bob Hensen atobobhensen@hotmail.com Africa-Europa-Interaction
Bashir Hussein shakiib@hotmail.com SOMACENT Development Research
Jan Abbink abbink@ascleiden.nl ASC / VU
Tanja Odijk tanja@dobfoundation.nl DOB

Appendix 2 – List of participants
ID Family name Initials Title Given name E-mail Profession Geographic
expertise
Thematic expertise Organisational affiliation
1 Abbas Mohammed candosoo@hotmail.com Scientist /
researcher
other
Africa; Africa
South of
Sahara; English
Speaking Africa
2 Abbink J. Prof. dr Jon abbink@ascleiden.nl Scientist /
researcher
Djibouti;
Eritrea;
Ethiopia;
Sudan; Somalia
Anthropology;
culture; ethnicity;
ethnography;
interethnic
relations; violence
African Studies Centre; Vrije
Universiteit
3 Aden Abdullahi SBSS/FSAN
4 Belayneh B. Mr Gebeyehu begebeyehu@yahoo.co.u
k
Scientist /
researcher
Ethiopia Ethiopians; religious
practice; religion
African Studies Centre
5 Bosch L.J. Drs. Diana
6 Drent A.K. Ir. Ab abdrent@gmail.com Scientist /
researcher
Cameroon;
Nigeria
Ecology;
anthropology;
pastoralists
7 Hensen B. Bob atobobhensen@hotmail.
com
Development
practitioner;
consultant;
other
Africa; Africa
South of
Sahara; Benin;
Cameroon; East
Asia; East
Africa;
Ethiopia;
Kenya;
Environment;
environmental
education; culture;
institutional
framework

Tanzania;
Ghana
8 Hussein M. Dr Bashir shakiib@hotmail.com Scientist /
researcher
Somalia; Africa;
East Africa;
European
Union;
Netherlands;
Italy
Research; research
and development;
brain drain;
environment;
agricultural
development; rural
development;
livestock;
consultancy
services; conflicts;
international
cooperation; peace
research; migrants
SomaCent Development Research
9 Icar Mr Iman nuricar@yahoo.com Consultant;
other
Somalia;
Netherlands
Training
programmes;
training centres
10 Kefale Asnake asnakek@fsw.leidenuniv.
nl
Scientist /
researcher
11 Kennedid Mr Ina Faarax luca0133@planet.nl Consultant Somalia;
Ethiopia;
Djibouti;
Sudan; Eritrea;
United
Kingdom
12 Leeuwenburg J. Dr Johannis jleeuwenburg@ggdzhz.n
l
Scientist /
researcher
Africa South of
Sahara;
Ethiopia; Kenya
Ethiopians; public
health
Royal Tropical Institute
13 Lucas M.J.J. Drs. Marjan mlucas@ikv.nl Staff NG(D)O;
development
practitioner
Pakistan; India Ikv Dutch Peace
Council

14 Maat H. Drs. Hendrien h.maat@edukans.nl Staff NG(D)O Ethiopia;
Uganda
Educational
innovations
Edukans
15 Mekka Abdelgabar
16 Muhungi L.W. Drs. Lilian Lilian.muhungi@icco.nl Staff NG(D)O Ethiopia;
Eritrea
Educational
development; aids
prevention; food
security
ICCO
17 Odijk Tanja
18 Okello A.E.
19 Persoon J. PhD Joachim menanye@yahoo.com Scientist /
researcher
Ethiopia; Israel;
Eritrea; Egypt
Religion; religious
groups; religious
minorities; religious
missions; religious
practice; religious
institutions;
religious
discrimination;
religious freedom;
research methods;
research policy
20 Pijpker J.S. Drs. Sicko sicko.pijpker@icco.nl Staff NG(D)O Eritrea; Sudan Water; food
security; capacity
building; sanitation;
income generation;
civil society; hiv;
gender equality
ICCO
21 Poeze M. Miranda miranda.poeze@minbuz
a.nl
Policymaker
/ ministry
staff
Ethiopia;
Eritrea; Somalia
Refugees Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken

22 Thijsen Alite
23 van Aken J.C. Drs. Jos jaken@ind.minjus.nl Consultant Arab Countries;
Ethiopia;
Eritrea; Sudan;
Somalia; Iraq
Ind, ministerie van
justitie
24 van Beurden J.M. Drs. Jos jos.vanbeurden@inter.nl.
net
Scientist /
researcher;
consultant;
journalist
Africa; Sudan;
Bangladesh;
Eritrea;
Ethiopia
25 Zeegers P. Drs. Pieter pietzeeg@yahoo.com Scientist /
researcher;
staff NG(D)O
Eritrea;
Ethiopia
Environmental
degradation;
cultural heritage;
cultural
development;
sports; sports
facilities

General: CERES-office, Utrecht University, Faculty of Social Sciences
P.O. Box 80140, 3508 TC Utrecht, Netherlands
Tel.: (+31) 30 253 5842, Fax: (+31) 30 253 7482, E-mail:ceres@fss.uu.nl
Website: http//www.dprn.nl; www.global-connections.nl
Regional expert meetings: Dr Mirjam A.F. Ros-Tonen, Universiteit van Amsterdam
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