Homeostatic Imbalances Essay

Homeostatic Imbalances Essay
Homeostatic Imbalances
Hypertension is the term used to describe high blood pressure. Blood pressure is a measurement of
the force against the walls of your arteries as your heart pumps blood through your body. Blood
pressure readings are usually given as two numbers –– for example, 120 over 80 (written as 120/80
mmHg). One or both of these numbers can be too high. The top number is called the systolic blood
pressure, which is the force of blood in the arteries as the heart beats, and the bottom number is
called the diastolic blood pressure which is the force of blood in the arteries as the heart relaxes
between beats. When you blood pressure is a normal it's lower than 120/80 mmHg most of the time.
High blood pressure (hypertension) ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The control center evaluates the input and if necessary, issues output commands to an effector. The
effector produces a physiological response that is able to return the controlled condition to its
normal state.
People with diabetes have a condition in which the quantity of glucose (blood sugar) in the blood is
too elevated (hyperglycemia). This is because the body does not produce enough insulin, produces
no insulin Type 1, or has cells that do not respond properly to the insulin the pancreas produces
diabetes Type 2. This results in too much glucose building up in the blood. This excess blood
glucose eventually passes out of the body in urine. So, even though the blood has plenty of glucose,
the cells are not getting it for their essential energy and growth requirements. Diabetes is a system
out of balance. When normal sugar homeostasis is disrupted by either the pancreas not making
enough insulin and/or the body's cells not responding to the insulin, glucose homeostasis is
disrupted as the glucose levels rise. Another system which has disrupted homeostasis from diabetes
is the body water regulation system. As sugar levels rise in the blood, water is pulled out of the cells,
shrinking them. The brain doesn't function as well and cloudy thoughts happen.. Water is pulled out
of the vitreous of the eyeball, and it shrinks, causing blurring vision. The high glucose starts leaking
through the
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An Reflection Of Advanced Perioperative Practice
For this reflection of advanced perioperative practice I will be using a case study approach, I will
also be using the Gibbs' reflective cycle. (1988). Gibbs' reflective cycle (1988) is a model of
reflection that I feel allows me to achieve the depth of reflection that is required, I also feel that this
model helps me to break the scenario that I have chose to reflect on into manageable sections. This
model includes 6 stages of reflection which include description, feelings, evaluation, analysis
,conclusion, action plan.
(University of Cumbria, 2015).
In order to adhere to the Health and Care Professions Council (HCPC) standards of conduct,
performance and ethics (2008) all personal details of the patients have been altered or not disclosed
in order to keep the patient 's identity confidential and safe, but also to keep the identity of the
hospital in which the patient was treated confidential.
The case that I have chosen to reflect on was a patient that was already staying on a ward within the
hospital, the patient was rushed to the emergency theatre late at night from the ward with a
suspected internal bleed, the cause and exact location of the bleed was unknown, the patient
presented a complex case for the theatre staff as the patient 's condition was largely unpredictable
along with the amount of blood loss that the patient could lose. My role within the theatre team was
on the anaesthetic side, I was supported by my mentor who I feel I have learned a vast amount of

Essay on Coronary Heart Disease
Coronary Heart Disease
Coronary heart disease remains the most common cause of death in the United Kingdom. A statistic
from the American Heart Association is that heart disease claims a life every 24 seconds.
[www.americanheart.org] Another is that it is the largest single cause of premature death in the
United Kingdom, responsible for 180 000 deaths annually. [www.americanheart.org] Some cases are
related to family history, but in my opinion the majority of cases are self–inflicted i.e. they are
related to diet and lifestyle and I intend to investigate the factors that contribute towards the
development of Coronary Heart Disease.
Coronary Heart Disease is caused by the narrowing of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Cholesterol is another contributory factor towards atherosclerosis. Cholesterol is carried in the blood
by specific proteins, which direct its metabolism. In particular Coronary Heart Disease is linked to
low density lipoproteins (LDLs) which carries 70% of blood cholesterol. A high level of LDL
cholesterol in the blood [especially if oxidised] can lead to deposits in the arteries, which cause
narrowing. High density lipoproteins (HDLs) on the other hand are beneficial as it transports
cholesterol from places where there is too much to the liver where it can be disposed of.
Much attention has been focused on the correlation between a high intake and the incidence of
Coronary Heart Disease. Overweight and obese people are the most likely to be at risk especially
those who have extra weight around there middle which is 'apple shaped' as opposed to those who
have much of their weight around their hips and thighs, these people are said to be 'pear–shaped'.
A factor corresponding to obesity is the role of exercise. Many people in the UK lead very inactive
lifestyles – few people have physically active jobs or do significant amounts of exercise out of
work. [www.nutrition.org.uk] Therefore, any form of exercise is encouraged to increase energy
output, as well as reducing energy output obtained from the diet.
High Blood Pressure, or Hypertension, has been related to

Review of Paper on Fitness, Fatness, and Cardiovascular...
Here we will present pertinent background information that will provide a better understanding of
the information presented in the paper. These topics will add clarity and help make connections
between the information in the paper and he real world. Information is presented on cardiovascular
diseases, aerobic exercise, and the impacts of genetics, race, and gender on cardiovascular disease.
Cardiovascular Disease
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a general term for a multitude of diseases that involve the heart or
blood vessels such as arteries and veins. The various diseases that fall under the term cardiovascular
disease include coronary artery disease, heart attack, heart failure, high blood pressure and stroke.
The more common ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Cardiovascular disease is treated by cardiologists, thoracic surgeons, vascular surgeons,
neurologists, and interventional radiologists.
Interesting Facts:
Cardiovascular diseases/ Coronary heart disease
The leading cause of death in America, more than even Cancer
Cardiovascular disease claimed 871,500 lives in 2004
Coronary heart disease caused about 452,300 deaths in 2004 and is the single leading cause of death
in America today.
The Biology of Aerobic Exercise
Oxygen is the key to aerobic biology. At its most basic, the maximum amount of oxygen intake
directly relates to the amount of energy expended. This oxygen measurement is called VO2max,
which also has other uses as well; especially that VO2max is related to the number of mitochondria
within the body's cells. Simply, more mitochondria means there is more oxygen available to the
cells for glucose and fat breakdown. Whereas oxygen helps facilitate energy release in the body, fats
and glucose provide the fuel. Fats are used for long hauls and glucose for short, intense spurts.
Because stored fats need to be transported by triglycerides and capillaries can handle only a few
triglyceride molecules at a time, fat transport is not highly effective. Aerobic exercise increases the
network of capillaries and the number of mitochondria so that more fat can

How Does Anemia Affect The Body
Anemia and the effects on the body
Almir Velic
Human Biology
Abstract In this paper i will be talking about the circulatory system and how it works including how
the heart works. The disease anemia and the effects on the human body. I will also talk about
different forms of anemia and their effects, like iron deficiency anemia, sickle cell, hemolytic, and
fanconi anemia. Also i will talk about the symptoms of anemia, and treatment of all different types
of anemia.
The circulatory system The circulatory system is a transportation network for your body. The red
blood cells act like mail men carrying all kinds of nutrients and hormones and such that are needed
by the cells, also red blood ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Iron supplements may be efficiently used for iron deficiency anemia. Vitamin B supplements may
be used if you have low vitamin levels. Blood transfusions may have to be used for blood loss.
Medications to induce blood creation might be used if the body's blood production is low. Sickle
cell anemia can't be cured but may be treated, Treatments include medications, blood transfusions,
and rarely a bone–marrow transplant.
Conclusion In conclusion the circulatory system is a very important part of your body. It produces
blood cells, gives them oxygen, and pumps them through arteries to give your body oxygen. When
finished the veins take your blood back to your heart to do it again. Anemia is an array of very
serious diseases in which typically you have low and/or misshapen red blood cells or low
hemoglobin. Symptoms include; fatigue, lightheadedness, shortness of breath, dizziness, or a fast
heartbeat. Popular treatments for all different types of anemia are; iron, Vitamins, and blood or
marrow

Erectile Disorders And Erectile Dysfunction
Did you know that one half of American men at age 50 or older have reported some level of erectile
dysfunction issues? Erectile dysfunction is commonly known as impotence. Erectile dysfunction is
the inability of a man to sustain and maintain an erection for the duration on intercourse. Erectile
dysfunction can be very frustrating and emotionally difficult for a man. He may feel embarrassed
and frustrated about his unsatisfactory sexual performance. Younger men can get erectile
dysfunction although it happens to older men more often, but aging itself doesn't cause it. There are
symptoms to erectile dysfunction, which you should be aware of. If you feel you may have erectile
dysfunction based on the symptoms, you should contact your doctor to determine the cause of this
problem and decide if treatment is right for you and which treatment option is right for your specific
case. Erectile dysfunction can also be a sign of an underlying disease or illness such as diabetes,
high blood pressure and a stroke.
An erection is an increased blood flow into the penis during sexual stimulation. When a man
becomes sexually aroused, muscles in the penis relax, allowing an increased blood flow through the
arteries. This blood fills cavities in the penis, putting pressure on the several veins inside it which
means more blood is flowing in than is flowing out. The penis will then get firm and larger.
Interruption in this process is then called erectile dysfunction. This occurs when there is

Atherosclerosis Formation
Atherosclerosis can be associate with atheromata'formation, which are raised, fibroadipose plaques
that develop within the intimal layer of the artery or within the innermost layers of the tunica media.
Some atheromata undergo calcification or ulceration, and mural thrombi can form over complicated
and uncomplicated atheromata. As a result, can block or diminished the blood flow in the artery,
turning tissue and organs oxygen deprived.
Lesions on the arterial wall can cause them to become weak and get into the high risk area of
dilatation and rupture. Atherosclerotic aneurysm is a disease of elderly persons, rare before age 50.
Its frequency peak is around age of 70 years. It can be seen in different shapes, fusiform, saccular
and cylindrical. The cause is usually atheroma expansion in the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The arterial stenosis is frequently mistakenly identified. Acute ischemia can also be caused by the
simultaneous development of portal hypertension or thrombosis of the Superior mesenteric vein.
Identify this disease in the beginning is difficult that's why imaging studies are very important in
these cases. As time passes it was noticed that the aorta has becoming more tortuous, especially in
women and those who are committed with hypertension. Thus, sometimes aorta can be seen
compressing the inferior vena cava. Aorta can suffer alteration in its size, commonly aortic
dilatation. Sometimes involves the full length of the vessel, including the thoracic segment, and is
associated with marked lengthening of the artery, a situation defined as dolichoectasia of the aorta.
The majority of aneurysms are infrarenal. Aneurysms involving both the supra and infrarenal
segments of the aorta have an hourglass appearance due to the local expansion–opposing effects of
the left renal vein. The aneurysm sac is composed of thrombotic formations and atheromata
(abnormal mass of lipids), which reduce the patency of the

Superior Mesenteric Artery Syndrome Analysis
Superior Mesenteric Artery Syndrome
Education is Key
Superior mesenteric artery syndrome is a rare disease that is caused by many different factors, but
the focus of this paper will be how compression from a body cast or spinal injury causes superior
mesenteric artery syndrome. The injuries sustained can lead to a compressed area in the superior
mesenteric artery and the abdominal aorta, which in return will lead to an obstructed duodenum.
Education is key; if the symptoms are recognized early, then early interventions can prevent severe
complications. The safety concern with superior mesenteric artery syndrome is the inability to
absorb nutrients. This can become a life–threatening condition if nutritional needs are not met in a
timely manner ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Education needs to be directed to not only the patients and their families, but to HCP as well.
According to Dr. A.Run Pal Singh (2015), prevention and prompt treatment of cast syndrome is key
and knowledge of the nursing staff is essential in prevention. Knowing the early signs and
symptoms, as well as diagnostic tests, will not only shorten the disease process, but allow for
immediate treatment to prevent any further complications. Patients compliance to treatment is the
key to their health. This assignment has taught us what superior mesenteric artery syndrome was, as
well as how to provide adequate education to the patients, families, and all HCP.
References
Cheever, K., & Hinkle, J., Brunner & Suddarth's Textbook of Medical– Surgical Nursing pg. 1141–
1146. Wolters Kluwer.
Gebhart, T. (2015). Superior Mesenteric Artery Syndrome [Abstract]. Gastroenterology Nursing,
38(3), 189–193.
Karrer, F. M. (n.d.). Superior Mesenteric Artery Syndrome Follow–up. Retrieved February 18, 2017,
from http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/932220–followup
Ranschaert, E. (n.d.). Superior mesenteric artery syndrome | Radiology Reference Article. Retrieved
February 18, 2017, from https://radiopaedia.org/articles/superior–mesenteric–artery–syndrome.
Singh, D. A., About Dr Arun Pal SinghArun Pal Singh D. P. (2015, December 11).

Male Enhancement Drugs At The United States
We've all seen the commercials of men using male enhancement drugs to better their sex lives. In
the commercials the couples always seem to be as happy as can be as if they were on cloud nine.
During the commercials the voice of the announcer can always be heard advising users of the risk of
taking these drugs. Also during the commercial its advised to seek help from a physician. Seeking
the help of a physician is crucial because they'll be able to tell you which supplement is better for
you. But too often these warnings go unheard and sometimes that mistake can be deadly. People put
themselves at risk by taking substances that can affect their health. Those who suffer with heart
disease, diabetes, and blood pressure issues should definitely be careful and are most affected.
In 2011 5.3 million prescriptions for male enhancement pills were written in the united states. In the
United States prescriptions tripled between 2000 and 2011 with sales as high as 1.6 billion dollars.
Men who used testosterone therapy had a 30 percent increased risk of heart attacks, strokes, or
dying. The Food Dug Administration or for short the FDA is responsible for making sure products
are safe to be on the market. If not there taken off the market. An increasing trend of over the
counter products represented as male enhancers may be laced with prescription drugs, controlled
substances and untested and unstudied ingredients. With how vast the drug market is the FDA
connote test all of the

Definition Of Coronary Artery Disease
Definition of Coronary Artery Disease
Coronary artery disease (CAD) develops when plaque builds up in the narrow arteries of the heart.
The arteries that are affected supply blood to your heart, oxygen, and numerous amounts of nutrients
to the heart. The plaque that builds in the arteries is from the amount of cholesterol that is
accumulated in the arteries. The plaque that builds within the arteries of the heart decrease the blood
flow to the heart often resulting in chest pain (angina), shortness of breath, or other symptoms. This
disease is often not diagnosed until the patient has a heart attack. The reason that coronary artery
disease goes unnoticed is because this disease develops over decades. "Heart disease is the leading
cause of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Nicotine is the main active toxin in cigarettes, other chemicals such as tar and carbon monoxide also
affect the heart. The toxins that are contained in cigarette smoking increases blood pressure,
decrease exercise tolerance, and increase the tendency for blood clots.
There are other risk factors that affect a person's chances of developing coronary artery disease such
as obesity, high blood pressure (hypertension), diabetes, lack of regular exercise, high–fat diet, and
emotional stress. These other risk factors are preventable and can be changed with daily exercise,
eating healthy options, and making healthy daily choices for your heart and body.
Normal Functioning of the Cardiovascular System
To understand the importance of the blood flow throughout the heart and lungs. The heart is made
up of solid muscle, which helps the heart contract and release. The heart has multiple chambers that
lead to different arteries and veins throughout the body. The purpose of the heart is to bring oxygen
rich blood to all the tissues of the body.
There are two major cycles in the heart the systemic loop and the pulmonary loop. The systemic
loop begins with oxygen rich blood coming from the lungs enters the upper left chamber of the
heart. As the blood flows through the entire heart the blood then begins the journey through

Taking a Look at Myocardial Infraction
Around every thirty–four seconds in the United States, another individual falls as a victim to a
myocardial infraction. A myocardial infraction or more commonly known as a heart attack, occurs
when the blood flow that brings the oxygen to the heart is reduced or cut off completely. When the
blood cannot reach parts of your heart, that area is becoming damaged or unfortunately if treatment
is prolonged for too long then the heart cells will most likely die. Heart attacks can occur in
anybody no matter the age, gender, or nationality, but statistically "men over the age of 45 and to
women over the age of 55 are at the greatest risk of a heart attack" (Ricciotti). In the 1800s George
Ebers discovered an ancient Egyptian scroll that has been dated back to around 1500 B.C. On the
scroll that Ebers found, it listed many things about the heart and how it worked. It also showed
Ebers that the Egyptians were able to identify certain symptoms of heart attacks, as well. The scroll
that he found showed us how much the ancient Egyptians actually knew about heart related
diseases, despite the technology differences that we have today compared to what they had. A man
named Edwin Smith discovered another scroll dating back to the 17th century. The scroll that Smith
found held evidence of multiple surgeries that were performed, including heart surgeries. This
proves that the real discoverers of heart related illnesses in fact dates back all the way to the times of
the ancient Egyptians.

A Brief Note On Atherosclerosis, Disease, And Peripheral...
Definition of Atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis is a disease dealing with the heart. This disease causes hardening, narrowing, or
even blockage of the arteries, which makes the arteries thicken. Fat, calcium and plaque buildup are
all components of atherosclerosis. The accumulations of calcium, fat, and plaque buildup quietly
and slowly block the arteries, putting blood flow at an extremely high risk. Atherosclerosis is
typically the reason for heart attacks, strokes, and peripheral vascular disease. These diseases with
each other are called cardiovascular disease.1
Signs and symptoms
The signs and symptoms of atherosclerosis are exceptionally deceitful. The symptoms of this
disease happen prematurely and develop mutely. When the symptoms indeed start to come about, it
is an advanced and severe problem. There are tests for atherosclerosis, but none of them are without
fault. Some tests have risk of injury, so testing is not as easy and simple as some might assume.
There are three serious diseases caused by atherosclerosis: Coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular
disease, and Peripheral arterial disease. The warning signs of Coronary artery disease are usually
chest pain when one is active, or angina. Angina is a symptom of heart disease; it happens when
there is an extremely insufficient blood flow to the heart muscle. This is a result of constricted blood
vessels, typically caused by hardening of the arteries.2 Angina is frequently described as tightness in
the chest region

The And Pathogenesis Of Coronary Atherosclerosis And...
Question 1
Assess the ECG and, using a systematic approach, describe and interpret the ECG. Discuss the
aetiology and pathogenesis of coronary atherosclerosis and myocardial ischaemia in your answer.
(600 words)
This ECG will be systematically interpreted using the mnemonic A RARE PQRST. By utilising this
mnemonic, it is easy to determine that the patient is experiencing an anterior STEMI, which results
from an occlusion of the left anterior descending artery.
AGE – the patient is 52years old
RATE – the rate of the ECG is approximately 75bpm
AXIS – the ECG is recording a normal axis
RHYTHM – the rhythm of the ECG is regular
EVALUATE
P – peaked P wave, PR interval normal
Q – regular Q wave, QT interval prolonged
R – regular R wave, QRS complex width normal
ST segment – segment very elevated
T – Peaked T wave
This is diagnosed with a 'tomb stoning' effect or ST segment elevation with formation of Q waves in
the precordial leads (V1–6). It is also identified with an ST depression in inferior leads III and aVF.
Using these diagnosis criteria, it is easy to evaluate and determine the diagnosis for this patient.
There is noticeable ST depression in leads I, II, III, and aVF, and the 'tomb stoning' effect is present
in leads V1, V2 and V3, with some mild ST elevation occurring in V4 as well. The ECG is regular,
and the rate is approximately 75bpm. This diagnosis carries the worst prognosis of all infarcts, and
on average, approximated 11.9% of patients diagnosed with anterior

A Brief Note On Atherosclerosis And Its Effects On The Body
Zachary Russo
MOV 495
Dr. Sherman
3/28/15
Literature Review
Background
Atherosclerosis is a disease in which plaque builds up inside of the arteries. Arteries are blood
vessels that carry oxygenated blood to the heart and other parts of the body (5). The plaque that
forms can be composed of from fat, cholesterol, calcium, and other substances found in the blood,
which is dependent on a person's diet. Over time the plaque will cause the arteries to harden which
will cause them to lose their elastic function (5). If this happens it will limit blood flow of oxygen to
the organs and other areas of the body. Atherosclerosis can lead to other serious medical problems
such as heart attack, stroke, and eventually can lead to death. Coronary artery disease is when
atherosclerosis effects the arteries supplying blood to the heart. More than 15.8 million Americans
have a known coronary artery disease (6). Roughly eight million of them have experienced a heart
attack. An estimated 500,000 people will die of coronary artery disease this year. One–third of all
deaths in Americans older than 35 are due to coronary artery disease (6). 50% of men and one–third
of women can expect to eventually have coronary artery disease. The death rate from coronary
artery disease is higher in men than in women. Once a woman goes through menopause the rates of
them developing atherosclerosis increases (5).
Cardiovascular disease in general is the number one killer in both men and women, and it has been
for

Raynauds Disease Essay
Raynaud's Disease
Few people are aware of Raynaud's disease even though it is a fairly common condition. Raynaulds
Disease is also referred to as Raynauld's phenonmenon. Raynaud's is a condition in which cold
temperatures or stress cause blood vessel spasms that block blood flow to fingers, toes, nose, and
ears. This causes these body parts to suddenly turn ice cold and to become a purple or blue color.
Later when the blood flow becomes normal the area turns a reddish color and later returns to
normal. There are two types of Raynaud's Disease, primary Raynaud's disease and secondary
Raynaud's disease. Primary Raynaud's is when a person has no other cause or condition. Secondary
Raynaud's is when there is another condition that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
People with Raynaud's may not know that they actually have it. Raynaud's phenomenon has been
seen with a lot of conditions. These conditions include rheumatic diseases such as sclerrodero and
rheumatoid arthritis and lupus. Hormone imbalance trauma, like
Frostbite and the use of vibrating tools (like a jack hammer) can provoke Raynads. Some
medications such as estrogens, cancer treatments and nicotine can cause Raynauds to onset. Here
are some signs and tests to see if you have Raynaud's or another disease. The doctor will perform a
physical exam, vascular ultrasound, and a cold simulation test. Different blood tests can also be
done but there is no specific blood test that confirms Raynauds. The blood testing is done to
diagnose other conditions typically associated with Raynaulds.
3 There are lifestyle changes that may help people with Raynaud's disease. Smoking makes
Raynauds worse. If someone has Raynauds they should not smoke or use nicotine in any way. If the
person is taking medications that cause the blood vessels to spasm or tighten they should take a
different medication, if there is one available.
Stop smoking, avoid caffeine, avoid medications (if not life threatening) that can cause tightening or
spasms of the blood vessels, avoid the cold in any way, and always wear shoes and socks outside in
cold weather. Patients with persistent or bothersome

Periaortitis Essay
Chronic periaortitis refers to a fibro–inflammatory process involving the aorta, commonly infrarenal
abdominal aorta. The involvement of aortic root and ascending aorta are relatively rare. The
aetiologic possibilities are diverse and include neoplasms, infections, trauma, radiotherapy, surgery,
drug intake and idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis. Periaortitis is rarely evident in transthoracic
echocardiogram as the involvement of aortic root is rare, and the visualization is suboptimal. We
report two cases of periaortitis where a circumferential periaortic cuff was detected by transthoracic
echocardiogram.
IMAGE 1
21 year old Asian male was referred to our centre for management of cardiac mass incidentally
detected during routine evaluation. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The aetiologic possibilities for chronic periaortitis include neoplasms, infections, trauma,
radiotherapy, surgery, drug intake [methysergide, ergotamine, pergolide, methyldopa, infliximab]
and idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis.
Chronic periaortitis commonly involves the infrarenal abdominal aorta. Idiopathic retroperitoneal
fibrosis, perianeurysmal retroperitoneal fibrosis and inflammatory abdominal aortic aneurysm are
the described clinical presentations under this spectrum. They present as a non–specific systemic
inflammatory disorder. The relatively recent concept of immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4)–related disease,
has led to widespread recognition of retroperitoneal fibrosis as a condition caused by IgG4–related
disease. Involvement of the heart with pseudotumors in IgG4 disease has been described in several
reports.
The neoplasms implicated in chronic periaortitis may be metastatic (e.g., carcinoma of the prostate,
breast, colon) or primary (e.g., Hodgkin's and non–Hodgkin lymphomas, inflammatory
myofibroblastic tumour, liposarcoma). Carcinoids tumours are likely to induce retroperitoneal
fibrosis in the absence of metastases, or primary localisation in the

Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency (AATD)
Background: Alpha–1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) is a genetic disorder that predisposes to
emphysema and liver cirrhosis. We present a unique vascular complication of this syndrome.
Case report: A 47 year–old female with a history of homozygous AATD presented with acute
epigastric pain, near syncope and hypotension. Laboratory tests revealed acute anemia with normal
platelet count and coagulation studies. Abdominal computed tomography angiography detected
hemoperitoneum and hematoma within the gastrohepatic ligament with active extravasation.
Abdominal angiography was suggestive of left gastric aneurysms. Transcatheter arterial
embolization was successfully performed on the proximal left gastric artery to stop the bleeding.
Conclusion: An ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although, gastric artery remained a rare site, it is utmost importance to establish early diagnosis in
order to provide urgent intervention; to prevent lethal consequence. Most patients remain
asymptomatic until aneurysm rupture so the majority of patients present to the hospital with acute
abdominal pain with hemorrhagic shock that requires urgent intervention, including ligation or
embolization by surgical or radiological interventional approaches, as in this patient. Transcatheter
embolization is the preferred method in patients with high surgical risk as in our patient and has a
success rate of 85% 10. Anatomically, the splanchnic arteries are defined as celiac, superior
mesenteric and inferior mesenteric arteries, which arise from abdominal aorta. The gastric artery is a
branch of the celiac artery. Common causes of gastric aneurysm formation include periarterial
inflammation, medial degeneration, and arteriosclerosis

Case Study on Future Scope of Nanorobotics in Medical Field
CASE STUDY ON FUTURE SCOPE OF NANOROBOTICS IN MEDICAL FIELD
2 3 Keshav kumar EE Pawan Garg EC, Prince kumar Teli E 1 2 3 kumarkeshavee@gmail.com
pawangarg14690@gmail.com Princekumart9@gmail.com, Institute of Technology &Management,
Bhilwara 1
ABSTRACT Nanorobotics, just as with all nanotechnology is still in very early stages of
development and as such is largely based within electronic engineering and physics and concerns
micromachining, microelectromechanical systems (MEMS)and Scanning Probe Microscopy
methods. Research into any particular method for creation of nanorobots will largely depend on the
group carrying out the research rather than the subject within which they are based. For instance,
IBM research (gives an idea of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Also macro scale robots or micro robots which can move with nanoscale precision can also be
considered nanorobots. .LIST OF NANOMEDICINE: It is the application of nanotechnology
(engineering of tiny machines) to the prevention and treatment of disease in the human bodies. More
specifically, it is the use of engineered nanodevices and nanostructures to monitor, repair, construct
and control the human biological system on a molecular level. The most elementary of nanomedical
devices will be used in the diagnosis of illnesses. A more advanced use of nanotechnology might
involve implanted devices to dispense drugs or hormones as needed in people with chronic
imbalance
or deficiency states. Lastly, the most advanced nanomedicine involves the use of Nanorobots as
miniature surgeons. Such machines might repair damaged cells, or get inside cells and replace or
assist damaged intracellular structures. At the extreme, nanomachines might replicate themselves, or
correct genetic deficiencies by altering or replacing DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) molecules.
Introduce the device into the body: .The first is that the size of the nanomachine determines the
minimum size of the blood vessel that it can traverse. We want to avoid damaging the walls of
whatever blood vessel the device is in, we also do not want to block it much, which would either
cause a clot to form, or just slow or stop

Causes And Treatment Of Erectile Dysfunction
Causes and Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction
By Michael Guralnik | Submitted On October 28, 2013
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Erectile Dysfunction
It refers to the inability of a male to sustain erection consistently and repeatedly. It is a common
problem and is reported that it affects around 18–30 million men. It exerts considerable effects on
the quality of life. Most of the time people are reluctant to talk about it to others even to doctors.
This is why it is important to address this problem openly.
What are the mechanics of erectile dysfunction?
The penis contains two cylinder–shaped chambers called corpora cavernosa which runs along the
length of the penis. They contain arteries which bring the blood to the penis and veins which take
the blood away from the penis. When there is sexual stimulation either physically or mentally our
brain sends a message to the nerves in the penis to cause the relaxation of the penile arteries. This
increases the blood flow to the penis making it stiff and hard, thus achieving erection.There is
simultaneous contraction of specialized muscles located in the penis which compresses the veins
and reduces the outflow of blood from the

The Pathology Of A Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory Essay
Seth Kahn's (2011), article entitled, "Putting Ethnographic Writing in Context," identifies
ethnography as the study of "relationships, rituals, values, and habits that make people understand
themselves as members of a group." Ethnographers adopt a stance of observation, as well as
participation to better understand the discourse among members within a particular group, or
discourse community (Khan, 2011). This ethnographic research will "connect what community
members know and do, with what they say and how they say it" (Devitt, Bawarshi, & Reiff, 2003).
The purpose of this study is to explore how nurses, working in a cardiac catheterization laboratory,
learn the 'local knowledge' necessary to communicate with a multidisciplinary discourse community
successfully. To protect the identity of participants in this study, the name of the laboratory included
in the study will be identified as the XYZ Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory. Cardiovascular
diseases have long been the leading cause of death in the United States (Narang et al., 2016).
Research predicts the progression of cardiovascular disease will affect forty percent of our
population by the year, 2030 (Narang et al., 2016). Furthermore, research shows that the
cardiovascular workforce is inadequate to meet the rising demands of this patient population
(Narang et al., 2016). In particular, a subset of cardiac nurses, a cardiac catheterization laboratory
nurse is a key member of this cardiovascular workforce.

Symptoms And Treatment Of Heart Attack Essay
HEART ATTACK
Salve Aguilar
West Coast University
Pathophysiology
Dr. Isabelle Tardif
August 7, 2015
Abstract
JH's infection from pneumococcal pneumonia results to inflammation of the capillaries in the
glomeruli affecting the ability of the kidney to filter urine and eliminate wastes.
JH experiences a condition of nephrosis progressing to uremia. He exhibits physical symptoms of
lethargy, low urine output, edema and hyperventilation. His laboratory findings and creatinine also
show elevated BUN and creatinine levels, hyperkalemia which are signs of uremia. Uremia
indicates an accumulation of nitrogenous waste products in the blood stream. Too much of these
wastes are toxic to the body. If uremia is not treated right away it can cause damage to the kidney.
Treatment may include dialysis which filters the wastes out of the blood while the kidneys recover.
His diet has to be modified to low protein diet, restricted sodium and potassium and fluid intakes.
HEART ATTACK
Karen Williams is at highest risk of having heart attack due to her personal and medical
backgrounds. She is 46 years old, African–American woman which according to study published in
England Journal 2009, African– Americans have much higher incidence of heart failure than any
other races, and before age 50 heart failure rate is 20 times higher. She has strong family history of
cardiovascular disease. She lost her father and grandfather from heart attack that increases her risk
of developing

Case Based Approach : Patient Information
Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Chloe McSherry Cardiology in Practice SSC Report – Case
Based Approach Patient Information: The Patient: Patient X was a 77–year–old gentleman who
agreed to speak to me on 26/ 06/16 I wanted to write about patient X as I had watched his
emergency PCI on 22/06/16 I spoke to the patient in CCU whilst his wife was here. This proved
useful as the patient has Alzheimer's disease, and although it is only mild he did struggle to piece
together what actually brought him into hospital. Presenting Complaint: Epigastric Pain History of
Presenting Complaint: Presented to PRI with epigastric pain Was present for around 2 hours before
going to PRI, scored 7/10 in pain scale and had presented very suddenly, the pain did not radiate and
the patient described it as dull and constant The pain was not exaggerated by movement The patient
did not collapse The patient did not experience any nausea or vomiting When questioned the patient
remembered being SOB during the incident The patient denied having any chest or calf pain The
patient claimed he had previously experienced this pain on a number of occasion, but usually it
resolved itself Whilst in hospital the pain worsened and troponin and ECG tests (which originally
were normal) showed signs of a STEMI – raised troponin and ST–elevation suggesting an
anterolateral myocardial infarction Past Medical History: Alzheimer's Disease –

Coronary Artery Disease And Cardiovascular System
The cardiovascular system is one of the most important systems in the body and responsible for the
delivery of oxygen, nutrients and the removal of wastes from cellular and tissue levels. These
products are transported within the blood through an interconnected system of blood vessels
throughout the body with the heart being the power and force to pump it to the body. With the
interaction of the many body systems, the blood is able to be regulated, oxygen and nutrients are
able to get to the tissues and cells, and lastly the waste products are able to be excreted and
removed. The vascular endothelium is very important in the functioning of the cardiovascular
system because of its vast functionality. When the vascular endothelium is in ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The left one supplies blood to the left ventricle and atrium and the right supplies blood to the right
atrium and ventricle. These vessels supply the heart with the oxygen and nutrients that are required
to function and survive (Sanders, Lewis, Quick, & McKenna, 2007, p. 123–124). In the case of an
individual with CAD, the most common cause is atherosclerosis. It is a chronic inflammatory
reaction in the artery walls with deposits of fatty proteins/lipids and cholesterol (Drake, Vogl, &
Mitchell, 2015, p. 27). The inflammatory process is a pathological feature that contributes to the
stages of atherosclerosis. It is initiated by attracting white blood cells such as monocytes and T
lymphocytes to the injury site. The injury site can be caused by risk factors that can contribute to the
disease such as; non–modifiable risk factors that include advanced age, men or women post
menopause, family history or modifiable risk factors that include hypertension, smoking, diabetes
and insulin resistance, obesity, hyperlipidemia and a sedentary lifestyle (Huether & McCance, 2008,
p. 622). The monocytes mature in macrophages and Low–Density Lipoproteins (LDL) begin
oxidisation. Once these LDL's have been oxidised they penetrate the damaged endothelial lining and
gather between the tunica intima and tunica media (two layers of an artery wall), where the
macrophages then engulf the LDL's forming foam cells that accumulate to form lesions called fatty
streaks. With damage to the

Cardiovascular Disease And Heart Disease
According to the American Heart Association, cardiovascular disease or heart disease is one of the
leading causes of death in America. Cardiovascular disease refers to a disease of the heart and/or
blood vessels. It is also known as heart disease. The term cardiovascular disease covers many
conditions and is extremely dangerous. Atherosclerosis is one of the major conditions that falls
under the cardiovascular disease category. Atherosclerosis is a condition that develops when plaque,
made from various substances that circulate in your blood, builds up on the walls of the arteries. The
buildup narrows the arteries and makes it difficult for blood to flow through. The major risks of
atherosclerosis are heart attack or stroke (American Heart Association, n.d.).
A heart attack occurs when the oxygenated blood that typically flows to the heart muscle is severely
reduced or cut off. This happens because the coronary arteries that supply the heart with blood
slowly become narrow from built up plaque. If a piece of plaque breaks off, a blood clot typically
forms around the plaque and the clot can block the blood flow through the heart. When blood flow
is blocked, the muscles of the heart becomes starved for oxygen and nutrients, this is known as
ischemia. Because the body needs oxygen to carry out vital life processes, ischemia can cause
damage or death to parts of the heart muscles. When damage occurs it is called a heart attack or
myocardial infarction (American Heart

Risks for Heart Disease
All families in the world have their own personal family risk factors pertaining to their health. These
risk factors come from generations that are then sometimes passed down to the newer generations of
the family. Some of these risk factors that families have could be diseases or cancers that can
unfortunately take one's life to soon because it attacks their body a certain way and causes it to shut
down. But, many families could possibly overcome these risk factors they may have by changing
their life styles and not following in the steps of earlier generations. My family risk factor, heart
disease, will be discussed through the risk factor, how life style might play a role in the risk factor,
what can be done to help lower the chances ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Knowing that I have a risk for developing heart disease I must focus on maintaining good health
throughout my body because I do not want any chance of developing cardiovascular disease. Also, I
am sure many people wonder if they had been healthy and active, if they still would have developed
heart disease. I wish I knew if my grandfather had lived a healthy and active life style with a low
stress environment job, if he still would have developed heart disease because even if I do live a
good lifestyle, the disease could be in my genes and develop just because it was passed down like
other things are passed down through genes. Within my family lifestyles there are factors that might
lead to eventually developing heart disease. The way my family eats is not very good at all because
we eat fast food almost every night and sometimes we even have it twice a day. This kind of food is
high in sodium and having too much sodium could cause problems to other parts of our bodies. My
parents both have high blood pressure, but it is controlled with medication. I myself have started to
have problems with my blood pressure, where doctors put me on medication if it gets beyond a
certain point because they are worried that I am only 18 and not over weight. I have also had to get
an

Why T Tube Did Not Impair Arterial Oxygenation Essay
When T–tube and CPAP were compared in the Study (108), it showed that use of T–tube did not
impair arterial oxygenation. Further it showed that extubation with T–tube could be superior to
CPAP when the pattern of change in PaO2/FiO2 was taken into consideration to predict extubation
outcome. The PaO2/FiO2 showed an initial decline and then increasing trend in case of T–tube
whereas it had a declining trend in CPAP group. Study by Cekmen N et al. had contrary result
showing the number of unsuccessful weaning being higher in T–tube group as compared to CPAP
group. However the hemodynamic parameters and arterial blood gases analysis was comparable
within and in between CPAP and T–tube group (113).
K Manjush et al. did a prospective, observational study on 75 patients to evaluate weaning trials in
relation with mean arterial pressure, RR, arterial blood gases and successful extubation. The
comparison was done between PS, T–tube and CPAP. Based on their study it was concluded that the
observed parameters were comparable with no significant difference between the effects of PS,
CPAP and T–tube trials (p>0.05) (114).
However there appears to be no difference in both the percentage of patients who pass SBT or the
percentage of patients successfully extubated when a T–tube is compared with the use of low level
of PSV such as 5–7 cm H2O (63,115).
In a large multicenter randomized controlled trial, although the proportion of patients failing the
SBT with T–tube was higher that

Pathological Consideration Of Acute Chest Pain Essay
PATHOLOGICAL CONSIDERATION OF ACUTE CHEST PAIN
Chest pain is among the most every now and again assessed introducing complaints in the
emergency department (ED). Diagnostic etiologies range from benign to life–debilitating. Inability
to diagnose the life–debilitating chest emergencies can prompt to catastrophic medical and legal
results for the patient and physician separately (Boie, 2005).
The first approach to assessing chest pain incorporates excluding life threatening reasons, which for
the most part incorporate (1)coronary artery disease (Kettunen and Talvensaari ,2009) (2)acute
aortic syndrome (AAS) (3)pulmonary embolism (PE) (4)esophageal rupture (5)tension
pneumothorax and (6)pericardial tamponade (Butler and Swencki, 2006). I–Pathology of Pulmonary
embolism (PE):
As the third most common reason of cardiovascular death after myocardial ischemia and stroke,
pulmonary embolism (PE) is a conceivably fatal condition connected with significant morbidity and
mortality (Araoz et al., 2007).
PE and DVT are two clinical presentations of venous thrombo–embolism and offer the same
predisposing factors. In many cases PE is a result of DVT (Pitts et al., 2008).
Thrombi generally form in the deep veins of the calf and after that propagate into the proximal
veins, including and above the popliteal veins, from which they will properly embolize. Around
79% of patients who present with pulmonary embolism have

Bodily Systems Assignment : Digestive System
Bodily Systems Assignment
Digestive System
1. Gluten is a protein that is found present in many grains. It is made up of two proteins, gliadin and
glutenin. Gliadin is the part of gluten that some people cannot tolerate. Some natural food sources
that contain gluten are pasta, cous cous, bread, cookies, cakes, muffins, and crackers. Some
alternative food products or grains for individuals that cannot tolerate gluten are buckwheat, corn,
quinoa, and rice.
2. Some common symptoms that may indicate celiac disease are bloating, diarrhea, constipation,
weight loss or gain, fatigue, or depression. Two diagnostic tests for this disease are an endoscopic
biopsy, which is a tube with a camera on the end that is used to view your digestive tract and ...
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Meaning your airways become slightly swollen and blocked. Although smoking causes 80% of
cases of COPD some other causes of COPD are air pollution, repeated lung infections, and second
hand smoke. Smoking causes damage to all of the other systems in our body too. It affects the
respiratory system by causing permanent damage to your lungs. It affects the circulatory system by
raising your blood pressure and heart rate. Smoking also causes gum disease.
3. Cystic fibrosis causes thick and sticky mucus to form in the lungs. The mucus blocks a persons
airways and making it harder for them to breathe and ultimately causes lung damage. Treatment for
cystic fibrosis includes digestive enzyme supplements, medication, and physical therapy. Getting
treatment early is the key to improving your quality of life and your lifespan. People with cystic
fibrosis have a shorter than normal life expectancy, and today usually live well into there 30's and
40's.
Cardiovascular System
1. Angina is when your heart does not get enough blood and oxygen due to a blockage of one of
more of the hearts arteries. Angina is said to be a warning signal as it can lead to a heart attack,
cardiac arrest or sudden cardiac death. Angina is a warning sign that you need to stop what you are
doing and rest.
2. Atherosclerosis is the hardening or narrowing of the arteries. It develops when the lining inside
our arteries, called the endothelium, is

The Cardiovascular System ( Mm / Hg )
Introduction: The cardiovascular system is composed of the blood, the blood vessels, and the heart.
The cardiovascular system serves to transport nutrients, hormones, and oxygen and remove carbon
dioxide. Blood is slightly basic and is usually 7.4 pH. In the blood, carbon dioxide is in equilibrium
with carbonic acid. This means that the more carbon dioxide in the blood, the more acidic the blood
is. The reason the carbon dioxide is removed is to keep the blood from becoming too acidic.
Oxygen, in the blood, binds to hemoglobin (Saladin, K.). This allows oxygen to be delivered
throughout the entire body. The blood experiences resistance in the blood vessels. The higher the
resistance, the harder the heart has to pump to get the blood to ... Show more content on
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When hyperventilation occurs, more carbon dioxide is released, which makes the blood more basic,
but when hypoventilation occurs, less carbon dioxide is released, which causes the blood to become
more acidic. Exercise causes the blood to become more acidic because of glucose breakdown. Two
of the products of glucose catabolism are carbon dioxide and water. The carbon dioxide causes the
blood to become more acidic. Three hypothesis were formed based on the above information. The
first hypothesis was that heart rate and blood pressure will rise as gravity opposes blood movement.
The next hypothesis was that heart rate will increase during and immediately after exercise and then
return to the resting level. The final hypothesis was, during inspiration, the heart rate will be lower
than in expiration.
Methods: The methods outlined in Biopac Student Lab Manual were followed for lessons 5, 6, 7,
12, 13, and 16. The subject for lessons 5, 6, 12, and 13 was a twenty year old, seventy inch tall male,
weighing one–hundred and sixty–five pounds. The subject for lessons 7 and 16 was a nineteen year
old, sixty–four inch female, weighing one–hundred and thirty–five pounds.
Results:Table 1 shows that the subjects mean bpm was highest after exercise (start of recording) at
88.20 BPM and lowest while sitting and breathing regularly at 60.97 BPM. The range of BPM was
also the largest after exercise (start of recording) at 74.07–135.14 BPM. Table 2

The Cardiovascular System From The National Nutrition Of...
This paper will examine the possible consequences on the cardiovascular system from the national
nutrition of Kazakhstan. I choose this topic for research since I have the personal interest in the food
I eat and I am contemplating the disciplines in medicine, particularly cardiology or cardio surgery.
So, choosing this topic might enhance my knowledge in these areas that can help me to stand out
from other candidates. Moreover, during my work experience in a cardiology center, I had many
questions but they still have not answered yet, hence doing this project I am planning to find the
answers for them. My first and the main question was the reason the Kazakh nation has tremendous
problems with the heart health. Another one was why most of the patients lying in the clinic are
males who are in age and overweight. These questions seem to be obvious but it was before I went
to do A–level and I can say that I knew nothing about the heart. Although, now I have broad
knowledge about this topic I want to extend them and imply it to my culture and traditions.
Therefore, I proposed a hypothesis – "Kazakh national food has a deleterious effect on the
cardiovascular system and it is the major cause of death from the cardiovascular diseases". So, the
purpose of this research is to confirm or refute this hypothesis and try to identify to what extent
traditional meals influence the development of cardiovascular diseases.
The heart and circulatory system make up the cardiovascular system.

Rivulets: A Fictional Narrative
Amy stopped to pull her water bottle from her pack, downing the rest of it. She stuffed the bottle
back in, next to her full back–up bottle. "I'm happy there don't seem to be other hikers, but damn is
it hot," said Catherine, hoisting herself up to sit on a path–side boulder, "Let's rest again." "Again?"
Amy asked, "It's not even hot, Cath." She walked up to where Catherine sat, putting her hands on
the other woman's open knees and standing between them. "Yes, again. I'm tired," Catherine
whined, trying to feign a pout but smiling, "and I'm not nearly as in shape as you." Amy laughed,
"Fine, I have to pee anyways." Catherine leaned forward, kissing Amy's forehead. "Watch out for
poison ivy!" she called out as Amy stepped off the path ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The adrenaline in her system made her forget about her calf, the blood streaming from the wound in
rivulets. It also made her forget about the trail, which she ran away from for ten minutes before she
realized her mistake. Going back the way she came wasn't an option. Hands on knees, she bent,
trying to catch her breath and gain her bearings. Before she turned to head in the direction she hoped
the path was, she noticed the wet feel of her foot, and looked down. The formerly white sock
peeking up over the top of her boot was red, and the pain hit her suddenly, now that she was so
boldly confronted with it. Catherine bit back the groan climbing up her throat, and turned her leg to
look at the bite itself. Two dripping, thick crescents encircled her calf, outlined by dark bruising.
Drying streams of blood made their way down her leg and into her boot, staining the sock. The
exposed flesh where the coyote's teeth had torn into was red around the edges, but a dark pink with
the visible bunches of muscle. She dry–heaved at the sight of it, and tears began to run down her
face. After a few deep breaths, she gritted her teeth and began to run again, though slower

Hot Tub Mystery Answers
Hot Tub Mystery Answers
Part I 1) The paramedics on the scene observed empty bottles of wine around the perimeter of the
hot tub. The bodies of Mr. and Mrs. Underhill lie at the bottom of the tub which had a noticeably
above average temperature. The couple was determined to have been dead long before the
paramedics arrived. It was also mentioned that Mr. Underhill had taken Lasix before entering the
hot tub. 2) Based on these observations the investigators should ask the maid why the hot tub was at
an unsafe temperature. Other areas of concern include the medication Mr. Underhill was on, what
time the maid got home, and how long the Underhill's had been dead upon arrival. 3) The assumed
physiological effects of this scenario ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Part II 1) I believe that the Underhill's died prior to them going under the water. I assume the
couple's death was due to dehydration caused by the high water temperature and further affected by
the consumption of alcohol. Alcohol potentially effected the couples' decision making causing them
to increase their level of dehydration by staying in the hot tub longer than prescribed. 2) Under the
effects of Lasix Mr. Underhill's body was prevented from absorbing to much salt, which instead was
directed straight to the urine quickening the process of dehydration in the body. 3) Blood alcohol
content is the concentration of alcohol in one's bloodstream. Blood alcohol content is used to
determine whether a person is legally intoxicated or not. 4) The general effects of alcohol on the
brain are blurred vision, weakened motor skills, blurred vision, slurred speech, slowed reaction
times and impaired memory. In the liver alcohol causes fat deposits to develop in the liver and cause
inflammation even eventually liver disease. Similarly, in the pancreas prolonged use can cause
inflammation which yields vomiting, fever, weight loss, and is potentially fatal. Lastly, in the
kidneys alcohol can increase the risk of high blood pressure developing in chronic kidney disease.
5) The human body metabolizes 1oz of alcohol every hour. 6) According to BAC charts

Clinical Case Report On John Smith Essay
Clinical Case Report on John Smith
Day 1
John Smith a 62–year–old male doesn't exercise, weight gain increased significantly after
retirement. Has been a smoker for a long time. Height is 175 cm and weight is 160 kg. Blood
pressure (BP) 150/90, and body temperature 37.6oC.
1. "Reducing Risk in Heart Disease" (2012) indicate John has dyslipidaemia as low–density
lipoprotein (LDL) levels of 5.6 mmol/L are above recommendation of 1.0 mmol/L and an increase
of triglycerides (5.7) which should be <2.0. High LDL and low HDL are strong indicators for
coronary risk. High triglycerides and total cholesterol level (9.4 mmol/L) is associated with
coronary heart disease.
2. Risk factors include smoking as it increases coronary heart disease and accompanies the increase
of LDL and decrease in HDL. Contributes to damage of the blood vessel endothelial lining,
inflammation and thrombosis.
Hypertension increases the risk by 2–3 times as it leads to the constriction of blood vessels and
prevent adequate blood flow. Overweightness and sedentary lifestyle contributes to dyslipidaemia
and altered fat metabolism which decrease HDL and increase BP (Heather & Buckley, 2015, P.598).
Emotional and physical stress from the passing of his friend would increase the production of
cortisol and promote dyslipidaemia. Excessive amount of LDL promotes atherosclerosis as the
deposit of lipid forms plaque. (Heather & Buckley, 2015, p. 597).
3.
1. John has excessive LDL and minimal HDL. Risk factors

A Brief Note On Sepsis And Septic Shock
SEPSIS/SEPTIC SHOCK – 2013
Pathophysiology questions (50 points)
Adv Nursing questions (85 points)
Pharmacology (30 points)
1. Discuss the magnitude of bacteremia and sepsis in hospitalized patients and the relationship
between these two diagnoses. (5 points)
Septic shock is the leading cause of death for patients in intensive care units and is the final stage in
a continuum of infectious and inflammatory processes. This continuum begins with bacteremia,
which is the presence of bacteria in the blood. Normally the body's immune system can fight off a
localized infection caused by a small amount of bacteria in the blood and the person will remain
asymptomatic. However, a hospitalized patient could be immunocompromised, have a ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The systemic inflammatory response is the next step in the continuum and is a nonspecific
inflammatory state that may be seen with an infection. Sepsis is the presence of the systemic
inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) with evidence of infection. As the bacteria invade the
bloodstream, they release endotoxins that damage the endothelial cell lining and impair the vascular
system, coagulation mechanism, and immune system. These endotoxins also trigger the immune and
inflammatory responses, which results in the activation of macrophages and CD4 cells that release
proinflammatory cytokines to create a systemic inflammatory response to the pathogen.
Hospitalized patients may quickly progress from bacteremia to sepsis and finally to septic shock,
even with treatment.
2. What are the risk factors for infection and development of septic shock? Identify those that
applied to Mr. Roberts. (5 points)
Risk factors for infection can be anything that suppresses the ability of the host to resist the
infectious pathogen, including the following: drugs, such as steroids and chemotherapy; disorders
that affect the innate and adaptive immune responses, such as cancer, leukopenia, and HIV/AIDS;
and a breakdown of the first line of defense, such a trauma, broken skin, or surgical wounds.
Patients are at risk for developing sepsis and septic shock if they are very old or very young and
have and inability to fight off the infection. Some other risk factors for the

Human Body Continuously Need Blood Supply Essay
Human body continuously need blood supply to the cell in order to deliver oxygen and nutrient to
the cells and carrying out carbon dioxide out of the cell. In order to have good perfusion in tissue, a
person has to have good cardiac health and patent vessels. Edema also affect tissue perfusion. There
are many reasons that disturbed the normal flow of blood like ECG rhythm, congestive heart failure,
hypertension, gestational hypertension, mitral valve prolapse, coronary artery disease, and
peripheral vascular disease, which are also the exemplars of perfusion. There are many risk factors
that can be modified to prevent the perfusion problem.
Blood pressure greater than 140/90 is known as hypertension. Excessive sodium intake,
hyperlipidemia, obesity, diabetes, extreme tobacco and alcohol use, over activity of sympathetic
nervous system, and over production of sodium retaining hormones and vasoconstriction substances
are major contributing factors of hypertension. Heredity, age, and gender are also the risk factors for
hypertension (Bucher & Dirksen, 2014). Hypertension is one of the most underlying cause of
impaired perfusion. High blood pressure for long period of time can shore up smooth muscles of
artery as a result of building up the strength through hypertrophy and hyperplasia, which results in
decrease size of arterial lumen. In older adult, the wall of artery become thick and hard due to above
contributing factors that I mention. This alter vasomotor tone and blood

Anatomy Practical Review Essay
1. Name the circulatory system that carries blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart.
Correct: pulmonary circulation 2. Name the circulatory system that provides blood to the tissues in
the body.
Correct: systemic circulation
1. Name the structure that is a double fold of peritoneum between the lesser curvature of the
stomach and liver.
Correct: Lesser omentum 2. Name the structure that is a double fold of peritoneum and holds the
colon to the abdominal wall.
Correct: Mesocolon
3. Name the structure that is a double fold of peritoneum and holds the small intestine to the
Correct: Mesentery 4. Name the structure that attaches the liver to the diaphragm.
Correct: Coronary ligament ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Correct: Splenic Vein & Superior Mesenteric 30. The inferior phrenic arteries supply blood directly
to the____.
Correct: Diaphragm 31. The Splenic Artery supplies blood directly to the ____.
Correct: Spleen 32. The Proper Hepatic Artery supplies blood directly to the ____.
Correct: Liver 33. The Cystic Artery supplies blood directly to the ____.
Correct: Gall Bladder 34. The Superior Mesenteric Artery supplies blood directly to the ____
Small Intestine & Ascending Colon 35. The inferior mesenteric arteries supply blood directly to the
____.
Correct: Descending Colon 36. The Renal Arteries supply blood directly to the ____.
Correct: Kidneys 37. The Gonadal Arteries supply blood directly to the ____.
Correct: Testes/Ovaries 38. Blood in the internal thoracic arteries flows directly into the _____.
Correct: Anterior Intercostal Arteries 39. Blood in the Descending/Thoracic Aorta flows directly
into the _____.
Correct: Posterior Intercostal Arteries 40. Blood in the Azygous Vein flows directly into the _____.
Correct: Superior Vena Cava 41. Blood in the Hemiazygous Vein flows directly into the _____.
Correct: Azygous Vein 42. Blood in the Anterior Intercostal veins flows directly into the _____.
Correct: Internal Thoracic Veins 43. Blood in the Right Posterior Intercostal Veins flows directly
into the _____.
Correct: Azygous Vein 44. Blood flows from the

An Herbal Supplement Essay
Hawthorn is an herbal supplement that has been effectively used to treat various chronic and acute
diseases in individuals, but the most commonly used treatment has been for those who suffer from
heart conditions. Hawthorn belongs to the rosaceae family and can be found in various regions all
over the world, such as Europe, Asia, and North America (Wang, Xiong, & Feng, 2013). In both
eastern and western medicine, the berries, leaves, and flowers of Hawthorn have been used in
treating diseases that have been associated with the cardiovascular system. Various parts of the plant
have been utilized to treat these heart conditions in humans by using the extracts of the plant to
make capsules that are ingested or even using the leaves of Hawthorn to make tea. Several in vivo
and in vitro studies have been conducted to determine the effectiveness that Hawthorn has in
improving cardiovascular function by vasodilating blood vessels, decreasing arterial blood pressure,
and lipid lowering effects (Wang, Xiong, & Feng, 2013). Hawthorn is also known to contain
chemical constituents that have disease fighting properties that may help in the treatment of heart
disease and fight free radical oxidation (Tassell, Kingston, Gilroy, Lehane, & Furey, 2010). The
importance of Hawthorn in the treatment of cardiovascular disease, may provide individuals with
this condition a safe and natural alternative to the current medications they are taking. The
effectiveness of Hawthorn in the treatment of

Heart and Stone Therapy Essay example
322
Apply stone therapy massage
322
Apply stone therapy massage
By Lucy Barnett
By Lucy Barnett
Task 1a * The importance of carrying out a detailed body analysis & relevant tests is so that
you can pick up on any posture faults, avoid any areas which may be contra indicated and you are
able to give them information on ways to improve their posture. It is important to carry out relevant
tests such as cold or hot and sharp and blunt so that you are sure the client can feel the difference.
This also prevents you from harming your client if they can feel something within the treatment
which feels painful. * The importance of positioning the client correctly so they are as comfortable
as possible and you aren't causing ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Marble stones: cold stone, made from limestone should be recharged by leaving in
sunlight/moonlight or burying in the earth overnight
Marine stones: cold stone, made from sedimentary rock should be recharged by leaving in
sunlight/moonlight or burying in the earth overnight. Semi–precious stones: can be used hot or cold,
gem stones, usually used for shakra placing. Should be recharged; with reiki energy, leaving in
sunlight/moonlight and cleansing in a bowl with other crystals.
Physical and physiological effects of hot and cold stones:
Effects of hot stones 1 * Vaso–dilation – the blood vessels widen, bringing blood to areas of the
body ie skin * Increased circulation – more oxygenated blood circulating * Increased metabolism –
speeds up the rate of nutrients being utilised * Increased pulse rate – helps the heart pump efficiently
* Increased cell metabolism – speeds up the process of manufacturing new cells * Increased lymph
function – speeds up the removal of toxins and waste * Relaxes the muscles – enables the therapist
to work on the muscles without causing discomfort to the client * Reduces muscle tension * Relaxes
the mind * Different emotions may cause some clients to feel upset.
Effects of cold stones 1 * Vaso–constriction – the blood vessels narrow, taking blood away from
areas of the body, ie skin * Analgesic effect – natural pain relief

Homeostatic Imbalances Essay

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Homeostatic Imbalances Essay