This document provides an overview of COVID-19 and hand sanitizers. It discusses how alcohol-based sanitizers kill viruses and bacteria. Common household sanitizers like soap, bleach, and hydrogen peroxide are effective against the coronavirus. Homemade sanitizers can be created with isopropyl alcohol and aloe vera. Proper use and safety precautions are important to avoid irritation and poisoning. Global COVID-19 statistics and symptoms are presented. Basic prevention tips include hand washing and physical distancing.
6 what can you do in your clinic to prevent contamination and cross infectionaakaricls
WHY YOU NEED TO DO THIS COURSE?
You are doctors and are well aware about current scenario. You are even taking adequate care. Then why you should do this course?
1. Friends this course aims to provide general guidance and information on how to prevent the spread of COVID-19 in the workplace, to enable staff to return to work safely while keeping the risk of contamination as low as possible.
2. It also provides ideas on how to protect mental well-being during the pandemic.
3. All General Practitioners, Consultants owning their own workplace and Freelancing Consultants can get information on how to take care while restarting medical practice,
4. Happy Doctor Foundation always helps doctors. And you will agree with us that a doctor is at MORE RISK AND IS MORE VULNERABLE TO GET INFECTION! So the more you learn, more you become wise. Isn’t it?
5. Do you know that your family’s health depends on HOW WELL YOU PROTECT YOURSELF?
6. You have nothing to lose by undergoing these course modules, so why not give it a try?
DISINFECTANTS are chemical agents that inhibit or kill microorganisms (surgical apparatus, periphery of the patient, and the objects used by the patient).
Disinfection It is the application of chemicals to destroy most pathogenic organisms on inanimate surfaces
Can be accomplished by application of chemical agents, use of physical agents (ionizing radiation) dry or moist heat, superheated steam(autoclave, 120̊ C)
idela surfactant
effective at room temperature,
noncorrosive and nontoxic,
inexpensive,
capable of killing the vegetative form of all pathogenic organisms,
require limited time of exposure
Hands, whether gloved or ungloved, are one of the main ways of spreading infection or for transferring microbial contamination. All you need to know in times of corona virus
Production of Hand Sanitizer. Profitable Business Ideas in Hand Sanitizer Manufacturing Plant.
Hand sanitizer may be a liquid, gel, or foam usually won’t to decrease infectious agents on the hands. In most settings, hand washing with soap and water is usually most popular. Hand sanitizer is a smaller amount effective at killing bound kinds of germs, such as nor virus and clostridium tough and unlike soap and water, it cannot take away harmful chemicals. Individuals may incorrectly wipe off hand sanitizer before it's dried and a few are less effective because their alcohol concentrations are too low.
Hand sanitizers will now be found within the entrances to nursing homes and hospitals and in many public washrooms. We have a tendency to all know the importance of correct hand-washing in reducing harmful germ transmission. However, there are times once there's no access to soap and water or not enough time to clean thoroughly.
For More Details, Click Here: - https://niir.org/profile-project-reports/profiles/business-ideas-after-covid-breakdown/z,,e3,0,a/index.html
Contact us
Niir Project Consultancy Services
An ISO 9001:2015 Company
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Website: www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
All You Wanted to Know About DisinfectantsEuroblastme
Know about different disinfectants and Disinfection Service with information about disinfectant spray, disinfectant surface spray and disinfectant machine.
6 what can you do in your clinic to prevent contamination and cross infectionaakaricls
WHY YOU NEED TO DO THIS COURSE?
You are doctors and are well aware about current scenario. You are even taking adequate care. Then why you should do this course?
1. Friends this course aims to provide general guidance and information on how to prevent the spread of COVID-19 in the workplace, to enable staff to return to work safely while keeping the risk of contamination as low as possible.
2. It also provides ideas on how to protect mental well-being during the pandemic.
3. All General Practitioners, Consultants owning their own workplace and Freelancing Consultants can get information on how to take care while restarting medical practice,
4. Happy Doctor Foundation always helps doctors. And you will agree with us that a doctor is at MORE RISK AND IS MORE VULNERABLE TO GET INFECTION! So the more you learn, more you become wise. Isn’t it?
5. Do you know that your family’s health depends on HOW WELL YOU PROTECT YOURSELF?
6. You have nothing to lose by undergoing these course modules, so why not give it a try?
DISINFECTANTS are chemical agents that inhibit or kill microorganisms (surgical apparatus, periphery of the patient, and the objects used by the patient).
Disinfection It is the application of chemicals to destroy most pathogenic organisms on inanimate surfaces
Can be accomplished by application of chemical agents, use of physical agents (ionizing radiation) dry or moist heat, superheated steam(autoclave, 120̊ C)
idela surfactant
effective at room temperature,
noncorrosive and nontoxic,
inexpensive,
capable of killing the vegetative form of all pathogenic organisms,
require limited time of exposure
Hands, whether gloved or ungloved, are one of the main ways of spreading infection or for transferring microbial contamination. All you need to know in times of corona virus
Production of Hand Sanitizer. Profitable Business Ideas in Hand Sanitizer Manufacturing Plant.
Hand sanitizer may be a liquid, gel, or foam usually won’t to decrease infectious agents on the hands. In most settings, hand washing with soap and water is usually most popular. Hand sanitizer is a smaller amount effective at killing bound kinds of germs, such as nor virus and clostridium tough and unlike soap and water, it cannot take away harmful chemicals. Individuals may incorrectly wipe off hand sanitizer before it's dried and a few are less effective because their alcohol concentrations are too low.
Hand sanitizers will now be found within the entrances to nursing homes and hospitals and in many public washrooms. We have a tendency to all know the importance of correct hand-washing in reducing harmful germ transmission. However, there are times once there's no access to soap and water or not enough time to clean thoroughly.
For More Details, Click Here: - https://niir.org/profile-project-reports/profiles/business-ideas-after-covid-breakdown/z,,e3,0,a/index.html
Contact us
Niir Project Consultancy Services
An ISO 9001:2015 Company
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Website: www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
All You Wanted to Know About DisinfectantsEuroblastme
Know about different disinfectants and Disinfection Service with information about disinfectant spray, disinfectant surface spray and disinfectant machine.
SHBAN Antimicrobial Solution is persistent long lasting and effective up to 3-4 hours vs. alcohol based gel products that have a 30 second killing time after which alcohol gel is no longer effective.
Due to SHBAN’s new patented hydroxyl ion high PH factor, microbes are thwarted from building resistance to SHBAN Antimicrobial Solution.
SHBAN Antimicrobial Solution further reduces administrative costs from a maintenance standpoint due to 1) staff not being required to wash hands as often and 2) dispensers are changed out or refilled less frequently due to higher application rate per container.
Aditional Uses:
Surgical Use: Surgical spray, swabs and wipes for skin sanitizing preparation prior to surgery, closed wound or surgical site dressing
Oral Use: Gargle Mouthwash-cures gingivitis & periodontal disease, canker sores, sore throat
Gynecological Use: Feminine douche – eliminates odor, candida, feminine itch, will thwart transmission of HIV from male sperm if used prior to unprotected sex
Nasal Use: Sinus infections, ear infections, use in mucus membranes prior to meeting large public crowds, will thwart the inhalation of viruses via the nasal cavity.
Wound Healing: Cools and soothes 1st degree burns, helps improve healing of 2nd and 3rd degree burns after debridement of wounds.
Bug Bites: Stops mosquito bite itching, ant bite inflammation
Veterinarian Uses: gingivitis & periodontal disease & dog mouth odor
Hot spots on animal skin, wound dressing
Poultry Farming: Pen sanitation to prevent H1N5 Influenza A (Avian Bird Flu)
Hand sanitizer use protection & risk during the covid 19 pandemicVeeprho Laboratories
Background:
Due to the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA or Agency) issued guidance to communicate its policy for the temporary compounding of certain alcohol-based hand sanitizer products. The virus has been named “SARS-CoV-2” and the disease it causes has been named “Coronavirus Disease 2019” (COVID19). SARS-CoV-2 has demonstrated the capability to spread rapidly, leading to significant impacts on healthcare systems and causing societal disruption. Hand hygiene is an important part to control COVID-19. Washing hands often with soap and water for at least 20 seconds is essential, If soap and water are not readily available, then use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer.
An infographic showing steps on preventing, treatment of the indoor environment, and disinfection of the Coronavirus. Big Red Singapore uses Ox-Bio chemicals to decontaminate your indoor environment which is safe to humans but deadly to viruses.
There is currently no vaccine to prevent 2019-nCoV infection as of 3 February 2020.
Chemical Disinfection is a topic under Public Health Dentistry which focuses on various methods and agents that can be used for disinfection of instruments, equipments and other substances used in Dental clinics and other fields of Dentistry.
Sterilization /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Sterilization and disinfection of orthodontic instruments /certified fixed or...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Infection control in prosthodonticscs abhaydixit17
infection control measures important as procedure important, we should follow all the protocol which gives proper sterilization and aseptic condition.
now a days implant surgery is most common daily practices done by the dentist in the clinics and it becomes more critical to have a sound knowledge about infection control.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
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SHBAN Antimicrobial Solution is persistent long lasting and effective up to 3-4 hours vs. alcohol based gel products that have a 30 second killing time after which alcohol gel is no longer effective.
Due to SHBAN’s new patented hydroxyl ion high PH factor, microbes are thwarted from building resistance to SHBAN Antimicrobial Solution.
SHBAN Antimicrobial Solution further reduces administrative costs from a maintenance standpoint due to 1) staff not being required to wash hands as often and 2) dispensers are changed out or refilled less frequently due to higher application rate per container.
Aditional Uses:
Surgical Use: Surgical spray, swabs and wipes for skin sanitizing preparation prior to surgery, closed wound or surgical site dressing
Oral Use: Gargle Mouthwash-cures gingivitis & periodontal disease, canker sores, sore throat
Gynecological Use: Feminine douche – eliminates odor, candida, feminine itch, will thwart transmission of HIV from male sperm if used prior to unprotected sex
Nasal Use: Sinus infections, ear infections, use in mucus membranes prior to meeting large public crowds, will thwart the inhalation of viruses via the nasal cavity.
Wound Healing: Cools and soothes 1st degree burns, helps improve healing of 2nd and 3rd degree burns after debridement of wounds.
Bug Bites: Stops mosquito bite itching, ant bite inflammation
Veterinarian Uses: gingivitis & periodontal disease & dog mouth odor
Hot spots on animal skin, wound dressing
Poultry Farming: Pen sanitation to prevent H1N5 Influenza A (Avian Bird Flu)
Hand sanitizer use protection & risk during the covid 19 pandemicVeeprho Laboratories
Background:
Due to the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA or Agency) issued guidance to communicate its policy for the temporary compounding of certain alcohol-based hand sanitizer products. The virus has been named “SARS-CoV-2” and the disease it causes has been named “Coronavirus Disease 2019” (COVID19). SARS-CoV-2 has demonstrated the capability to spread rapidly, leading to significant impacts on healthcare systems and causing societal disruption. Hand hygiene is an important part to control COVID-19. Washing hands often with soap and water for at least 20 seconds is essential, If soap and water are not readily available, then use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer.
An infographic showing steps on preventing, treatment of the indoor environment, and disinfection of the Coronavirus. Big Red Singapore uses Ox-Bio chemicals to decontaminate your indoor environment which is safe to humans but deadly to viruses.
There is currently no vaccine to prevent 2019-nCoV infection as of 3 February 2020.
Chemical Disinfection is a topic under Public Health Dentistry which focuses on various methods and agents that can be used for disinfection of instruments, equipments and other substances used in Dental clinics and other fields of Dentistry.
Sterilization /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Sterilization and disinfection of orthodontic instruments /certified fixed or...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Infection control in prosthodonticscs abhaydixit17
infection control measures important as procedure important, we should follow all the protocol which gives proper sterilization and aseptic condition.
now a days implant surgery is most common daily practices done by the dentist in the clinics and it becomes more critical to have a sound knowledge about infection control.
Similar to holiday assignment science covid ppt.pptx (20)
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
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This document describes the acute management of AV block.
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Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
2. CONTENTSOFTHIS PRESENTATION
1. A slide structure based on COVID-19 (Coronavirus disease-2019)
2. An assortment of data and thesis about the effects of sanitizers and
precautions to be taken in consideration.
3. General statistical data, symptoms and information about novel coronavirus
disease.
4. Commonly used household sanitisers.
5. Step by step guide to make a sanitiser at home.
3. TABLEOFCONTENTS
The effect of sanitisers on
living and non living bodies.
01
Section1
Common household sanitisers
Section2
Precautions to be considered
while using sanitizers
Section3
02
03
04
Section4
General overview
6. Pathogensandviruses
Howdoes itwork?
The key ingredient in most hand
sanitizers is alcohol. Alcohols destroy
disease-causing agents, or pathogens,
by breaking apart proteins, splitting cells
into pieces or damaging a cell's
metabolism, according to a 2014 review
published in the journal Clinical
Microbiology Reviews.
Howmuchisneeded?
Solutions with as little as 30% alcohol
have some pathogen-killing ability, and
the effectiveness increases with
increasing alcohol concentration. Studies
have shown that alcohol kills a more
broad variety
of bacteria and viruses when the
concentration exceeds 60%, and it works
faster as the concentration increases. But
the effectiveness of alcohol seems to
top out at about a 90-95%
concentration.
Thepluspoint
Another strength of alcohol is that
the bacteria it kills don't develop a
resistance to it, so alcohol doesn't lose
effectiveness with continued use.
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7. HUMANSKINCELLS
Residue
Sanitisers do not clean or get rid
of any grease or dirt that may be
on your hands nor does it clean
food residue on your fingers
Dryness
Alcohol in hand sanitizers irritates and
dries out the skin. This makes it
susceptible to cracks and contact
dermatitis.
Allergies
Some ‘alcohol free’ hand sanitizers use triclosan
instead of alcohol. This product is used in cleaning
agents and in pesticides. It can penetrate in the
skin layers and cause allergic reactions.
NaturalBarriers
Hand sanitizers contain over 60% of alcohol,
which breaks down the essential proteins and
lipids on the skin, thus weakening its natural
ability to fight outside infections.
13. SoapandWater
TheHow…
The soap removes the viral particles
that have attached themselves to
surfaces whether it’s your hands, face or
countertops and suspends them in the
water, so they can be washed away.
Theplus+point
Most of the cleaning
products we call soap are
actually detergents that not
only remove the germs from
surfaces, but also kill them.
TheWhy….
The virus has an outside coating, and
the stuff inside DNA or RNA is what
actually causes the disease. For a
virus, that coating is a protein, and
the soap or detergent break up that
coating, thereby killing the virus
Theother+pluspoint
Soap is effective in cleaning
grime and grease that
sanitisers cannot remove and
disinfect
14. Bleach
Bleach is very effective at
killing the coronavirus, as
well as virtually every
other germ on the face of
the planet
the CDC formula for making a
diluted bleach solution: Use 5
tablespoons (1/3 cup) of bleach
in one gallon of water or 4
teaspoons of bleach in one
quart of water.
its active ingredient sodium
hypochlorite is effective in killing
bacteria, fungi and viruses,
including influenza virus – but it
is easily inactivated by organic
material.
Diluted household bleach
disinfects within 10–60
minutes contact time. is
widely available at a low
cost, and is recommended
for surface disinfection in
health-care facilities.
Improper use of bleach, including
deviation from recommended
dilutions (either stronger or
weaker), may reduce its
effectiveness for disinfection and
can injure health-care workers.
However, bleach irritates mucous
membranes, the skin and the airways;
decomposes under heat and light;
and reacts easily with other
chemicals. Therefore, bleach should
be used with caution
15. HydrogenPeroxide(&sodiumHypochlorite)
1. sodium hypochlorite and hydrogen peroxide disinfectants have
significantly higher bactericidal efficacies than quaternary ammonium
chloride disinfectants.
2. The efficacies of sodium hypochlorite and hydrogen peroxide
disinfectants do not vary between strains.
3. It is also used to combat excessive microbial growth in water systems
and cooling towers.
Antimicrobial disinfectants are used as primary treatment
options against pathogens on surfaces in healthcare facilities
to help prevent healthcare associated infections (HAIs).
17. LISTOFINGREDIENTS
1/3 cup 92% aloe vera gel
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02 04
A basic funnel, Plastic
travel bottles, Nitrile
gloves
2/3 cup 99% isopropyl
alcohol.
8 - 10 drops of essential
oils.
18. Steps
● Isopropyl alcohol is highly flammable and will burn your skin should it come into
direct contact with your hands. You should use nitrile gloves as a general
precaution.
● Pour the isopropyl alcohol and aloe vera gel into the bowl. As hand sanitizers
need to contain at least 60% alcohol to be effective, you should ideally maintain
a 2:1 ratio of isopropyl alcohol to aloe vera gel. For every 4oz of isopropyl alcohol
you add, you should mix 2oz of aloe vera gel.
● Add essential oils to the mix if needed. You don't necessarily need essential oils,
but if you like a particular smell, you can add a few drops of oil.
● Stir the ingredients together with a spoon and pour them into plastic bottles
using a funnel. Your hand sanitizer is ready to go.
20. Precautions
Don’t
1. Avoid touching your eyes, mouth and nose immediately after
using an alcohol-based hand sanitizer, as it can cause irritation.
2. Hand sanitizers recommended to protect against COVID-19 are
alcohol-based and therefore can be flammable. Do not use
before handling fire or cooking.
3. Under no circumstance, drink or let children swallow an
alcohol-based hand sanitizer. It can be poisonous.
Do
1. Apply a coin-sized amount on your hands.
There is no need to use a large amount of the
product.
2. Remember that washing your hands with soap
and water is also effective against COVID-19.
3. Keep alcohol-based hand sanitizers out of
children’s reach. Teach them how to apply the
sanitizer and monitor its use.
23. SYMPTOMS
Mostcommon
● Fever, dry cough,
tiredness
Lesscommon
● aches and pains, sore throat, diarrhoea
conjunctivitis, headache, loss of taste or smell,
a rash on skin, or discoloration of fingers or
toes
SeriousSymptoms
● difficulty breathing or shortness
of breath, chest pain or pressure,
loss of speech or movement
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24. SELFCARE&PREVENTION
PREVENTION
Clean your hands often. Use soap and
water, or an alcohol-based hand
rub. Maintain a safe distance
from anyone who is coughing or
sneezing. Don’t touch your eyes,
nose or mouth.
SELFCARE
If you feel sick you should rest, drink
plenty of fluid, and eat nutritious food.
Stay in a separate room from other
family members, and use a dedicated
bathroom if possible. Clean and
disinfect frequently touched surfaces.
By WHO
By WHO