This study analyzed data from over 28,000 participants who reported their mood and activities multiple times per day over an average of 27 days using a smartphone app. The results show:
1) People were more likely to engage in mood-improving activities like sports when feeling bad and useful but unpleasant activities like housework when feeling good, supporting the "hedonic flexibility hypothesis".
2) Current mood significantly predicted the choice of 15 out of 25 later activities, inconsistent with the "hedonic opportunism hypothesis".
3) Mood had a stronger effect on choices of pleasant versus unpleasant activities, though mood still predicted engagement in some unpleasant necessary activities.
Иммунная система влияет на социальное поведение человекаAnatol Alizar
1) Mice deficient in adaptive immunity (SCID mice) exhibited social deficits and hyper-connectivity in frontal cortical brain regions. Repopulating SCID mice with wild-type lymphocytes restored normal social behavior and connectivity.
2) IFN-γ signaling appears to mediate the influence of adaptive immunity on social behavior and connectivity. IFN-γ-deficient mice and mice with reduced meningeal T cells both showed social deficits and hyper-connectivity. Injecting IFN-γ into the CSF of IFN-γ-deficient mice restored social preference.
3) Transcriptome analysis implicated IFN-γ-driven immune responses, particularly from meningeal T cells, in regulating social behavior and other behaviors influenced by
This study examined sex differences in the relationship between adolescent brain activity and depressive symptoms. The study found that boys and girls differed in how brain activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and posterior cingulate cortex correlated with self-reported depressive symptoms and difficulty with emotion regulation. Specifically, boys showed a positive correlation whereas girls showed a negative correlation, suggesting they engage different brain regions as depressive symptoms increase. The findings help shed light on why females are at higher risk for depression during adolescence.
This study examined relationships between subjective and biological stress responses in youth undergoing MRI scans and a social stress test. The study found:
1) Children's cortisol levels during MRI were correlated with their cortisol levels in response to a social stress test, suggesting consistent individual stress responses.
2) Children's self-reported anxiety during MRI was correlated with their cortisol response during MRI, indicating they could accurately report their biological stress.
3) Self-report measures of inhibition and distress were correlated with measures of anxiety in youth.
1) The study examined the relationship between psychotic experiences and neuropsychological functioning in a population-based sample of over 1670 adults in London.
2) It found that adults with psychotic experiences performed worse on tests of verbal knowledge, working memory, and memory compared to those without psychotic experiences, though there were no significant differences in IQ or processing speed overall.
3) Impairments in neuropsychological functioning were only seen in adults over 50 years old with psychotic experiences, as well as some domains for those aged 35-49 and 16-24, after accounting for sociodemographic factors and psychiatric disorders.
This document summarizes a study on psychiatric symptoms among children with congenital heart disease. The study aimed to examine depressive and anxiety symptoms as well as neurocognitive deficits in children with congenital heart disease compared to controls. It found that children with congenital heart disease performed significantly worse on tests of cognitive functioning and had higher levels of depressive and anxiety symptoms than controls. Common psychiatric diagnoses among the children with heart disease included adjustment disorder and depression. The results suggest children with congenital heart disease are at increased risk for psychological and cognitive issues.
This study analyzed data from over 28,000 participants who reported their mood and activities multiple times per day over an average of 27 days using a smartphone app. The results show:
1) People were more likely to engage in mood-improving activities like sports when feeling bad and useful but unpleasant activities like housework when feeling good, supporting the "hedonic flexibility hypothesis".
2) Current mood significantly predicted the choice of 15 out of 25 later activities, inconsistent with the "hedonic opportunism hypothesis".
3) Mood had a stronger effect on choices of pleasant versus unpleasant activities, though mood still predicted engagement in some unpleasant necessary activities.
Иммунная система влияет на социальное поведение человекаAnatol Alizar
1) Mice deficient in adaptive immunity (SCID mice) exhibited social deficits and hyper-connectivity in frontal cortical brain regions. Repopulating SCID mice with wild-type lymphocytes restored normal social behavior and connectivity.
2) IFN-γ signaling appears to mediate the influence of adaptive immunity on social behavior and connectivity. IFN-γ-deficient mice and mice with reduced meningeal T cells both showed social deficits and hyper-connectivity. Injecting IFN-γ into the CSF of IFN-γ-deficient mice restored social preference.
3) Transcriptome analysis implicated IFN-γ-driven immune responses, particularly from meningeal T cells, in regulating social behavior and other behaviors influenced by
This study examined sex differences in the relationship between adolescent brain activity and depressive symptoms. The study found that boys and girls differed in how brain activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and posterior cingulate cortex correlated with self-reported depressive symptoms and difficulty with emotion regulation. Specifically, boys showed a positive correlation whereas girls showed a negative correlation, suggesting they engage different brain regions as depressive symptoms increase. The findings help shed light on why females are at higher risk for depression during adolescence.
This study examined relationships between subjective and biological stress responses in youth undergoing MRI scans and a social stress test. The study found:
1) Children's cortisol levels during MRI were correlated with their cortisol levels in response to a social stress test, suggesting consistent individual stress responses.
2) Children's self-reported anxiety during MRI was correlated with their cortisol response during MRI, indicating they could accurately report their biological stress.
3) Self-report measures of inhibition and distress were correlated with measures of anxiety in youth.
1) The study examined the relationship between psychotic experiences and neuropsychological functioning in a population-based sample of over 1670 adults in London.
2) It found that adults with psychotic experiences performed worse on tests of verbal knowledge, working memory, and memory compared to those without psychotic experiences, though there were no significant differences in IQ or processing speed overall.
3) Impairments in neuropsychological functioning were only seen in adults over 50 years old with psychotic experiences, as well as some domains for those aged 35-49 and 16-24, after accounting for sociodemographic factors and psychiatric disorders.
This document summarizes a study on psychiatric symptoms among children with congenital heart disease. The study aimed to examine depressive and anxiety symptoms as well as neurocognitive deficits in children with congenital heart disease compared to controls. It found that children with congenital heart disease performed significantly worse on tests of cognitive functioning and had higher levels of depressive and anxiety symptoms than controls. Common psychiatric diagnoses among the children with heart disease included adjustment disorder and depression. The results suggest children with congenital heart disease are at increased risk for psychological and cognitive issues.
1) The document discusses the relationship between the immune system and brain development/function. Alterations in immune function can impact neurodevelopment and be associated with various neuropsychiatric disorders.
2) Studies show that drugs like fingolimod that modulate sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors and prevent lymphocyte egress from lymph nodes can significantly reduce relapse rates and disability progression in multiple sclerosis patients.
3) Autism disorders may involve abnormalities in certain brain areas and a complex symptomatology related to genetic and environmental factors that can disrupt normal brain growth and the immune situation. The immune status, specific time periods, microenvironment, and genetics may all provide insights into autism pathogenesis.
Recent advances and challenges of digital mental healthcareYoon Sup Choi
This document discusses research analyzing the relationship between mobile phone location sensor data and measures of depressive symptom severity. The research replicated a previous study finding significant correlations between several GPS-derived features (location variance, entropy, circadian movement) and scores on the PHQ-9 depression scale. These relationships were stronger when analyzing weekend versus weekday GPS data. GPS features predicted PHQ-9 scores up to 10 weeks later, suggesting they may serve as early warning signals of depression. The findings provide further evidence that passively collected GPS data from smartphones can reliably predict depressive symptom severity.
Poster presentations.com a0-template-v5Áine Mc Kenna
This research poster summarizes a study with the following objectives:
1) Estimate the percentage of the population exposed to corporal punishment using a representative Northern Ireland sample
2) Estimate the percentage of psychiatric disorders attributable to exposure to corporal punishment during childhood
3) Estimate the percentage of Northern Ireland parents who used corporal punishment on their own children
The study analyzed data from 1,986 participants who completed a health and stress survey. Measures assessed physical and sexual abuse, neglect, domestic violence, and corporal punishment. Logistic regressions examined associations between corporal punishment and anxiety, mood, and substance disorders. Results found 31.4% of the population was exposed to corporal punishment as children. Exposures significantly increased
Summary
Neurodevelopment is a complex process governed by both intrinsic and extrinsic signals. While historically studied by researching the brain, inputs from the periphery impact many neurological conditions. Indeed, emerging data suggests communication between the gut and the brain in anxiety,
depression, cognition and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The development of a healthy, functional brain depends on key pre- and post-natal events that integrate environmental cues, such as molecular signals from the gut. These cues largely originate from the microbiome, the consortium of symbiotic bacteria that reside within all animals. Research over the past few years reveals that the gut microbiome plays a role in basic neurogenerative processes such as the formation of the blood-brainbarrier, myelination, neurogenesis, and microglia maturation, and also modulates many aspects of animal behavior. Herein, we discuss the biological intersection of neurodevelopment and the microbiome, and explore the hypothesis that gut bacteria are integral contributors to development and function of the nervous system, and the balance between mental health and disease.
O R I G I N A L P A P E RSelf-Reported Depressive Symptoms.docxhopeaustin33688
O R I G I N A L P A P E R
Self-Reported Depressive Symptoms Have Minimal Effect
on Executive Functioning Performance in Children
and Adolescents
Benjamin D. Hill • Danielle M. Ploetz •
Judith R. O’Jile • Mary Bodzy • Karen A. Holler •
Martin L. Rohling
Published online: 9 May 2012
� Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2012
Abstract The relation between mood and executive
functioning in children and adolescents has not been previ-
ously reported. This study examined the association between
self-reported depressive symptoms in both clinical outpa-
tient and psychiatric inpatient samples to the following
measures of executive functioning: the Controlled Oral
Word Association Test, Animal Naming, Trail Making Test,
and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. Records from children and
adolescents aged 7–17 years old with an IQ [ 70 were
examined. Data were gathered at either an outpatient neu-
ropsychology clinic (n = 89) or an inpatient psychiatric
hospital setting (n = 81). Mood was measured with the
Children’s Depression Inventory. Generally, statistical
associations between self-reported depressive symptoms and
executive functioning were small and non-significant. The
variance predicted by mood on measures of executive
functioning was minimal (generally less than 2 %) for the
total sample, the outpatient group, inpatient group, and a
subgroup who endorsed elevated mood symptoms. These
results suggest that impaired performance on measures of
executive functioning in children and adolescents is mini-
mally related to self-reported depressive symptoms.
Keywords Executive functioning � Mood � Depression �
Cognitive ability � Neuropsychological assessment
Introduction
There is a long standing debate that has generated a con-
siderable amount of research in adults concerning the
relationship between levels of emotional disturbance and
their effects on performance on standard neuropsycholog-
ical tests. It appears that when the literature is taken as a
whole, adults diagnosed with psychiatric disorders tend to
perform worse than individuals without diagnoses (Basso
and Bornstein 1999; Cassens et al. 1990; Kindermann and
Brown 1997; Sackeim et al. 1992; Sherman et al. 2000;
Sweet et al. 1992; Tancer et al. 1990; Veiel 1997).
Depression, the most common mood disorder, is generally
associated with dysfunctional memory performance in the
adult literature (Burt et al. 1995; Christensen et al. 1997).
However, adult studies have shown conflicting patterns of
results across other neuropsychological domains. Some
researchers have reported depression to also be associated
with executive dysfunction (McDermott and Ebmeier
2009; Reppermund et al. 2007; Merriam et al. 1999; Martin
et al. 1991). However, others studies have reported no
effect of depression on executive functioning (Castaneda
et al. 2008; Miller et al. 1991; Rohling et al. 2002, Markela-
Lerenc et al. 2006).
While many different adult populations have been
.
Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase Gene (MTHFR_677CT) Associated with the de...ijsrd.com
Globally, Depression is widespread neuropsychiatric disorders affecting around 5% of the population and has been described as millennia linked with neurobiology showing association with direct neuro-chemicals and biochemical incredible factors, interact with "gene-gene", "gene-environment" as long as a scaffold potential for better exploration. The aetiology of depression is still unknown but believes to be the interaction between gene and environment including some of the other factors responsible for development of depression. The PCR-RFLP analysis of MTHFR (C677T) gene showed 0.45% in CT (heterozygous) genotype in patients of depression in comparison to controls (0.15%), suggesting increased risk of depression in those individuals. However, the odd ratio was also calculated at 95% confidence interval for MTHFR C677T gene which revealed non- significant difference between cases and control, may be because of small sample size.
CORONOFOBIA - Passos práticos para equilibrar as defesas do corpo e da menteLouis Cady, MD
Esta palestra, apresentada em 29 de maio de 2021 para o Congresso de Medicina Integrativa para a Saúde Mental 2020, promovido pelo Laboratório Great Plains no Brasil, enfocou coisas simples e de bom senso que os pacientes (e seus médicos) podem fazer para se manter seguros e viver durante o Pandemia do covid.
Os seguintes conceitos holísticos foram revisados:
- sono adequado e por que é tão importante;
- o uso de melatonina, cientificamente validada como tendo atividade antiviral (referências citadas);
- a importância de diminuir o estresse e técnicas para fazê-lo;
- a necessidade de "comer frutas e vegetais" como sua mãe e sua avó ensinaram devido à ingestão de carotenóides e antioxidantes ((referências citadas);
- o uso adequado de suplementos vitamínicos / nutricionais (referências citadas).
O foco desta apresentação não foram medidas heróicas para salvar vidas na unidade de terapia intensiva para pacientes gravemente enfermos com COVID, mas, sim, técnicas de bom senso, práticas, baratas e (em alguns casos) GRATUITAS para melhorar você e seus pacientes 'saúde e resistência às doenças.
This research report summarizes a study examining the neural effects of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). The study involved 21 adults with GAD and 11 healthy controls. Participants underwent functional MRI while viewing facial emotions before and after CBT (or a comparable waiting period for controls). Results showed that before treatment, those with GAD had blunted responses in brain regions involved in emotion processing when viewing happy faces, and greater connectivity between the amygdala and insula. After CBT, individuals with GAD showed attenuated activation in the amygdala and anterior cingulate in response to threat-related faces, as well as heightened insular responses to happy faces. The findings provide evidence
This study examined quality of life measures in pediatric patients with localized scleroderma. Researchers administered several quality of life questionnaires to 21 pediatric patients, including the Children's Dermatology Life Quality Index, Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory, and Pediatric Quality of Life Rheumatology Module. They found that localized scleroderma had a mild to moderate impact on quality of life. The questions about school, medical treatments, and worry about the future had the greatest impact. Parents reported a greater negative impact on quality of life than children. Over time, patients' quality of life improved, suggesting they learn to cope better with the disease.
1) The document discusses the concept of a "digital phenotype", which refers to aspects of a person's interactions with technology that can provide diagnostic or prognostic insights into their health conditions.
2) Previous research has found correlations between depressive symptom severity and certain location-based smartphone sensor data, such as increased location variance and disrupted circadian rhythms.
3) This study replicates previous findings using GPS smartphone sensor data collected from 48 college students over 10 weeks, finding significant correlations between depressive symptoms and location variance, entropy, and circadian movement patterns. The relationships were stronger when analyzing weekend versus weekday data.
Journal of Affective Disorders 148 (2013) 129–135Contents li.docxcroysierkathey
Journal of Affective Disorders 148 (2013) 129–135
Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect
Journal of Affective Disorders
0165-03
http://d
n Corr
Medical
02478-9
E-m
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jad
Brief report
Antidepressant-associated mood-switching and transition
from unipolar major depression to bipolar disorder: A review
Ross J. Baldessarini a,b,n, Gianni L. Faedda b,c,d, Emanuela Offidani e, Gustavo H. Vázquez b,f,
Ciro Marangoni g, Giulia Serra h, Leonardo Tondo b,i
a Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
b International Consortium for Bipolar Disorder Research, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
c Lucio Bini Mood Disorders Center, New York, NY, USA
d Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry–Child Study Center, New York University Medical Center, USA
e Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
f Department of Neurosciences, University of Palermo, Buenos Aires, Argentina
g Department of Psychiatry, University of Bologna, Italy
h 23*Department of Psychiatry, University (La Sapienza) of Rome and Sant’Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
i Lucio Bini Mood Disorders Center, Cagliari, Sardinia, Italy
a r t i c l e i n f o
Article history:
Received 5 October 2012
Accepted 23 October 2012
Available online 6 December 2012
Keywords:
Antidepressants
Bipolar disorder
Depression
Diagnostic conversion
Mood-switches
27/$ - see front matter & 2012 Elsevier B.V. A
x.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2012.10.033
esponding author at: McLean Hospital, Depar
School, Mailman Research Center, Rm 314, 1
106, USA. Tel.: þ1 617 855 3203; fax: þ1 61
ail address: [email protected]
a b s t r a c t
Objectives: Compare reported rates of mood-shifts from major depression to mania/hypomania/mixed-
states during antidepressant (AD)-treatment and rates of diagnostic change from major depressive
disorder (MDD) to bipolar disorder (BPD).
Methods: Searching computerized literature databases, followed by summary analyses.
Results: In 51 reports of patients diagnosed with MDD and treated with an AD, the overall risk of mood-
switching was 8.18% (7837/95,786) within 2.3972.99 years of treatment, or 3.42 (95% CI: 3.34–3.50)
%/year. Risk was 2.6 (CI: 2.5–2.8) times greater with/without AD-treatment by meta-analysis
of 10 controlled trials. Risk increased with time up to 24 months of treatment, with no secular change
(1968–2012). Incidence rates were 4.5 (CI: 4.1–4.8)-times greater among juveniles than adults (5.62/
1.26 %/year; po0.0001). In 12 studies the overall rate of new BPD-diagnoses was 3.29% (1928/56,754)
within 5.38 years (0.61 [0.58–0.64] %/year), or 5.6-times lower (3.42/0.61) than annualized rates of
mood-switching.
Conclusions: AD-treatment was associated with new mania-like responses in 8.18% of patients
diagnosed with unipolar MDD. Contributions to mood-switching due to unrecognized BPD versus
mood-elevating pharmacological effects, as well as quantitative associations betw ...
Journal of Affective Disorders 148 (2013) 129–135Contents likarenahmanny4c
Journal of Affective Disorders 148 (2013) 129–135
Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect
Journal of Affective Disorders
0165-03
http://d
n Corr
Medical
02478-9
E-m
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jad
Brief report
Antidepressant-associated mood-switching and transition
from unipolar major depression to bipolar disorder: A review
Ross J. Baldessarini a,b,n, Gianni L. Faedda b,c,d, Emanuela Offidani e, Gustavo H. Vázquez b,f,
Ciro Marangoni g, Giulia Serra h, Leonardo Tondo b,i
a Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
b International Consortium for Bipolar Disorder Research, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
c Lucio Bini Mood Disorders Center, New York, NY, USA
d Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry–Child Study Center, New York University Medical Center, USA
e Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
f Department of Neurosciences, University of Palermo, Buenos Aires, Argentina
g Department of Psychiatry, University of Bologna, Italy
h 23*Department of Psychiatry, University (La Sapienza) of Rome and Sant’Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
i Lucio Bini Mood Disorders Center, Cagliari, Sardinia, Italy
a r t i c l e i n f o
Article history:
Received 5 October 2012
Accepted 23 October 2012
Available online 6 December 2012
Keywords:
Antidepressants
Bipolar disorder
Depression
Diagnostic conversion
Mood-switches
27/$ - see front matter & 2012 Elsevier B.V. A
x.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2012.10.033
esponding author at: McLean Hospital, Depar
School, Mailman Research Center, Rm 314, 1
106, USA. Tel.: þ1 617 855 3203; fax: þ1 61
ail address: [email protected]
a b s t r a c t
Objectives: Compare reported rates of mood-shifts from major depression to mania/hypomania/mixed-
states during antidepressant (AD)-treatment and rates of diagnostic change from major depressive
disorder (MDD) to bipolar disorder (BPD).
Methods: Searching computerized literature databases, followed by summary analyses.
Results: In 51 reports of patients diagnosed with MDD and treated with an AD, the overall risk of mood-
switching was 8.18% (7837/95,786) within 2.3972.99 years of treatment, or 3.42 (95% CI: 3.34–3.50)
%/year. Risk was 2.6 (CI: 2.5–2.8) times greater with/without AD-treatment by meta-analysis
of 10 controlled trials. Risk increased with time up to 24 months of treatment, with no secular change
(1968–2012). Incidence rates were 4.5 (CI: 4.1–4.8)-times greater among juveniles than adults (5.62/
1.26 %/year; po0.0001). In 12 studies the overall rate of new BPD-diagnoses was 3.29% (1928/56,754)
within 5.38 years (0.61 [0.58–0.64] %/year), or 5.6-times lower (3.42/0.61) than annualized rates of
mood-switching.
Conclusions: AD-treatment was associated with new mania-like responses in 8.18% of patients
diagnosed with unipolar MDD. Contributions to mood-switching due to unrecognized BPD versus
mood-elevating pharmacological effects, as well as quantitative associations betw ...
· Journal List
· HHS Author Manuscripts
· PMC5626643
J Affect Disord. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2019 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as:
J Affect Disord. 2018 Jan 1; 225: 395–398.
Published online 2017 Aug 15. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.08.023
PMCID: PMC5626643
NIHMSID: NIHMS902372
PMID: 28850853
Quantitative genetic analysis of anxiety trait in bipolar disorder
J Contreras,1 E Hare,3 G Chavarría,2 and H Raventós1,2
Author informationCopyright and License informationDisclaimer
The publisher's final edited version of this article is available at J Affect Disord
See other articles in PMC that cite the published article.
Go to:
Abstract
Background
Bipolar disorder type I (BPI) affects approximately 1% of the world population. Although genetic influences on bipolar disorder are well established, identification of genes that predispose to the illness has been difficult. Most genetic studies are based on categorical diagnosis. One strategy to overcome this obstacle is the use of quantitative endophenotypes, as has been done for other medical disorders.
Methods
We studied 619 individuals, 568 participants from 61 extended families and 51 unrelated healthy controls. The sample was 55% female and had a mean age of 43.25 (SD 13.90; range 18–78).
Heritability and genetic correlation of the trait scale from the Anxiety State and Trait Inventory (STAI) was computed by using the general linear model (SOLAR package software).
Results
we observed that anxiety trait meets the following criteria for an endophenotype of bipolar disorder type I (BPI): 1) association with BPI (individuals with BPI showed the highest trait score (F=15.20 [5,24], p=0.009), 2) state-independence confirmed after conducting a test-retest in 321 subjects, 3) co-segregation within families 4) heritability of 0.70 (SE: 0.060), p=2.33×10−14 and 5) genetic correlation with BPI was 0.20, (SE=0.17, p=3.12×10−5).
Limitations
Confounding factors such as comorbid disorders and pharmacological treatment could affect the clinical relationship between BPI and anxiety trait. Further research is needed to evaluate if anxiety traits are specially related to BPI in comparison with other traits such as anger, attention or response inhibition deficit, pathological impulsivity or low self-directedness.
Conclusions
Anxiety trait is a heritable phenotype that follows a normal distribution when measured not only in subjects with BPI but also in unrelated healthy controls. It could be used as an endophenotype in BPI for the identification of genomic regions with susceptibility genes for this disorder.
Keywords: Bipolar disorder, Endophenotype, Genetics, Heritability, Anxiety, Central Valley of Costa Rica
Go to:
Introduction
Estimates of the prevalence of bipolar I disorder have ranged from 0.8% to 1.6% of the general population (Berns and Nemeroff, 2003). Although the genetic participation is well established, the identification of genes has remained elusive. Imprecision of the phenotype might ...
· Journal List
· HHS Author Manuscripts
· PMC5626643
J Affect Disord. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2019 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as:
J Affect Disord. 2018 Jan 1; 225: 395–398.
Published online 2017 Aug 15. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.08.023
PMCID: PMC5626643
NIHMSID: NIHMS902372
PMID: 28850853
Quantitative genetic analysis of anxiety trait in bipolar disorder
J Contreras,1 E Hare,3 G Chavarría,2 and H Raventós1,2
Author informationCopyright and License informationDisclaimer
The publisher's final edited version of this article is available at J Affect Disord
See other articles in PMC that cite the published article.
Go to:
Abstract
Background
Bipolar disorder type I (BPI) affects approximately 1% of the world population. Although genetic influences on bipolar disorder are well established, identification of genes that predispose to the illness has been difficult. Most genetic studies are based on categorical diagnosis. One strategy to overcome this obstacle is the use of quantitative endophenotypes, as has been done for other medical disorders.
Methods
We studied 619 individuals, 568 participants from 61 extended families and 51 unrelated healthy controls. The sample was 55% female and had a mean age of 43.25 (SD 13.90; range 18–78).
Heritability and genetic correlation of the trait scale from the Anxiety State and Trait Inventory (STAI) was computed by using the general linear model (SOLAR package software).
Results
we observed that anxiety trait meets the following criteria for an endophenotype of bipolar disorder type I (BPI): 1) association with BPI (individuals with BPI showed the highest trait score (F=15.20 [5,24], p=0.009), 2) state-independence confirmed after conducting a test-retest in 321 subjects, 3) co-segregation within families 4) heritability of 0.70 (SE: 0.060), p=2.33×10−14 and 5) genetic correlation with BPI was 0.20, (SE=0.17, p=3.12×10−5).
Limitations
Confounding factors such as comorbid disorders and pharmacological treatment could affect the clinical relationship between BPI and anxiety trait. Further research is needed to evaluate if anxiety traits are specially related to BPI in comparison with other traits such as anger, attention or response inhibition deficit, pathological impulsivity or low self-directedness.
Conclusions
Anxiety trait is a heritable phenotype that follows a normal distribution when measured not only in subjects with BPI but also in unrelated healthy controls. It could be used as an endophenotype in BPI for the identification of genomic regions with susceptibility genes for this disorder.
Keywords: Bipolar disorder, Endophenotype, Genetics, Heritability, Anxiety, Central Valley of Costa Rica
Go to:
Introduction
Estimates of the prevalence of bipolar I disorder have ranged from 0.8% to 1.6% of the general population (Berns and Nemeroff, 2003). Although the genetic participation is well established, the identification of genes has remained elusive. Imprecision of the phenotype might ...
This document discusses research on developing an intelligent depression detection system using natural language processing of social media posts. It summarizes several previous studies that have used Facebook and Twitter data to predict depression by analyzing language and behavior. Specifically, some key studies are highlighted that have successfully predicted depression levels based on survey responses and self-reported diagnoses on social media, with prediction accuracy rates up to 89% in some cases. The document also reviews approaches that have used online forum membership and posts to classify mental health conditions. Overall, the research suggests social media can provide insights into users' mental states and has potential for early detection of depression.
Teaching Techniques: Neurotechnologies the way of the future (Stotler, 2019)Jacob Stotler
Presenting alternative to drugs from nuerotechnologies and teaching about clinical use of neurothreapy and therapeutic effectiveness of biological aspects of the use of clinical technologies.
Adolescent Depression Aetiology A Systematic ReviewAudrey Britton
This document summarizes a literature review on the aetiology of adolescent depression. The review finds that depression in adolescents has increased significantly in recent decades and is a major public health issue. It explores biological, environmental, sociological, and psychological risk factors. Biologically, genetics and changes in brain development during puberty can increase vulnerability to depression. Environmental and sociological factors like peer rejection, romantic relationships, parenting styles, family mental health, and excessive social media use are also linked to higher depression risk. Understanding the complex interplay between these various risk pathways is important for addressing the rising rates of adolescent depression.
BUSI 230Project 1 InstructionsBased on Larson & Farber sectio.docxRAHUL126667
BUSI 230
Project 1 Instructions
Based on Larson & Farber: section 2.1
Use the Project 1 Data Set to create the graphs and tables in Questions 1–4 and to answer both parts of Question 5. If you cannot figure out how to make the graphs and tables in Excel, you are welcome to draw them by hand and then submit them as a scanned document or photo.
1. Open a blank Excel file and create a grouped frequency distribution of the maximum daily temperatures for the 50 states for a 30 day period. Use 8 classes. (8 points)
2. Add midpoint, relative frequency, and cumulative frequency columns to your frequency distribution. (8 points)
3. Create a frequency histogram using Excel. You will probably need to load the Data Analysis add-in within Excel. If you do not know how to create a histogram in Excel, view the video located at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_gQUcRwDiik. A simple bar graph will also work.
If you cannot get the histogram or bar graph features to work, you may draw a histogram by hand and then scan or take a photo (your phone can probably do this) of your drawing and email it to your instructor. (8 points)
4. Create a frequency polygon in Excel (or by hand). For help, view http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Q-KdmDJirg(8 points)
5. A. Do any of the temperatures appear to be unrealistic or in error? If yes, which ones and why? (4 points)
B. Explain how this affects your confidence in the validity of this data set. (4 points)
Project 1 is due by 11:59 p.m. (ET) on Monday of Module/Week 1.
International Journal o f Clinical and Health Psychology (2014) 14, 216-220
International Journal
of Clinical and Health Psychology
w w w .elsevier.es/ijchp
THEORETICAL ARTICLE
The end of mental illness thinking?
Richard Pemberton3 *, Tony Wainwrightb
<DCrossMark
ELSEVIER
DOYMA
a University o f Brighton, United Kingdom
b University o f Exeter, United Kingdom
Received 26 May 2014; accepted 15 June 2014
A vailable on lin e 9 July 2014
KEYWORDS A b s tra c t M ental he alth th e o ry and p ra ctice are in a s ta te o f sig nifica nt flu x . This th e o re t-
Diagnosis; ic a l a rtic le places th e position taken by th e British Psychological Society Division o f C linical
F o rm u la tio n ; Psychology (DCP) in th e c o n te x t o f c u rre n t p ra ctice and seeks to c ritic a lly exam ine some o f
DSM-5; th e key fa cto rs th a t are d rivin g these transfo rm a tion s. The im petus fo r a co m p le te overhaul
W e llb e in g ; o f existing th in k in g comes fro m th e m a n ife stly poor perform ance o f m e n ta l health services in
T h e o re tic a l s tu d y w hich those w ith serious m e n ta l health problem s have reduced life expectancy. It advocates
using th e advances in our understanding o f th e psychological, social and physical mechanisms
th a t underpin psychological w e llb e in g and m e n ta l distress, and re je c tin g th e disease m odel o f
m e n ta l distress as p a rt o f an ou td a te d paradi ...
Rai, D., Lee, B. K., Dalman, C., Golding, J., Lewis, G., & Magnuss.docxmakdul
Rai, D., Lee, B. K., Dalman, C., Golding, J., Lewis, G., & Magnusson, C. (2013). Parental depression, maternal antidepressant use during pregnancy, and risk of autism spectrum disorders: Population based case-control study. BMJ : British Medical Journal (Online), 346 doi:http://dx.doi.org.saintleo.idm.oclc.org/10.1136/bmj.f2059
Parental depression, maternal antidepressant use
during pregnancy, and risk of autism spectrum
disorders: population based case-control study
OPEN ACCESS
Dheeraj Rai clinical lecturer 1 2 3, Brian K Lee assistant professor 4, Christina Dalman associate
professor2, Jean Golding professor emeritus5, Glyn Lewis professor1, Cecilia Magnusson professor2
1Centre for Mental Health, Addiction and Suicide Research, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK;
2Division of Public Health Epidemiology, Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; 3Avon and Wiltshire
Partnership Mental Health NHS Trust, Bristol, UK; 4Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Drexel University School of Public Health,
Philadelphia, PA, USA; 5Centre for Child and Adolescent Health, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, UK
Abstract
Objective To study the association between parental depression and
maternal antidepressant use during pregnancy with autism spectrum
disorders in offspring.
Design Population based nested case-control study.
Setting Stockholm County, Sweden, 2001-07.
Participants 4429 cases of autism spectrum disorder (1828 with and
2601 without intellectual disability) and 43 277 age and sex matched
controls in the full sample (1679 cases of autism spectrum disorder and
16 845 controls with data on maternal antidepressant use nested within
a cohort (n=589 114) of young people aged 0-17 years.
Main outcome measure A diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder, with
or without intellectual disability.
Exposures Parental depression and other characteristics prospectively
recorded in administrative registers before the birth of the child. Maternal
antidepressant use, recorded at the first antenatal interview, was
available for children born from 1995 onwards.
Results A history of maternal (adjusted odds ratio 1.49, 95% confidence
interval 1.08 to 2.08) but not paternal depression was associated with
an increased risk of autism spectrum disorders in offspring. In the
subsample with available data on drugs, this association was confined
to women reporting antidepressant use during pregnancy (3.34, 1.50 to
7.47, P=0.003), irrespective of whether selective serotonin reuptake
inhibitors (SSRIs) or non-selective monoamine reuptake inhibitors were
reported. All associations were higher in cases of autism without
intellectual disability, there being no evidence of an increased risk of
autism with intellectual disability. Assuming an unconfounded, causal
association, antidepressant use during pregnancy explained 0.6% of
the cases of autism sp ...
This document presents a hypothesis that chronic stress can induce bipolar disorder through its effects on astrocytes in the prefrontal cortex. The authors propose that chronic stress leads to high levels of glucocorticoids, which cause astrocyte degeneration in the prefrontal cortex over time. This is supported by evidence that glucocorticoids reduce astrocyte number and function in vitro and in vivo. The authors suggest this astrocyte loss could contribute to bipolar disorder. They propose experiments to test the hypothesis by measuring astrocyte decline after chronic stress exposure and exploring potential treatments like blocking glucocorticoid receptors or promoting astrocyte growth. If validated, this could impact the diagnosis of bipolar disorder by considering
1) The document discusses the relationship between the immune system and brain development/function. Alterations in immune function can impact neurodevelopment and be associated with various neuropsychiatric disorders.
2) Studies show that drugs like fingolimod that modulate sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors and prevent lymphocyte egress from lymph nodes can significantly reduce relapse rates and disability progression in multiple sclerosis patients.
3) Autism disorders may involve abnormalities in certain brain areas and a complex symptomatology related to genetic and environmental factors that can disrupt normal brain growth and the immune situation. The immune status, specific time periods, microenvironment, and genetics may all provide insights into autism pathogenesis.
Recent advances and challenges of digital mental healthcareYoon Sup Choi
This document discusses research analyzing the relationship between mobile phone location sensor data and measures of depressive symptom severity. The research replicated a previous study finding significant correlations between several GPS-derived features (location variance, entropy, circadian movement) and scores on the PHQ-9 depression scale. These relationships were stronger when analyzing weekend versus weekday GPS data. GPS features predicted PHQ-9 scores up to 10 weeks later, suggesting they may serve as early warning signals of depression. The findings provide further evidence that passively collected GPS data from smartphones can reliably predict depressive symptom severity.
Poster presentations.com a0-template-v5Áine Mc Kenna
This research poster summarizes a study with the following objectives:
1) Estimate the percentage of the population exposed to corporal punishment using a representative Northern Ireland sample
2) Estimate the percentage of psychiatric disorders attributable to exposure to corporal punishment during childhood
3) Estimate the percentage of Northern Ireland parents who used corporal punishment on their own children
The study analyzed data from 1,986 participants who completed a health and stress survey. Measures assessed physical and sexual abuse, neglect, domestic violence, and corporal punishment. Logistic regressions examined associations between corporal punishment and anxiety, mood, and substance disorders. Results found 31.4% of the population was exposed to corporal punishment as children. Exposures significantly increased
Summary
Neurodevelopment is a complex process governed by both intrinsic and extrinsic signals. While historically studied by researching the brain, inputs from the periphery impact many neurological conditions. Indeed, emerging data suggests communication between the gut and the brain in anxiety,
depression, cognition and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The development of a healthy, functional brain depends on key pre- and post-natal events that integrate environmental cues, such as molecular signals from the gut. These cues largely originate from the microbiome, the consortium of symbiotic bacteria that reside within all animals. Research over the past few years reveals that the gut microbiome plays a role in basic neurogenerative processes such as the formation of the blood-brainbarrier, myelination, neurogenesis, and microglia maturation, and also modulates many aspects of animal behavior. Herein, we discuss the biological intersection of neurodevelopment and the microbiome, and explore the hypothesis that gut bacteria are integral contributors to development and function of the nervous system, and the balance between mental health and disease.
O R I G I N A L P A P E RSelf-Reported Depressive Symptoms.docxhopeaustin33688
O R I G I N A L P A P E R
Self-Reported Depressive Symptoms Have Minimal Effect
on Executive Functioning Performance in Children
and Adolescents
Benjamin D. Hill • Danielle M. Ploetz •
Judith R. O’Jile • Mary Bodzy • Karen A. Holler •
Martin L. Rohling
Published online: 9 May 2012
� Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2012
Abstract The relation between mood and executive
functioning in children and adolescents has not been previ-
ously reported. This study examined the association between
self-reported depressive symptoms in both clinical outpa-
tient and psychiatric inpatient samples to the following
measures of executive functioning: the Controlled Oral
Word Association Test, Animal Naming, Trail Making Test,
and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. Records from children and
adolescents aged 7–17 years old with an IQ [ 70 were
examined. Data were gathered at either an outpatient neu-
ropsychology clinic (n = 89) or an inpatient psychiatric
hospital setting (n = 81). Mood was measured with the
Children’s Depression Inventory. Generally, statistical
associations between self-reported depressive symptoms and
executive functioning were small and non-significant. The
variance predicted by mood on measures of executive
functioning was minimal (generally less than 2 %) for the
total sample, the outpatient group, inpatient group, and a
subgroup who endorsed elevated mood symptoms. These
results suggest that impaired performance on measures of
executive functioning in children and adolescents is mini-
mally related to self-reported depressive symptoms.
Keywords Executive functioning � Mood � Depression �
Cognitive ability � Neuropsychological assessment
Introduction
There is a long standing debate that has generated a con-
siderable amount of research in adults concerning the
relationship between levels of emotional disturbance and
their effects on performance on standard neuropsycholog-
ical tests. It appears that when the literature is taken as a
whole, adults diagnosed with psychiatric disorders tend to
perform worse than individuals without diagnoses (Basso
and Bornstein 1999; Cassens et al. 1990; Kindermann and
Brown 1997; Sackeim et al. 1992; Sherman et al. 2000;
Sweet et al. 1992; Tancer et al. 1990; Veiel 1997).
Depression, the most common mood disorder, is generally
associated with dysfunctional memory performance in the
adult literature (Burt et al. 1995; Christensen et al. 1997).
However, adult studies have shown conflicting patterns of
results across other neuropsychological domains. Some
researchers have reported depression to also be associated
with executive dysfunction (McDermott and Ebmeier
2009; Reppermund et al. 2007; Merriam et al. 1999; Martin
et al. 1991). However, others studies have reported no
effect of depression on executive functioning (Castaneda
et al. 2008; Miller et al. 1991; Rohling et al. 2002, Markela-
Lerenc et al. 2006).
While many different adult populations have been
.
Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase Gene (MTHFR_677CT) Associated with the de...ijsrd.com
Globally, Depression is widespread neuropsychiatric disorders affecting around 5% of the population and has been described as millennia linked with neurobiology showing association with direct neuro-chemicals and biochemical incredible factors, interact with "gene-gene", "gene-environment" as long as a scaffold potential for better exploration. The aetiology of depression is still unknown but believes to be the interaction between gene and environment including some of the other factors responsible for development of depression. The PCR-RFLP analysis of MTHFR (C677T) gene showed 0.45% in CT (heterozygous) genotype in patients of depression in comparison to controls (0.15%), suggesting increased risk of depression in those individuals. However, the odd ratio was also calculated at 95% confidence interval for MTHFR C677T gene which revealed non- significant difference between cases and control, may be because of small sample size.
CORONOFOBIA - Passos práticos para equilibrar as defesas do corpo e da menteLouis Cady, MD
Esta palestra, apresentada em 29 de maio de 2021 para o Congresso de Medicina Integrativa para a Saúde Mental 2020, promovido pelo Laboratório Great Plains no Brasil, enfocou coisas simples e de bom senso que os pacientes (e seus médicos) podem fazer para se manter seguros e viver durante o Pandemia do covid.
Os seguintes conceitos holísticos foram revisados:
- sono adequado e por que é tão importante;
- o uso de melatonina, cientificamente validada como tendo atividade antiviral (referências citadas);
- a importância de diminuir o estresse e técnicas para fazê-lo;
- a necessidade de "comer frutas e vegetais" como sua mãe e sua avó ensinaram devido à ingestão de carotenóides e antioxidantes ((referências citadas);
- o uso adequado de suplementos vitamínicos / nutricionais (referências citadas).
O foco desta apresentação não foram medidas heróicas para salvar vidas na unidade de terapia intensiva para pacientes gravemente enfermos com COVID, mas, sim, técnicas de bom senso, práticas, baratas e (em alguns casos) GRATUITAS para melhorar você e seus pacientes 'saúde e resistência às doenças.
This research report summarizes a study examining the neural effects of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). The study involved 21 adults with GAD and 11 healthy controls. Participants underwent functional MRI while viewing facial emotions before and after CBT (or a comparable waiting period for controls). Results showed that before treatment, those with GAD had blunted responses in brain regions involved in emotion processing when viewing happy faces, and greater connectivity between the amygdala and insula. After CBT, individuals with GAD showed attenuated activation in the amygdala and anterior cingulate in response to threat-related faces, as well as heightened insular responses to happy faces. The findings provide evidence
This study examined quality of life measures in pediatric patients with localized scleroderma. Researchers administered several quality of life questionnaires to 21 pediatric patients, including the Children's Dermatology Life Quality Index, Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory, and Pediatric Quality of Life Rheumatology Module. They found that localized scleroderma had a mild to moderate impact on quality of life. The questions about school, medical treatments, and worry about the future had the greatest impact. Parents reported a greater negative impact on quality of life than children. Over time, patients' quality of life improved, suggesting they learn to cope better with the disease.
1) The document discusses the concept of a "digital phenotype", which refers to aspects of a person's interactions with technology that can provide diagnostic or prognostic insights into their health conditions.
2) Previous research has found correlations between depressive symptom severity and certain location-based smartphone sensor data, such as increased location variance and disrupted circadian rhythms.
3) This study replicates previous findings using GPS smartphone sensor data collected from 48 college students over 10 weeks, finding significant correlations between depressive symptoms and location variance, entropy, and circadian movement patterns. The relationships were stronger when analyzing weekend versus weekday data.
Journal of Affective Disorders 148 (2013) 129–135Contents li.docxcroysierkathey
Journal of Affective Disorders 148 (2013) 129–135
Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect
Journal of Affective Disorders
0165-03
http://d
n Corr
Medical
02478-9
E-m
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jad
Brief report
Antidepressant-associated mood-switching and transition
from unipolar major depression to bipolar disorder: A review
Ross J. Baldessarini a,b,n, Gianni L. Faedda b,c,d, Emanuela Offidani e, Gustavo H. Vázquez b,f,
Ciro Marangoni g, Giulia Serra h, Leonardo Tondo b,i
a Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
b International Consortium for Bipolar Disorder Research, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
c Lucio Bini Mood Disorders Center, New York, NY, USA
d Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry–Child Study Center, New York University Medical Center, USA
e Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
f Department of Neurosciences, University of Palermo, Buenos Aires, Argentina
g Department of Psychiatry, University of Bologna, Italy
h 23*Department of Psychiatry, University (La Sapienza) of Rome and Sant’Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
i Lucio Bini Mood Disorders Center, Cagliari, Sardinia, Italy
a r t i c l e i n f o
Article history:
Received 5 October 2012
Accepted 23 October 2012
Available online 6 December 2012
Keywords:
Antidepressants
Bipolar disorder
Depression
Diagnostic conversion
Mood-switches
27/$ - see front matter & 2012 Elsevier B.V. A
x.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2012.10.033
esponding author at: McLean Hospital, Depar
School, Mailman Research Center, Rm 314, 1
106, USA. Tel.: þ1 617 855 3203; fax: þ1 61
ail address: [email protected]
a b s t r a c t
Objectives: Compare reported rates of mood-shifts from major depression to mania/hypomania/mixed-
states during antidepressant (AD)-treatment and rates of diagnostic change from major depressive
disorder (MDD) to bipolar disorder (BPD).
Methods: Searching computerized literature databases, followed by summary analyses.
Results: In 51 reports of patients diagnosed with MDD and treated with an AD, the overall risk of mood-
switching was 8.18% (7837/95,786) within 2.3972.99 years of treatment, or 3.42 (95% CI: 3.34–3.50)
%/year. Risk was 2.6 (CI: 2.5–2.8) times greater with/without AD-treatment by meta-analysis
of 10 controlled trials. Risk increased with time up to 24 months of treatment, with no secular change
(1968–2012). Incidence rates were 4.5 (CI: 4.1–4.8)-times greater among juveniles than adults (5.62/
1.26 %/year; po0.0001). In 12 studies the overall rate of new BPD-diagnoses was 3.29% (1928/56,754)
within 5.38 years (0.61 [0.58–0.64] %/year), or 5.6-times lower (3.42/0.61) than annualized rates of
mood-switching.
Conclusions: AD-treatment was associated with new mania-like responses in 8.18% of patients
diagnosed with unipolar MDD. Contributions to mood-switching due to unrecognized BPD versus
mood-elevating pharmacological effects, as well as quantitative associations betw ...
Journal of Affective Disorders 148 (2013) 129–135Contents likarenahmanny4c
Journal of Affective Disorders 148 (2013) 129–135
Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect
Journal of Affective Disorders
0165-03
http://d
n Corr
Medical
02478-9
E-m
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jad
Brief report
Antidepressant-associated mood-switching and transition
from unipolar major depression to bipolar disorder: A review
Ross J. Baldessarini a,b,n, Gianni L. Faedda b,c,d, Emanuela Offidani e, Gustavo H. Vázquez b,f,
Ciro Marangoni g, Giulia Serra h, Leonardo Tondo b,i
a Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
b International Consortium for Bipolar Disorder Research, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
c Lucio Bini Mood Disorders Center, New York, NY, USA
d Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry–Child Study Center, New York University Medical Center, USA
e Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
f Department of Neurosciences, University of Palermo, Buenos Aires, Argentina
g Department of Psychiatry, University of Bologna, Italy
h 23*Department of Psychiatry, University (La Sapienza) of Rome and Sant’Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
i Lucio Bini Mood Disorders Center, Cagliari, Sardinia, Italy
a r t i c l e i n f o
Article history:
Received 5 October 2012
Accepted 23 October 2012
Available online 6 December 2012
Keywords:
Antidepressants
Bipolar disorder
Depression
Diagnostic conversion
Mood-switches
27/$ - see front matter & 2012 Elsevier B.V. A
x.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2012.10.033
esponding author at: McLean Hospital, Depar
School, Mailman Research Center, Rm 314, 1
106, USA. Tel.: þ1 617 855 3203; fax: þ1 61
ail address: [email protected]
a b s t r a c t
Objectives: Compare reported rates of mood-shifts from major depression to mania/hypomania/mixed-
states during antidepressant (AD)-treatment and rates of diagnostic change from major depressive
disorder (MDD) to bipolar disorder (BPD).
Methods: Searching computerized literature databases, followed by summary analyses.
Results: In 51 reports of patients diagnosed with MDD and treated with an AD, the overall risk of mood-
switching was 8.18% (7837/95,786) within 2.3972.99 years of treatment, or 3.42 (95% CI: 3.34–3.50)
%/year. Risk was 2.6 (CI: 2.5–2.8) times greater with/without AD-treatment by meta-analysis
of 10 controlled trials. Risk increased with time up to 24 months of treatment, with no secular change
(1968–2012). Incidence rates were 4.5 (CI: 4.1–4.8)-times greater among juveniles than adults (5.62/
1.26 %/year; po0.0001). In 12 studies the overall rate of new BPD-diagnoses was 3.29% (1928/56,754)
within 5.38 years (0.61 [0.58–0.64] %/year), or 5.6-times lower (3.42/0.61) than annualized rates of
mood-switching.
Conclusions: AD-treatment was associated with new mania-like responses in 8.18% of patients
diagnosed with unipolar MDD. Contributions to mood-switching due to unrecognized BPD versus
mood-elevating pharmacological effects, as well as quantitative associations betw ...
· Journal List
· HHS Author Manuscripts
· PMC5626643
J Affect Disord. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2019 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as:
J Affect Disord. 2018 Jan 1; 225: 395–398.
Published online 2017 Aug 15. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.08.023
PMCID: PMC5626643
NIHMSID: NIHMS902372
PMID: 28850853
Quantitative genetic analysis of anxiety trait in bipolar disorder
J Contreras,1 E Hare,3 G Chavarría,2 and H Raventós1,2
Author informationCopyright and License informationDisclaimer
The publisher's final edited version of this article is available at J Affect Disord
See other articles in PMC that cite the published article.
Go to:
Abstract
Background
Bipolar disorder type I (BPI) affects approximately 1% of the world population. Although genetic influences on bipolar disorder are well established, identification of genes that predispose to the illness has been difficult. Most genetic studies are based on categorical diagnosis. One strategy to overcome this obstacle is the use of quantitative endophenotypes, as has been done for other medical disorders.
Methods
We studied 619 individuals, 568 participants from 61 extended families and 51 unrelated healthy controls. The sample was 55% female and had a mean age of 43.25 (SD 13.90; range 18–78).
Heritability and genetic correlation of the trait scale from the Anxiety State and Trait Inventory (STAI) was computed by using the general linear model (SOLAR package software).
Results
we observed that anxiety trait meets the following criteria for an endophenotype of bipolar disorder type I (BPI): 1) association with BPI (individuals with BPI showed the highest trait score (F=15.20 [5,24], p=0.009), 2) state-independence confirmed after conducting a test-retest in 321 subjects, 3) co-segregation within families 4) heritability of 0.70 (SE: 0.060), p=2.33×10−14 and 5) genetic correlation with BPI was 0.20, (SE=0.17, p=3.12×10−5).
Limitations
Confounding factors such as comorbid disorders and pharmacological treatment could affect the clinical relationship between BPI and anxiety trait. Further research is needed to evaluate if anxiety traits are specially related to BPI in comparison with other traits such as anger, attention or response inhibition deficit, pathological impulsivity or low self-directedness.
Conclusions
Anxiety trait is a heritable phenotype that follows a normal distribution when measured not only in subjects with BPI but also in unrelated healthy controls. It could be used as an endophenotype in BPI for the identification of genomic regions with susceptibility genes for this disorder.
Keywords: Bipolar disorder, Endophenotype, Genetics, Heritability, Anxiety, Central Valley of Costa Rica
Go to:
Introduction
Estimates of the prevalence of bipolar I disorder have ranged from 0.8% to 1.6% of the general population (Berns and Nemeroff, 2003). Although the genetic participation is well established, the identification of genes has remained elusive. Imprecision of the phenotype might ...
· Journal List
· HHS Author Manuscripts
· PMC5626643
J Affect Disord. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2019 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as:
J Affect Disord. 2018 Jan 1; 225: 395–398.
Published online 2017 Aug 15. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.08.023
PMCID: PMC5626643
NIHMSID: NIHMS902372
PMID: 28850853
Quantitative genetic analysis of anxiety trait in bipolar disorder
J Contreras,1 E Hare,3 G Chavarría,2 and H Raventós1,2
Author informationCopyright and License informationDisclaimer
The publisher's final edited version of this article is available at J Affect Disord
See other articles in PMC that cite the published article.
Go to:
Abstract
Background
Bipolar disorder type I (BPI) affects approximately 1% of the world population. Although genetic influences on bipolar disorder are well established, identification of genes that predispose to the illness has been difficult. Most genetic studies are based on categorical diagnosis. One strategy to overcome this obstacle is the use of quantitative endophenotypes, as has been done for other medical disorders.
Methods
We studied 619 individuals, 568 participants from 61 extended families and 51 unrelated healthy controls. The sample was 55% female and had a mean age of 43.25 (SD 13.90; range 18–78).
Heritability and genetic correlation of the trait scale from the Anxiety State and Trait Inventory (STAI) was computed by using the general linear model (SOLAR package software).
Results
we observed that anxiety trait meets the following criteria for an endophenotype of bipolar disorder type I (BPI): 1) association with BPI (individuals with BPI showed the highest trait score (F=15.20 [5,24], p=0.009), 2) state-independence confirmed after conducting a test-retest in 321 subjects, 3) co-segregation within families 4) heritability of 0.70 (SE: 0.060), p=2.33×10−14 and 5) genetic correlation with BPI was 0.20, (SE=0.17, p=3.12×10−5).
Limitations
Confounding factors such as comorbid disorders and pharmacological treatment could affect the clinical relationship between BPI and anxiety trait. Further research is needed to evaluate if anxiety traits are specially related to BPI in comparison with other traits such as anger, attention or response inhibition deficit, pathological impulsivity or low self-directedness.
Conclusions
Anxiety trait is a heritable phenotype that follows a normal distribution when measured not only in subjects with BPI but also in unrelated healthy controls. It could be used as an endophenotype in BPI for the identification of genomic regions with susceptibility genes for this disorder.
Keywords: Bipolar disorder, Endophenotype, Genetics, Heritability, Anxiety, Central Valley of Costa Rica
Go to:
Introduction
Estimates of the prevalence of bipolar I disorder have ranged from 0.8% to 1.6% of the general population (Berns and Nemeroff, 2003). Although the genetic participation is well established, the identification of genes has remained elusive. Imprecision of the phenotype might ...
This document discusses research on developing an intelligent depression detection system using natural language processing of social media posts. It summarizes several previous studies that have used Facebook and Twitter data to predict depression by analyzing language and behavior. Specifically, some key studies are highlighted that have successfully predicted depression levels based on survey responses and self-reported diagnoses on social media, with prediction accuracy rates up to 89% in some cases. The document also reviews approaches that have used online forum membership and posts to classify mental health conditions. Overall, the research suggests social media can provide insights into users' mental states and has potential for early detection of depression.
Teaching Techniques: Neurotechnologies the way of the future (Stotler, 2019)Jacob Stotler
Presenting alternative to drugs from nuerotechnologies and teaching about clinical use of neurothreapy and therapeutic effectiveness of biological aspects of the use of clinical technologies.
Adolescent Depression Aetiology A Systematic ReviewAudrey Britton
This document summarizes a literature review on the aetiology of adolescent depression. The review finds that depression in adolescents has increased significantly in recent decades and is a major public health issue. It explores biological, environmental, sociological, and psychological risk factors. Biologically, genetics and changes in brain development during puberty can increase vulnerability to depression. Environmental and sociological factors like peer rejection, romantic relationships, parenting styles, family mental health, and excessive social media use are also linked to higher depression risk. Understanding the complex interplay between these various risk pathways is important for addressing the rising rates of adolescent depression.
BUSI 230Project 1 InstructionsBased on Larson & Farber sectio.docxRAHUL126667
BUSI 230
Project 1 Instructions
Based on Larson & Farber: section 2.1
Use the Project 1 Data Set to create the graphs and tables in Questions 1–4 and to answer both parts of Question 5. If you cannot figure out how to make the graphs and tables in Excel, you are welcome to draw them by hand and then submit them as a scanned document or photo.
1. Open a blank Excel file and create a grouped frequency distribution of the maximum daily temperatures for the 50 states for a 30 day period. Use 8 classes. (8 points)
2. Add midpoint, relative frequency, and cumulative frequency columns to your frequency distribution. (8 points)
3. Create a frequency histogram using Excel. You will probably need to load the Data Analysis add-in within Excel. If you do not know how to create a histogram in Excel, view the video located at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_gQUcRwDiik. A simple bar graph will also work.
If you cannot get the histogram or bar graph features to work, you may draw a histogram by hand and then scan or take a photo (your phone can probably do this) of your drawing and email it to your instructor. (8 points)
4. Create a frequency polygon in Excel (or by hand). For help, view http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Q-KdmDJirg(8 points)
5. A. Do any of the temperatures appear to be unrealistic or in error? If yes, which ones and why? (4 points)
B. Explain how this affects your confidence in the validity of this data set. (4 points)
Project 1 is due by 11:59 p.m. (ET) on Monday of Module/Week 1.
International Journal o f Clinical and Health Psychology (2014) 14, 216-220
International Journal
of Clinical and Health Psychology
w w w .elsevier.es/ijchp
THEORETICAL ARTICLE
The end of mental illness thinking?
Richard Pemberton3 *, Tony Wainwrightb
<DCrossMark
ELSEVIER
DOYMA
a University o f Brighton, United Kingdom
b University o f Exeter, United Kingdom
Received 26 May 2014; accepted 15 June 2014
A vailable on lin e 9 July 2014
KEYWORDS A b s tra c t M ental he alth th e o ry and p ra ctice are in a s ta te o f sig nifica nt flu x . This th e o re t-
Diagnosis; ic a l a rtic le places th e position taken by th e British Psychological Society Division o f C linical
F o rm u la tio n ; Psychology (DCP) in th e c o n te x t o f c u rre n t p ra ctice and seeks to c ritic a lly exam ine some o f
DSM-5; th e key fa cto rs th a t are d rivin g these transfo rm a tion s. The im petus fo r a co m p le te overhaul
W e llb e in g ; o f existing th in k in g comes fro m th e m a n ife stly poor perform ance o f m e n ta l health services in
T h e o re tic a l s tu d y w hich those w ith serious m e n ta l health problem s have reduced life expectancy. It advocates
using th e advances in our understanding o f th e psychological, social and physical mechanisms
th a t underpin psychological w e llb e in g and m e n ta l distress, and re je c tin g th e disease m odel o f
m e n ta l distress as p a rt o f an ou td a te d paradi ...
Rai, D., Lee, B. K., Dalman, C., Golding, J., Lewis, G., & Magnuss.docxmakdul
Rai, D., Lee, B. K., Dalman, C., Golding, J., Lewis, G., & Magnusson, C. (2013). Parental depression, maternal antidepressant use during pregnancy, and risk of autism spectrum disorders: Population based case-control study. BMJ : British Medical Journal (Online), 346 doi:http://dx.doi.org.saintleo.idm.oclc.org/10.1136/bmj.f2059
Parental depression, maternal antidepressant use
during pregnancy, and risk of autism spectrum
disorders: population based case-control study
OPEN ACCESS
Dheeraj Rai clinical lecturer 1 2 3, Brian K Lee assistant professor 4, Christina Dalman associate
professor2, Jean Golding professor emeritus5, Glyn Lewis professor1, Cecilia Magnusson professor2
1Centre for Mental Health, Addiction and Suicide Research, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK;
2Division of Public Health Epidemiology, Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; 3Avon and Wiltshire
Partnership Mental Health NHS Trust, Bristol, UK; 4Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Drexel University School of Public Health,
Philadelphia, PA, USA; 5Centre for Child and Adolescent Health, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, UK
Abstract
Objective To study the association between parental depression and
maternal antidepressant use during pregnancy with autism spectrum
disorders in offspring.
Design Population based nested case-control study.
Setting Stockholm County, Sweden, 2001-07.
Participants 4429 cases of autism spectrum disorder (1828 with and
2601 without intellectual disability) and 43 277 age and sex matched
controls in the full sample (1679 cases of autism spectrum disorder and
16 845 controls with data on maternal antidepressant use nested within
a cohort (n=589 114) of young people aged 0-17 years.
Main outcome measure A diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder, with
or without intellectual disability.
Exposures Parental depression and other characteristics prospectively
recorded in administrative registers before the birth of the child. Maternal
antidepressant use, recorded at the first antenatal interview, was
available for children born from 1995 onwards.
Results A history of maternal (adjusted odds ratio 1.49, 95% confidence
interval 1.08 to 2.08) but not paternal depression was associated with
an increased risk of autism spectrum disorders in offspring. In the
subsample with available data on drugs, this association was confined
to women reporting antidepressant use during pregnancy (3.34, 1.50 to
7.47, P=0.003), irrespective of whether selective serotonin reuptake
inhibitors (SSRIs) or non-selective monoamine reuptake inhibitors were
reported. All associations were higher in cases of autism without
intellectual disability, there being no evidence of an increased risk of
autism with intellectual disability. Assuming an unconfounded, causal
association, antidepressant use during pregnancy explained 0.6% of
the cases of autism sp ...
This document presents a hypothesis that chronic stress can induce bipolar disorder through its effects on astrocytes in the prefrontal cortex. The authors propose that chronic stress leads to high levels of glucocorticoids, which cause astrocyte degeneration in the prefrontal cortex over time. This is supported by evidence that glucocorticoids reduce astrocyte number and function in vitro and in vivo. The authors suggest this astrocyte loss could contribute to bipolar disorder. They propose experiments to test the hypothesis by measuring astrocyte decline after chronic stress exposure and exploring potential treatments like blocking glucocorticoid receptors or promoting astrocyte growth. If validated, this could impact the diagnosis of bipolar disorder by considering
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7. Inhala&on Exposure and Mental
Health
Power MC, Kioumourtzoglou MA, Hart JE, Okereke OI, Laden F, Weisskopf MG et al. The rela&on
between past exposure to fine par&culate air pollu&on and prevalent anxiety: observa&onal
cohort study BMJ 2015; 350 :h1111
compared with 12.7 (4.2 μg/m3) for the one month aver-
aging period.
Residential proximity to roadways
Nurses who lived 50 to 200 m from the nearest major
road were more likely to have increased Crown-Crisp
index phobic anxiety scale scores than those living
>200 m away (adjusted odds ratio 1.06, 95% confi-
dence interval 1.01 to 1.12; P=0.03). However, there was
no evidence of a dose-response pattern, as those living
within 50 m of the nearest major road did not have
increased odds (adjusted odds ratio 1.01, 0.95 to 1.08;
P=0.74). Findings of all sensitivity analyses were simi-
lar or more uniformly null (see supplementary table e2
and figure e1).
Particulate matter
We observed associations between higher PM2.5 and
high anxiety across several averaging periods. Given
evidence for slightly non-linear dose-response patterns
in some averaging periods (see supplementary figure
e2), we report associations with both fifths of exposure
(fig 2) and per 10 μg/m3 increase in exposure (table 2).
Notably, while associations were similar across 1, 3, 6,
and 12 month averaging periods, associations for the
1988–2003 averaging period were weaker than for the
shorter averaging periods. All sensitivity analyses were
reasonably consistent with our primary models (see
supplementary tables e4 to e10). Mutually adjusted
models suggest that these associations were primarily
driven by an association between anxiety and shorter
averaging periods (fig 3). There was little evidence to
support an association between high anxiety and expo-
sure to PM2.5–10 in either our primary (see supplemen-
tary table e3 and figure e3) or our sensitivity analyses
(see supplementary tables e4 to e10). We did not
observe significant effect modification of the associa-
tion with one month PM2.5 by any of the proposed vari-
6 months 11.59 (2.77) 1.14 (1.05 to 1.23) 0.002
12 months 11.38 (2.60) 1.15 (1.06 to 1.25) 0.001
1988–2003 13.75 (2.82) 1.09 (1.01 to 1.18) 0.03
PM2.5=particulate matter <2.5 μm in diameter.
*Adjusted for month of questionnaire return, nurse’s education, husband’s education, age, age squared,
whether the nurse has a partner, employment status, physical activity, percent of residential census tract that
is white, percent of residential census tract adults who lack a high school education, median home value of
residential census tract, geographic region, residence within a metropolitan statistical area, and social
support.
Fifths of PM2.5 exposure
Lowest
fifth (ref)
Second
fifth
Third
fifth
Fourth
fifth
Highest
fifth
0.9
1.0
3 months
Oddsratio(95%CI)
0.9
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.0
6 months
Oddsratio(95%CI)
0.9
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.0
12 months
Oddsratio(95%CI)
0.9
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.0
1988-2003
Oddsratio(95%CI)
0.9
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.0
RESEARCH
e month aver-
nearest major
Crown-Crisp
n those living
6, 95% confi-
osure to PM2.5
nts of Nurses’
P value
0.0001
0.0004
0.002
0.001
0.03
e squared,
census tract that
home value of
and social
1 month
Oddsratio(95%CI)
0.9
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.0
3 months
Oddsratio(95%CI)
0.9
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.0
6 months
5%CI)
1.3
one month aver-
he nearest major
sed Crown-Crisp
han those living
1.06, 95% confi-
wever, there was
n, as those living
ad did not have
1.01, 0.95 to 1.08;
alyses were simi-
mentary table e2
higher PM2.5 and
g periods. Given
esponse patterns
lementary figure
fifths of exposure
xposure (table 2).
lar across 1, 3, 6,
ociations for the
aker than for the
ity analyses were
ary models (see
utually adjusted
ns were primarily
xiety and shorter
ittle evidence to
nxiety and expo-
(see supplemen-
nsitivity analyses
10). We did not
n of the associa-
he proposed vari-
Fifths of PM2.5 exposure
Lowest
fifth (ref)
Second
fifth
Third
fifth
Fourth
fifth
Highest
fifth
Oddsratio(9
0.9
1.1
1.2
1.0
6 months
Oddsratio(95%CI)
0.9
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.0
12 months
Oddsratio(95%CI)
0.9
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.0
1988-2003
Oddsratio(95%CI)
0.9
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.0
10. Inhala&on Exposure in Maternity and
Mental Health
between the sexes in childhood outcomes fol-
lowing maternal stress during pregnancy (Cao
et al. 2012; Fang et al. 2011).
Our data from isolated CD11b+ and
CD11b– cells demonstrate that microglia—
not neurons or astrocytes—are the primary
source of the measured cytokines in the
brain, suggesting that they are a target of
“programming” by the prenatal stressors.
Microglia begin to colonize the rodent brain
animals we used for protein analysis
went behavioral testing, whereas the
used for CD11b isolation and gene
sion analysis were behaviorally naïv
possible that behavioral testing may
a sufficient stressor to elicit relativel
term increases in cytokine levels (i.e.,
ing until tissue collection) in the b
the DEP/NR animals, which would
observed at baseline. Alternatively, th
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
#
#
#
**
#
**
Control
r = –0.33
p < 0.05
r = 0.27
p = 0.09
Males Females
Memory
Males Females
Males Female
NR Control NR Control NR Control
IL-1β(pg/mL)
IL-10(pg/mL)
Percentfreezing
infearcontext
Percentfreezing
infearcontext
IL-1β (pg/mL) IL-1β (pg/mL)
Timeinclosed
arms(sec)
0 0 00.5 0.5 01.0 1.02.0 2.03.0 3.0 4.03.51.5 1.52.5 2.5
50
40
30
20
10
0
100
80
60
40
20
0
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
VEH
DEP
on analysis were behaviorally naïve. It is
ossible that behavioral testing may serve as
sufficient stressor to elicit relatively long-
erm increases in cytokine levels (i.e., endur-
ng until tissue collection) in the brains of
he DEP/NR animals, which would not be
bserved at baseline. Alternatively, there may
patterns (e.g., lipopolysaccharide), as well
as endogenous danger-associated molecu-
lar patterns released in response to cellular
distress (e.g., DEP-induced hyaluronan or
high-mobility group box 1) (Bianchi 2007).
Notably, glucocorticoids may up-regulate
TLRs on microglia, augmenting subsequent
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
†
†
#
**
#
**
r = 0.27
p = 0.09
r = 0.37
p < 0.05
r = –0.46
p < 0.01
Anxiety
Females Males Females
Males Females Males Females
Control NR Control NR Control NR Control NRIL-1β/IL-10ratio
IL-1β (pg/mL) IL-1β (pg/mL) IL-1β (pg/mL)
Timeinclosed
arms(sec)
Timeinclosed
arms(sec)
0 00.5 0.50 1.0 1.02.0 2.0 2.03.0 3.0 3.0 4.04.03.51.5 1.5 1.52.5 2.5 2.5 3.5
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
Bolton JL, Huff NC, Smith SH, Mason SN, Foster WM, Auten RL, Bilbo SD. 2013. Maternal stress and
effects of prenatal air pollu&on on offspring mental health outcomes in mice. Environ Health
Perspect 121:1075–1082
11. Mechanisms for Air Pollutant Exposure
and Mental Health ology 3
Reactive astrocytosis
Nasal pathway
Direct transport
Respiratory intake
Olfactory bulb
Systemic inflammation
Circulating cytokines
Respiratory inflammation
Systemic circulation
Neuroinflammation
Oxidative stress
Protein aggregation
Neuronal death
Trigeminal
pathway
Neuronal transport (?)
Microglial
activation
ROS
BBB
Vagal
pathway
Air pollutants
TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6
Figure 1: The impact of air pollution on the brain through multiple pathways.
f the route of entry, NPs that reach the damage, endothelial cell activation, and brain lesions in the
Genc et al, 2011
Vitamin D prevents autoimmunity through different mechanisms: there is a significant association between vitamin D de
Fig. 1. Air pollution exposure and mechanisms in multiple sclerosis pathogenesis: Inflammation and oxidative stress lead to blood brain barrier breakdown, im
cascades by nuclear factors and activated microglia, mitochondrial dysfunction and neurodegeneration, and vitamin D deficiency could culminate in brain a
(COX-2, cyclooxygenase2; ET-1, endothelin1; HO-1, heme oxygenase1; ICAM-1, intercellular adhesion molecule1; IL, interleukin; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide sy
1, monocyte chemoattractant protein1; MIF, macrophage inhibitory factor; MIP1a, macrophage inflammatory protein1-a; MMP, matrix metalloproteinase; N
factor kappa B; SOD, superoxide dismutase; TNF-a, tumor necrosis factor alpha; UVB, ultraviolet B, VCAM-1, vascular adhesion molecule1).
S. Esmaeil Mousavi et al. / Medical Hypotheses 100 (2017) 23–30
Mousavi et al, 2017
12. Figure 1. High-resolution mapping of time-integrated concentrations. Annual median daytime concentrations for 30 m-length road segments based on
1 year of repeated driving for a 16 km2
domain in West Oakland [WO] and Downtown (a), and for a 0.6 km2
industrial-residential area in WO (b).
Median ± SE concentrations are tabulated by road type in c. Annual median daytime ambient concentrations Camb at a regulatory fixed-site monitor in
WO are plotted as shaded stars. Localized hotspots in b correspond to major intersections, industries, and businesses with truck traffic, and are
Environmental Science & Technology Article
Apte et al., 2017
Issues from IAQ Perspec&ve
13. Issues from IAQ Perspec&ve
18 Ch. Mom et al. / The Science of the Total Environment 208 (1997) 15-21
A B C D E F
Home
G
Fig. 1. I/O ratios for PM,, in different homes (mean ratio,
minimum ratio and maximum ratio).
of indoor particulates. The relationship between
outdoor and indoor particulates was investigated
using linear regression analysis. Fig. 2 shows a
scatter diagram for the indoor and outdoor mea-
‘preference
n activity
I
PM-10 PM-Z.5
Fig. 3. Effect of activity on I/O ratios for PM,, and PM,,,
(homes A and Cl.
siderably below 1 and in home C, greater than 1.
Fig. 3 shows the influence of activity on I/O
ratios. In homes A and C, where PM,, and PM,,
were measured, a distinction was made between
grades of activity: The ‘reference cases’, refers to
a situation with no activity (an absence of inhabi-
Monn et al., 1998
Differences in Built Environment
Both TSP and 48-h geometric mean fine-mode
number concentration measurements showed a strong
correlation between rooms. Figure 1a shows the
correlation between the TSP measurements in the
kitchen and the living room (R2
=0.95, smoking house-
hold included; R2
=0.63, y=0.77x+15.45, smoking
household excluded). Figure 1b shows the even stronger
correlation between 48-h geometric mean fine-mode
number concentrations in the kitchen and living room
(R2
=0.99, smoking household included; R2
=0.82,
y=1.14xÀ32.12, smoking household excluded).
Besides the good correlation shown between mea-
surements in different rooms there was also a small but
significantly larger 48-h geometric mean fine-mode
particle number concentration in the living room
compared to that found in the kitchen both with and
without the smoking household included (p=0.05 and
0.04, respectively), and a significantly higher TSP value
in the living room compared to that found in the
kitchen, both with and without the smoking household
included (p=0.02 and 0.01 respectively).
Continuous Measurement
The graphs of particle number concentration (1-min
moving average median particle number per litre)
against time for the 48-h period in both the kitchen
and living room reveal that many of the short-term
peak concentrations in either of the rooms were
frequently mirrored in the other room. This is illustrated
in Figures 2±4.
The peak number concentrations in the living room
were often mirrored in terms of time and duration to
those found in the kitchen, e.g., those generated by
cooking activities in the kitchen. These results are
consistent despite many potential uncertainties such as
the effect of different air exchange rates, any pre-
existing differences in number concentrations and any
unidentified activities in the living room that are likely
to occur near meal times. It is also interesting to note
that whilst the background night time number concen-
tration was usually different on the two consecutive
nights monitored it was very similar between rooms for
each night with the average arithmetic mean difference
Figure 2. Fine-mode particle number concentration against time for house number 5 (smoking household).
Particulate matter variation within the home Wigzell et al.
Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology (2000) 10(3) 311
Concentra&on Spikes
Kendall et al., 2000