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2) Germany experienced major setbacks across multiple fronts. The U-boat campaign in the Atlantic faltered, resistance movements emerged within Germany, and Italy switched sides after Allied invasions.
3) By mid-1944, the Soviets were advancing deeply into German-held territory in the East while the Western Allies had established a second front in Western Europe following D-Day. Germany was becoming increasingly squeezed from both sides.
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Operation Barbarossa: History's Greatest BlunderRobert Close
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Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
8. the front
draws
nearer
the way to Stalingrad
was through Kiev, then
the Russians in 10
months, have reversed
matters, now the way to
Breslau is through Kiev
9. in 1944 the
Red Army
advances
DEATH
to the German fascist
bandits
10. the war in
the west has
begun
German newspaper
account of D-Day,
6 June 1944
11. 20 juli 1944
scene of the failed bomb plot, immediately after
Hitler’s “miraculous” escape
12. We have not only a “leadership crisis’, but
strictly speaking a “Leader (Führer) crisis”!
Speer,recalling Goebbels’s assessment in late
February, 1943
13. showing the strain
“rapidly ageing...
“becoming increasingly a physical
wreck...
“showing pronounced signs of intense
nervous strain---
distanced himself ever more from his
people.”
his left hand began to tremble (probably
onset of Parkinson’s disease)
his quack doctor Morell gave more
“energy” injections
his vegetarian diet didn’t help
14. showing the strain
“rapidly ageing...
“becoming increasingly a physical
wreck...
“showing pronounced signs of intense
nervous strain---
distanced himself ever more from his
people.”
his left hand began to tremble (probably
onset of Parkinson’s disease)
his quack doctor Morell gave more
“energy” injections
his vegetarian diet didn’t help
18. Fremd und
zwangsarbeitern
Germany felt the press of military versus
domestic manpower conflicts
two answers besides women laborers
were resorted to
the ID paper (right) of the
zivilarbeiter(in) civil worker (female)
from Soviet Russia is a blend of the two
workers were recruited from the allied/
occupied countries as volunteers
then they were kept and worked as
slaves
slavery was the initial fate of Jews and
POWs
19. who shall be the “Total War”
Czar?
Göring, seen here in
happier days, wanted
the job
Goebbels felt he
deserved it
Ley (DAF), Speer,
Saukel, and Bormann
all craved the post
21. the White Rose
A GERMAN FLYER Manifesto
of the Munich Students
the leaflet dropped by Sophie
and her brother Hans Scholl
on 18 Feb 1943
their resistance had begun
the previous summer
the blue writing, “enemy
propaganda”
22. Hans & Sophie with Christoph Probst
München, 24.Juli 42--at the beginning of the
resistance movement.
24. swift Nazi “justice”
they began painting slogans on walls: “Down with
Hitler,” “Hitler Mass Murderer,” “Freedom”
then a series of printed flyers
they were seized distributing the 6th flyer on 2/18/43
tried before notorious judge Roland Freisler on 2/22,
they were found guilty and guillotined the same day
25. other resistance “circles”
the Munich university group was not alone
army officers around General Ludwig Beck secretly
plotted
military intelligence, including the director (!), Admiral
Canaris, worked against the war effort
a soon to be world famous Lutheran pastor, Dietrich
Bonhoeffer, and others in the church resistance
searched their consciences
27. a totally unexpected resistance:
the Jews of the Warsaw ghetto
16.Oct.40--established, population 440,000, the largest ghetto
in Europe. 38% of Warsaw’s pop. in 4.5% of the city’s area
16 Nov--enclosed with a wall & armed guards. thousands of
Polish Jews & Romani (Gypsies) added; food rations reduced to
starvation levels; over 100,000 die of disease & starvation
before deportations to extermination camps
23.July-21.Sept.1942-- about 240,000 sent to Treblinka &
murdered there
by the end of 1942, it was clear that the deportations were to
their deaths, and many of the remaining Jews decided to fight
36. Adm Karl Dönitz, (1891-1980)
U-boat Commander (BdU) (Befehlshaber der U-boote)
1916 posted to a U-boat
1918 commander, German U-boat arm
1936 named Führer der U-Boote
1939-1945 U-boats sunk 2,800 ships with
a capacity of 15 million gross registered
tons
when Adm Raeder lost Hitler’s favor in
1943, Dönitz replaced him as OKM,
Oberbefehlshaber der
Kriegsmarine
ironically, “Black May” followed
37. “Black May,” 1943
U-boats reach their highest number, 240 (118
at sea)
May also saw the greatest losses, 25% of the
operational total
nearly 3x the losses of the previous worst
month
at the same time there was a drop in Allied
losses to the U-boat attacks
shocked, Adm Dönitz ordered a temporary
halt to the U-boat campaign, 24 May 1943
38. what caused this dramatic shift?
officers on the bridge of an escort vessel looking
for U-boats early in the war
61. battle of Prokhorovka, 12.juli
“the greatest tank battle of all times”
the Soviets launched a counter offensive,
hoping to catch the Germans off balance
“best described as a very costly tactical loss
but an operational draw for the Soviets”
neither accomplished their missions that day
losses a contentious subject:
Soviet-200(?) 822 (?) --probably 150-300
German-80(?) “hundreds, including
‘dozens’ of Tigers” (?) --probably 70-80
“operational reductions” short/long term
62. Red tank recovery vehicle
towing a damaged T-34 from the Prokhorovka
battlefield
64. immediate results
13 juli- Hitler summons v Kluge & v Manstein to Wolfsschanze
3 days earlier the Western Allies had invaded Sicily, Hitler
announces his intention to “temporarily” call off Zitadelle
Manstein insists “on the brink of victory,” Hitler gives him a
few more days
17 juli- operation cancelled, entire SS Panzer Korps transferred
to Italy
22 august-utter exhaustion, both sides, battle of Kursk ends
66. long term results
as series of Red Army operations lead to the crossing of the
Dnieper and the liberation of Kiev, autumn of 1943
a new pattern emerges--the initiative passes to the Soviets
Germans spend the rest of the war reacting to their moves
the Italian front drains resources from Ostfront
only the Soviets have the manpower, Lend-Lease, and
industrial production to recover fully
Germany will never again launch a major eastern offensive
68. strategic outcome
the loss further convinces Hitler of the incompetence of his General Staff
he continues his interference in military matters, by the war’s end he is
involved in tactical decisions
Stalin moves in the opposite direction, he sees Stavka’s planning justified on
the battlefield, steps back from operational planning, only rarely overrules
military decisions
predictable results ensue for both sides:
German Army moves from loss to loss as Hitler “micromanages”
Soviet Army gains freedom and becomes more and more fluid
81. as Sicily is overrun, alarm spreads
24 July--the Fascist Grand Council meets for ten hours,
votes 19-7 to ask the king to save Italy from destruction
25 July--Mussolini summoned to the palace, relieved of
duties and arrested, replaced by Marshall Badoglio
Hitler calls an emergency meeting of his top advisors
after learning of this, urges immediate forceful action--
arrest them all! king, Badoglio, the pope!
wiser heads prevail
82. a fiery interruption, 24 July-3 August
Operation Gomorrah, the firebombing of
Hamburg
83. a fiery interruption, 24 July-3 August
Operation Gomorrah, the firebombing of
Hamburg
84. Pietro Badoglio, 1871-1956
victor of the Ethiopian War, 1936
used mustard gas and bombed hospitals,
never tried for war crimes
resigned his commission after the poor
performance in Greece, 1940
called by Victor Emmanuel III to form a
government, 25 July 1943
made a speech promising to continue the
war
secretly began negotiations with the Allies
85. suspicious, Hitler prepares
Kesselring prepares a brilliant evacuation of
Sicily on the night of 11-12 August
by early September, when Italy’s “treachery”/
good sense came to light, he had 16
divisions on the Italian mainland
hardened SS units from Ostfront
troops formerly stationed on Sardinia,
Corsica, and Sicily
they quickly seized control of central Italy
and took the unprepared Italian Army
prisoner
over 650,000 former “comrades” became Generalfeldmarshall Albert Kesselring
slave laborers 1885-1960
86. Operation Eiche (Oak) 12.ix
Austrian SS Hauptsturmführer
Otto Skorzeny leads a perfect
airborne rescue mission to free
the Duce
German intelligence had located
the site where he was being held
captive
the German commandos
overwhelmed Mussolini’s guards
without a shot being fired
Skorzeny flew him out in a Fiesler
Storch light aircraft
123. ...what happened in Spain [ the church desecrations,
murder of clergy and women religious by the
Republicans] clearly influenced Pius XII's attitudes
towards Hitler, whom he considered similar to Mussolini
and Franco. I think this helps to explain his support of
Operation Barbarossa and his reluctance to comprehend
the Holocaust, let alone quot;speak outquot; on behalf of the
Jews. The issue is much more complex than that, but
Pacelli seriously misjudged the (admittedly horrible)
world in which he lived. This was not true - nearly all of
the research bears out - of the lower clergy, especially in
Italy but also in Germany and Austria.
Professor Evan B. Bukey, University of Arkansas
e-Mail to JBP, 13 March 2008
125. Himmler’s Posen speech
4 October 1943
“… referring to the Jewish evacuation
program, the extermination of the Jewish
people
“… a glorious page in our history, and one
that has never been written and never can
be written
“We had the moral right, we had the duty
to our people, to destroy this people which
wanted to destroy us.
“The difficult decision had to be taken to
have this people disappear from the earth.”
127. “undoubting faith & fanatical will
to victory”
despite increasing ill health, Hitler
clings to his mantra
“It is impressive, with what certainty
the Führer believes in his mission.”
-- Goebbels, early June, 1944
“Hitler lived increasingly in a world of
illusion” -- Kershaw
like his hero, Frederick the Great,
Hitler expected to be saved by a rift
in the “unnatural” alliance of the
Western Powers and the USSR
128. from dilettante to workaholic
“The leisured times of the pre-war years
were gone.
“...detachment from day-to-day
issues...relaxation, listening to music,
watching films, indulging in indolence… had
indeed given way to a punishing work
schedule…
“Hitler brooded incessantly over the most
detailed matters of military tactics…
“Nights with little sleep; rising late in the
mornings; … a strict spartan diet, and meals
often taken alone in his room; no exercise
beyond a brief daily walk with his Alsatian
bitch Blondi; the same surroundings
[Wolfsschanze], the same entourage…
“...scarcely conducive to...rational reflection.”
129. from dilettante to workaholic
“The leisured times of the pre-war years
were gone.
“...detachment from day-to-day
issues...relaxation, listening to music,
watching films, indulging in indolence… had
indeed given way to a punishing work
schedule…
“Hitler brooded incessantly over the most
detailed matters of military tactics…
“Nights with little sleep; rising late in the
mornings; … a strict spartan diet, and meals
often taken alone in his room; no exercise
beyond a brief daily walk with his Alsatian
bitch Blondi; the same surroundings
[Wolfsschanze], the same entourage…
“...scarcely conducive to...rational reflection.”
130. threats to his security
Hitler’s press chief warns of an
assassination plan he read in a
Stockholm newspaper
an army officer intended to shoot Hitler
with his pistol
security at Wolfsschanze is increased
allied air-superiority leads to heavy raids
on Berlin, so Hitler decides to increase
the strength of the bunkers at FHQ
22 Feb--he leaves for the Berghof while
OT does the work
he will not return until mid-July
Adolf Hitler is the victory!
131. “No other war leader -- not Churchill, Roosevelt,
or even Stalin -- was so consumed by the task of
running military affairs, so unable to delegate
authority.”
Kershaw, ii, p. 612
151. The intensified level of repression during
the last years of the war, along with the
negative unity forged by fear of the victory
of Bolshevism, went a long way towards
ensuring that the threat of internal revolt,
as had happened in 1918, never
materialized.
Kershaw, ii, p. 614
156. its late introduction denied it
a decisive role
designed by Willi Messerschmidt
April, 1941--maiden flight with piston
engines
July, 1942--with jet engines
April, 1944--introduction for training
August, 1944--first combat operations,
early losses led to withdrawal for ”further
training and a revision of combat tactics.”
March, 1945-inflicts heavy losses, but…
too little, too late
157. Vergeltungswaffe-2
v Braun and Riedel built the first prototype
in 1936
problems with liquid fuel, supersonic
aerodynamics, and guidance and control
plagued testing and production
RAF bombing of Peenemunde, August,
1943 caused a shift of production to
Mittelbau-Dora
here 20,000 slave laborers died producing
the V-2s
operations began 2 Sept 1944
over 3,000 were launched, killing 7,000
military and civilian personnel
single most expensive project of the Third
Reich
159. Vengeance weapon-1
1942--Luftwaffe’s “Kirschkern” program begins
like the V-2, hopes are high and projections of the
production rate are optimistic
January, 1944--production begins, Gen’l Milch
promises Hitler that, beginning on his birthday, 20 April,
1,500 V-1s will achieve the total devastation of London
within three months of such bombing, Britain should be
on its knees
given this sort of talk, Hitler’s illusions become more
understandable
160. …’working towards the Führer’, striving--as the key
to retaining power and position--to accomplish
what it was known he would favor, to provide the
miracle he wanted, and to accomodate his wishes,
however unrealistic, still applied. Reluctance to
convey bad or depressing news to him was the
opposite side of the same coin. Together the
consequence was inbuilt, systemic, over-
optimism….
Kershaw, ii, p.623
162. the campaign begins
50 launch sites are built in the Pas de Calais
by early June
12 June--10 V-1s launch against London:
4 crash on launch
5 reach London, cause little damage
Hitler is furious, cancels production
three days later 244 hit London causing a
sensation. Production ordered resumed.
almost 30,000 are made. Approx 10,000 are
fired at England. 2,419 reach London killing
about 6,184 and injuring 17,891
167. Miklos Horthy, Regent of the
Kingdom of Hungary, 1920-1944
CinC of the Austro-Hungarian Navy in
the last years of World War I
his conservative government replaced
the “Red terror” of Bela Kuhn in
November, 1919
when the last Habsburg, Karl I, died in
1922, Admiral Horthy was “regent
without a king”
Hitler woos Horthy with territories from
Slovakia, Romania, & the Carpatho-
Ukraine
he joins the axis with the invasion of
Yugoslavia
168. Hungary’s fall from favor
begins with Stalingrad, Hitler blames the loss on the
Hungarian and Romanian divisions on the “shoulders”
of the salient where the Red Army broke through
12 February 1944--Horthy writes Hitler demanding the
return of 9 divisions from Ostfront to defend his
Carpathian border from the approaching Red Army
Hitler fears that both Hungary and Romania might pull
an “Italy”, make a separate peace; orders the army to
prepare invasion plans: Margarethes I & II
170. 18 March 1944
the 75 year old head of state is summoned to Hitler
along with his chief ministers and chief of his general staff
Hitler accuses him (correctly) of secretly opening
negotiations with the allies, blames him for leaving his
almost one million Jews without any disabilities
announces he intends to occupy Hungary and demands
an invitation
when Horthy refuses, Hitler compels him to install a
puppet regime
the Wehrmacht enters, as does Adolf Eichmann
179. a challenge to Hitler’s authority
4.i.44--Manstein flies to Hitler’s headquarters
(FHQ) to report on the danger to Army
Group South
he wants to abandon the Crimea and the
Dnieper bend to shorten the front
Hitler refuses. Manstein asks to speak
privately, renews his request that he, not
Hitler, be made commander in chief of
Ostfront, the way Kesselring in Italy and
Rundstedt in France were
request denied • insubordination duly noted.
Guderian, another favorite general, also met
a stone wall when he asked Hitler to get rid
of Keitel, head of OKW
Generalfeldmarshall Erich v Manstein
181. Sowjetische Frühjahrsoffensive 1944
Soviet Spring Offensive
4 märz-12 mai
Soviet gains during their winter offensive
leave them well positioned for the new
assault
the Ukraine was the focus of the Spring
Offensive
the Red Army drove from the Dnieper to
the Bug to the Dniester Rivers
10 April--with the fall of Odessa it
became impossible to supply the
German forces in the Crimea
10 May--Sevastopol is evacuated by
sea
198. closing the ring--July, 1944
26 June--the fall of Cherbourg and the D-Day beachhead firmly
established, Hitler still “believed” the “Vengeance Weapons” would turn
the tide
22 June--Stalin launches “Operation Bagration” on the third anniversary
of Hitler’s invasion
Hitler refuses Busch’s request to abandon the “fortified places” (Feste
Plätze)
mid July--they are encircled; the Soviet breakthrough advances 200
miles, within striking distance of Warsaw
a disaster greater than Stalingrad: 28 divisions lost, 350,000 men killed
or captured
199. 15. juli--Hitler greets Gen’l Fromm
at the left, ramrod straight, is Fromm’s ADC,
Claus Graf Schenk von Stauffenberg
200. 20 juli--a bomb bursts
during Hitler’s military briefing
did they get him?
201.
202. People are saying:
Lieber ein Ende mit Schrecken als ein
Schrecken ohne Ende!
Better ‘an end with horror’ than ‘horror without end’!