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Los Alamos National Laboratory, an affirmative action/equal opportunity employer,is operated by the Los Alamos National Security, LLC for the National NuclearSecurity Administration of the U.S. Department of Energy under contract DE-AC52 06NA25396. By approving this article, the publisher recognizes that the U.S. Government retains nonexclusive, royalty-free license to publish or reproduce the published form of this contribution, or to allow others to do so, for U.S. Government purposes. Los Alamos National Laboratory requests that the publisher identify this article as work performed under the auspices of the U.S. Departmentof Energy. Los Alamos National Laboratory strongly supports academic freedom and a researcher's right to publish; as an institution, however, the Laboratory does not endorse the viewpoint of a publication or guarantee its technical correctness
The document summarizes key events and policies of the Cold War between the United States and Soviet Union from 1949 to 1960. It discusses the nuclear arms race following the Soviet development of the atomic bomb, the policy of brinkmanship pursued by the Eisenhower administration, civil defense drills in America, and covert CIA operations against governments in Iran and Guatemala. It also outlines the formation of the Warsaw Pact, the Suez Crisis, Soviet suppression of uprisings in Hungary, and the beginning of the space race with Sputnik and U-2 incidents increasing Cold War tensions.
Fortinet provides virtualized security solutions that can integrate with VMware NSX to enable micro-segmentation and east-west traffic control in software-defined data centers. The FortiGate-VMX integrates directly with the NSX manager to import network segments defined in NSX and apply firewall policies based on these segments. This allows fine-grained security policies to be applied across virtual machines and workloads in the hybrid cloud.
This document provides a timeline of key events in the life of John F. Kennedy from 1917-1963. It outlines his early life and education, military service during WWII where he was a war hero, entry into politics as a Congressman and Senator, presidency and assassination. The timeline focuses on Kennedy's early life and political career leading up to his election as the 35th US President in 1960 at age 43. It then details major events and accomplishments of his brief presidency from 1961-1963 before concluding with details of his assassination in Dallas, Texas on November 22, 1963 at age 46.
The document provides a detailed overview of America's involvement in World War II. It describes how the U.S. mobilized for war after the attack on Pearl Harbor, with millions enlisting or being drafted. American industry ramped up war production while scientists worked on technologies like radar, sonar, penicillin and the Manhattan Project to develop the atomic bomb. The U.S. fought major battles in Europe, Africa and the Pacific, with key events including D-Day, the Battle of the Bulge, and the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, before achieving victory over Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan.
El pianista/ Cristina Garcia y Sofia Murguimurguisofia
Este documento resume la película "El Pianista" de 2002. Narra la historia real de Wladyslaw Szpilman, un pianista polaco judío que sobrevivió al Holocausto escondiéndose en Varsovia ocupada por los nazis. Detalla la trama, personajes, rodaje y relación con los eventos históricos de la Segunda Guerra Mundial.
O Zabbix é um software gratuito e de código aberto para monitoramento de rede e aplicações. Ele possui servidor, interface web, agentes e proxies para coletar dados de hosts monitorados. O Zabbix permite configurar itens, triggers, mapas e notificações para gerenciar eventos e analisar históricos de desempenho. Suporta diversas plataformas e aplicações.
Reduce Test Automation Execution Time by 80%TechWell
Software testers and quality assurance engineers are often pressured to cut testing time to ensure on-time product releases. Usually this means running fewer test cycles with the risk of worse software quality. As companies embrace a continuous integration (CI) that require frequent build and test cycles, the pressure to speed up automated testing is intense. Tanay Nagjee shows how you can cut the time to run an automated test suite by 80%—for example, from two hours to under 25 minutes. Find out how Tayay’s team broke down their test suites into bite-sized test that could be executed in parallel. Leveraging a cluster of computing horsepower (either on on-premise physical machines or in the cloud), you can refactor large test suites to execute in a fraction of the time it takes now. With real example data and a live demonstration, Tanay outlines a three-step approach to achieve these results within different test frameworks.
The document summarizes key events and policies of the Cold War between the United States and Soviet Union from 1949 to 1960. It discusses the nuclear arms race following the Soviet development of the atomic bomb, the policy of brinkmanship pursued by the Eisenhower administration, civil defense drills in America, and covert CIA operations against governments in Iran and Guatemala. It also outlines the formation of the Warsaw Pact, the Suez Crisis, Soviet suppression of uprisings in Hungary, and the beginning of the space race with Sputnik and U-2 incidents increasing Cold War tensions.
Fortinet provides virtualized security solutions that can integrate with VMware NSX to enable micro-segmentation and east-west traffic control in software-defined data centers. The FortiGate-VMX integrates directly with the NSX manager to import network segments defined in NSX and apply firewall policies based on these segments. This allows fine-grained security policies to be applied across virtual machines and workloads in the hybrid cloud.
This document provides a timeline of key events in the life of John F. Kennedy from 1917-1963. It outlines his early life and education, military service during WWII where he was a war hero, entry into politics as a Congressman and Senator, presidency and assassination. The timeline focuses on Kennedy's early life and political career leading up to his election as the 35th US President in 1960 at age 43. It then details major events and accomplishments of his brief presidency from 1961-1963 before concluding with details of his assassination in Dallas, Texas on November 22, 1963 at age 46.
The document provides a detailed overview of America's involvement in World War II. It describes how the U.S. mobilized for war after the attack on Pearl Harbor, with millions enlisting or being drafted. American industry ramped up war production while scientists worked on technologies like radar, sonar, penicillin and the Manhattan Project to develop the atomic bomb. The U.S. fought major battles in Europe, Africa and the Pacific, with key events including D-Day, the Battle of the Bulge, and the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, before achieving victory over Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan.
El pianista/ Cristina Garcia y Sofia Murguimurguisofia
Este documento resume la película "El Pianista" de 2002. Narra la historia real de Wladyslaw Szpilman, un pianista polaco judío que sobrevivió al Holocausto escondiéndose en Varsovia ocupada por los nazis. Detalla la trama, personajes, rodaje y relación con los eventos históricos de la Segunda Guerra Mundial.
O Zabbix é um software gratuito e de código aberto para monitoramento de rede e aplicações. Ele possui servidor, interface web, agentes e proxies para coletar dados de hosts monitorados. O Zabbix permite configurar itens, triggers, mapas e notificações para gerenciar eventos e analisar históricos de desempenho. Suporta diversas plataformas e aplicações.
Reduce Test Automation Execution Time by 80%TechWell
Software testers and quality assurance engineers are often pressured to cut testing time to ensure on-time product releases. Usually this means running fewer test cycles with the risk of worse software quality. As companies embrace a continuous integration (CI) that require frequent build and test cycles, the pressure to speed up automated testing is intense. Tanay Nagjee shows how you can cut the time to run an automated test suite by 80%—for example, from two hours to under 25 minutes. Find out how Tayay’s team broke down their test suites into bite-sized test that could be executed in parallel. Leveraging a cluster of computing horsepower (either on on-premise physical machines or in the cloud), you can refactor large test suites to execute in a fraction of the time it takes now. With real example data and a live demonstration, Tanay outlines a three-step approach to achieve these results within different test frameworks.
This document appears to be a court filing that spans 183 pages. It includes a case number, date, and page numbers but no other contextual information. Therefore, it is not possible to determine the essential high-level information or summarize the content in 3 sentences or less based on the information provided.
MODAClouds Decision Support System for Cloud Service SelectionLDBC council
The document discusses MODAClouds' Decision Support System (DSS) for cloud service selection. Some key points:
- The DSS helps users select cloud services by considering multiple dimensions like cost, quality, risks, and technical/business constraints.
- It allows multiple stakeholders like architects, operators, managers to provide input on tangible/intangible assets and risks.
- The DSS performs risk analysis and generates requirements. It also considers issues around multi-cloud environments like interoperability and migration challenges.
- Other features include automatic data gathering from various sources, and progressive learning over time from user inputs and service selections.
The document summarizes the events leading up to the Russian Revolution in 1917. Rapid industrialization and harsh conditions for workers led to unrest. Czar Nicholas II proved unable to handle the problems facing Russia, including World War I. In March 1917, widespread strikes and protests caused Nicholas to abdicate, yet the provisional government that replaced him struggled to maintain control. This allowed Vladimir Lenin and the Bolsheviks to seize power in November 1917, establishing Soviet rule in Russia.
The document discusses life under Stalin's rule in the Soviet Union. It describes how Stalin imposed strict control over all aspects of society, including agriculture, the economy, culture, religion, and thought. Millions of Soviet citizens were arrested, executed, or sent to brutal labor camps for any perceived resistance or disobedience to the Communist regime. Stalin created a climate of fear and oppression through extensive propaganda, censorship, repression of religion, and purges of political opponents.
This document provides summaries and links to multiple photo editing tutorials focused on techniques like retouching, photomanipulation, color grading, and transforming photos. The tutorials cover topics such as transforming photos of real people into cartoon characters, enhancing facial features to make them pop out, creating surreal or fantasy portraits, giving photos stylized color treatments to look like ads or artwork, and manipulating lighting and colors to change the mood or setting of a photo. Users are encouraged to click on the provided links for details on purchasing access to the full video tutorials.
The document provides an overview of the Korean War and Vietnam War. It discusses how the Korean War began as a conflict between North and South Korea but escalated into a proxy war between China and the United States. It also summarizes the key events and leaders involved in the Vietnam War, from the rise of Ho Chi Minh and the Viet Minh movement to the US withdrawal in 1973. Songs from the era reflecting anti-war sentiment are also mentioned.
Want to know how you are going to take an ordinary picture and intensify its colors in Photoshop. This write-up will help you know about it specifically.
The document summarizes the process of creating a base map of a property using Google Earth. The creator found that printing multiple sections of the property from Google Earth resulted in images that did not line up well. They then used Adobe Illustrator to combine the images digitally into a cleaner base map in two parts. Creating the base map helped provide a better understanding of the property's layout and resources like sunlight, wind, water, and noise factors to inform future permaculture site designs.
- The document discusses the start of World War 1 and the tensions between Germany and Britain leading up to it, with a quote from Kaiser Wilhelm II denying suspicions against Germany.
- It then covers some of the major changes in warfare that occurred during WWI, including the rise of trench warfare, use of artillery, cavalry becoming obsolete, infantry evolving, and the introduction of poison gas, tanks, and air power.
- Two war poems are analyzed, one reflecting patriotism for England and the other graphically depicting the horrors of a gas attack.
- Key events that brought the US into the war are summarized, including the Zimmermann Telegram sent from Germany to Mexico proposing an alliance against the US.
The document provides historical context about the Great Depression in the United States in the late 1920s and early 1930s. It describes how Herbert Hoover was elected president in 1928 on promises of continued prosperity, but the stock market crashed in 1929, plunging the US into the Great Depression. As industries and banks failed, unemployment spiked to 25%. Hoover's belief in individualism led to a limited initial response, though he later implemented some relief programs. His reputation was further damaged by violent clashes between troops and WWI veterans protesting in Washington D.C. in 1932.
There were four main classes in Russian society: [1] the nobility, who spoke French and other European languages; [2] the clergy; [3] the merchants; and [4] the peasants, who made up the largest part of the population. After the Russian Civil War from 1918 to 1921, which killed around 15 million Russians, the Bolsheviks under Lenin emerged victorious and established the Soviet Union. Stalin later took control of the Communist Party and transitioned the Soviet Union to a dictatorship, imposing strict control over both the government and individual lives.
International Underwater Explorations presents an integrated visualization system for hydrographic and oceanographic data for use as a dual use decision support system that can be applied to naval mission planning, alternative energy site selection, and harbor and coastal emergency response.
The document summarizes findings from a 2008 GAO report on major US weapon programs. It finds that outcomes have not improved over 6 years and programs routinely cost more, take longer, and deliver less than promised. It also discusses how long development cycles are a major problem, with the average program taking over 8 years compared to 5 years planned by the DoD. Shorter development times are seen as key to successful programs.
1) The document discusses the history of US involvement in Vietnam from the 1950s through the 1960s, including supporting South Vietnam against communist North Vietnam and Ho Chi Minh's rise to power.
2) It describes key events like the Geneva Accords that divided Vietnam in 1954, the Viet Cong insurgency against the South Vietnamese government, and the overthrow and death of South Vietnamese President Ngo Dinh Diem in 1963 with US support.
3) The document analyzes the escalating US military presence and involvement in Vietnam under presidents Kennedy and Johnson as both attempted to prevent the spread of communism in Southeast Asia.
This document provides instructions for using various photo editing tools in Adobe Photoshop. It includes steps for cropping images, converting images to grayscale, removing red eye, removing blemishes, adjusting colors using selective color, changing colors, adjusting brightness and contrast, adding a tan effect, combining images, adding tattoos, changing skin tone, and more. The instructions are brief, listing the key tools and steps to achieve each effect in 3 sentences or less.
This document discusses how internet-enabled GIS allows both professionals and the public greater access to geospatial data and planning tools. It provides an overview of different technologies like ArcGIS Server, Web Map Services (WMS), Web Feature Services (WFS), and Keyhole Markup Language (KML) that have made GIS more accessible online. The document also outlines a workshop agenda on using these internet-based GIS technologies for tasks like zoning analysis and distributing data.
The document provides background information on Afghanistan, including its terrain, ethnic groups, religion, important issues, and history of foreign involvement. It discusses Afghanistan's struggle for independence from Britain in the late 1800s. It also covers the Soviet invasion in the 1970s, the rise of the Taliban in the 1990s, and US intervention beginning in 2001 after the 9/11 attacks. The current situation involves efforts to rebuild the country while preventing the Taliban from regaining power and controlling the illegal drug trade.
The first two national research centers for nuclear technology in Russia were established in 1920 in Ukraine and Moscow. Igor Kurchatov led the Soviet atomic project and the first Soviet nuclear reactor was created in 1946, obtaining the first plutonium for a nuclear bomb. Emil Fuchs supplied information about the American and British nuclear programs to the Soviet Union, allowing them to build their first atomic bomb, RDS-1, in 1949. Andrei Sakharov played a key role in the development of the Soviet hydrogen bomb and helped design the intercontinental ballistic missile capable of delivering nuclear weapons. Sergei Korolyov led the development of the R-7 missile, the first Soviet ICBM, which launched S
This research report summarizes the history of Russia's nuclear program from its origins in the 1920s through modern times. It discusses how the first Soviet nuclear reactor and bomb were developed in the 1940s and 50s, with help from spies providing information from the American Manhattan Project. It then covers the development of the RDS-1 atomic bomb and subsequent hydrogen bombs. A key event was the 1957 launch of Sputnik using an intercontinental ballistic missile called the R-7, marking the start of the Soviet space program. In the present, the report distinguishes between strategic nuclear weapons meant to threaten the US and USSR directly, and tactical weapons for use in foreign territories or naval battles.
This document appears to be a court filing that spans 183 pages. It includes a case number, date, and page numbers but no other contextual information. Therefore, it is not possible to determine the essential high-level information or summarize the content in 3 sentences or less based on the information provided.
MODAClouds Decision Support System for Cloud Service SelectionLDBC council
The document discusses MODAClouds' Decision Support System (DSS) for cloud service selection. Some key points:
- The DSS helps users select cloud services by considering multiple dimensions like cost, quality, risks, and technical/business constraints.
- It allows multiple stakeholders like architects, operators, managers to provide input on tangible/intangible assets and risks.
- The DSS performs risk analysis and generates requirements. It also considers issues around multi-cloud environments like interoperability and migration challenges.
- Other features include automatic data gathering from various sources, and progressive learning over time from user inputs and service selections.
The document summarizes the events leading up to the Russian Revolution in 1917. Rapid industrialization and harsh conditions for workers led to unrest. Czar Nicholas II proved unable to handle the problems facing Russia, including World War I. In March 1917, widespread strikes and protests caused Nicholas to abdicate, yet the provisional government that replaced him struggled to maintain control. This allowed Vladimir Lenin and the Bolsheviks to seize power in November 1917, establishing Soviet rule in Russia.
The document discusses life under Stalin's rule in the Soviet Union. It describes how Stalin imposed strict control over all aspects of society, including agriculture, the economy, culture, religion, and thought. Millions of Soviet citizens were arrested, executed, or sent to brutal labor camps for any perceived resistance or disobedience to the Communist regime. Stalin created a climate of fear and oppression through extensive propaganda, censorship, repression of religion, and purges of political opponents.
This document provides summaries and links to multiple photo editing tutorials focused on techniques like retouching, photomanipulation, color grading, and transforming photos. The tutorials cover topics such as transforming photos of real people into cartoon characters, enhancing facial features to make them pop out, creating surreal or fantasy portraits, giving photos stylized color treatments to look like ads or artwork, and manipulating lighting and colors to change the mood or setting of a photo. Users are encouraged to click on the provided links for details on purchasing access to the full video tutorials.
The document provides an overview of the Korean War and Vietnam War. It discusses how the Korean War began as a conflict between North and South Korea but escalated into a proxy war between China and the United States. It also summarizes the key events and leaders involved in the Vietnam War, from the rise of Ho Chi Minh and the Viet Minh movement to the US withdrawal in 1973. Songs from the era reflecting anti-war sentiment are also mentioned.
Want to know how you are going to take an ordinary picture and intensify its colors in Photoshop. This write-up will help you know about it specifically.
The document summarizes the process of creating a base map of a property using Google Earth. The creator found that printing multiple sections of the property from Google Earth resulted in images that did not line up well. They then used Adobe Illustrator to combine the images digitally into a cleaner base map in two parts. Creating the base map helped provide a better understanding of the property's layout and resources like sunlight, wind, water, and noise factors to inform future permaculture site designs.
- The document discusses the start of World War 1 and the tensions between Germany and Britain leading up to it, with a quote from Kaiser Wilhelm II denying suspicions against Germany.
- It then covers some of the major changes in warfare that occurred during WWI, including the rise of trench warfare, use of artillery, cavalry becoming obsolete, infantry evolving, and the introduction of poison gas, tanks, and air power.
- Two war poems are analyzed, one reflecting patriotism for England and the other graphically depicting the horrors of a gas attack.
- Key events that brought the US into the war are summarized, including the Zimmermann Telegram sent from Germany to Mexico proposing an alliance against the US.
The document provides historical context about the Great Depression in the United States in the late 1920s and early 1930s. It describes how Herbert Hoover was elected president in 1928 on promises of continued prosperity, but the stock market crashed in 1929, plunging the US into the Great Depression. As industries and banks failed, unemployment spiked to 25%. Hoover's belief in individualism led to a limited initial response, though he later implemented some relief programs. His reputation was further damaged by violent clashes between troops and WWI veterans protesting in Washington D.C. in 1932.
There were four main classes in Russian society: [1] the nobility, who spoke French and other European languages; [2] the clergy; [3] the merchants; and [4] the peasants, who made up the largest part of the population. After the Russian Civil War from 1918 to 1921, which killed around 15 million Russians, the Bolsheviks under Lenin emerged victorious and established the Soviet Union. Stalin later took control of the Communist Party and transitioned the Soviet Union to a dictatorship, imposing strict control over both the government and individual lives.
International Underwater Explorations presents an integrated visualization system for hydrographic and oceanographic data for use as a dual use decision support system that can be applied to naval mission planning, alternative energy site selection, and harbor and coastal emergency response.
The document summarizes findings from a 2008 GAO report on major US weapon programs. It finds that outcomes have not improved over 6 years and programs routinely cost more, take longer, and deliver less than promised. It also discusses how long development cycles are a major problem, with the average program taking over 8 years compared to 5 years planned by the DoD. Shorter development times are seen as key to successful programs.
1) The document discusses the history of US involvement in Vietnam from the 1950s through the 1960s, including supporting South Vietnam against communist North Vietnam and Ho Chi Minh's rise to power.
2) It describes key events like the Geneva Accords that divided Vietnam in 1954, the Viet Cong insurgency against the South Vietnamese government, and the overthrow and death of South Vietnamese President Ngo Dinh Diem in 1963 with US support.
3) The document analyzes the escalating US military presence and involvement in Vietnam under presidents Kennedy and Johnson as both attempted to prevent the spread of communism in Southeast Asia.
This document provides instructions for using various photo editing tools in Adobe Photoshop. It includes steps for cropping images, converting images to grayscale, removing red eye, removing blemishes, adjusting colors using selective color, changing colors, adjusting brightness and contrast, adding a tan effect, combining images, adding tattoos, changing skin tone, and more. The instructions are brief, listing the key tools and steps to achieve each effect in 3 sentences or less.
This document discusses how internet-enabled GIS allows both professionals and the public greater access to geospatial data and planning tools. It provides an overview of different technologies like ArcGIS Server, Web Map Services (WMS), Web Feature Services (WFS), and Keyhole Markup Language (KML) that have made GIS more accessible online. The document also outlines a workshop agenda on using these internet-based GIS technologies for tasks like zoning analysis and distributing data.
The document provides background information on Afghanistan, including its terrain, ethnic groups, religion, important issues, and history of foreign involvement. It discusses Afghanistan's struggle for independence from Britain in the late 1800s. It also covers the Soviet invasion in the 1970s, the rise of the Taliban in the 1990s, and US intervention beginning in 2001 after the 9/11 attacks. The current situation involves efforts to rebuild the country while preventing the Taliban from regaining power and controlling the illegal drug trade.
The first two national research centers for nuclear technology in Russia were established in 1920 in Ukraine and Moscow. Igor Kurchatov led the Soviet atomic project and the first Soviet nuclear reactor was created in 1946, obtaining the first plutonium for a nuclear bomb. Emil Fuchs supplied information about the American and British nuclear programs to the Soviet Union, allowing them to build their first atomic bomb, RDS-1, in 1949. Andrei Sakharov played a key role in the development of the Soviet hydrogen bomb and helped design the intercontinental ballistic missile capable of delivering nuclear weapons. Sergei Korolyov led the development of the R-7 missile, the first Soviet ICBM, which launched S
This research report summarizes the history of Russia's nuclear program from its origins in the 1920s through modern times. It discusses how the first Soviet nuclear reactor and bomb were developed in the 1940s and 50s, with help from spies providing information from the American Manhattan Project. It then covers the development of the RDS-1 atomic bomb and subsequent hydrogen bombs. A key event was the 1957 launch of Sputnik using an intercontinental ballistic missile called the R-7, marking the start of the Soviet space program. In the present, the report distinguishes between strategic nuclear weapons meant to threaten the US and USSR directly, and tactical weapons for use in foreign territories or naval battles.
This document discusses the history and advancement of rocket technology. It describes how rockets originated in ancient China and spread to other countries. Early rockets were basic devices, but innovations over time led to stronger designs and new uses in war. During WWII, countries like Germany and the US developed more advanced rockets for military purposes. This sparked the Space Race between the US and USSR after the war, as they sought to dominate space exploration and develop long-range ballistic missiles. The USSR gained an early lead by launching Sputnik and exploring the moon, but both countries' rocket programs advanced rapidly during the Cold War era.
This report will help us to gain knowledge about space, advantages of space technology and also for students for seminar in colleges/schools(TOPIC : SPACE EXPLORATION)
The document discusses several important Russian inventors and their contributions to science and technology. It describes inventors such as Ivan Kulibin, who made advancements in clock mechanisms; Alexander Stepanovich Popov, who was the first to demonstrate practical applications of radio waves; and Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, considered one of the founding fathers of rocketry and astronautics. Overall, the document outlines how Russian inventors have greatly contributed to fields like aviation, chemistry, space exploration, and television through their pioneering inventions.
Rollins - The Implications of The Space Race (1)Zach Rollins
This document provides an overview of the origins and early history of the Space Race between the United States and Soviet Union during the Cold War. It describes how the V-2 rocket developed by German scientists during WWII laid the groundwork for space exploration. After the war, both countries recruited German rocket scientists to develop their own rocket programs. The Space Race began in 1957 when the Soviet Union launched Sputnik 1, shocking the world and putting the US on the defensive. In response, President Kennedy committed the US to landing a man on the moon by the end of the 1960s through the Apollo program, intensifying the Space Race.
Getting Uphill on a Candle: Crushed Spines, Detached Retinas and One Small StepBrian Troutwine
Looking back through history, we often view NASA’s early mission in terms of “getting to the Moon”, discussing how this or that program served the purpose of answering Kennedy’s challenge. This is wrong-headed. In this talk I will discuss aeronautics research beginning with the Writght Brothers and ending with the first Shuttle launch in 1981. We’ll see how NASA is an organization whose primary mission is basic research and development in aeronautics for the benefit of the public at large and space exploration. We’ll see how the Lunar Program was a focusing of research to a practical, political aim which built off decades of basic research and necessarily side-lined other programs. It’s my aim to convince you that Moonshot projects cannot be considered independently of their organizations and its history.
The Space Race and nuclear arms race were heated competitions between the United States and Soviet Union during the Cold War. The Space Race began with the Soviet launch of Sputnik and involved satellites, manned spaceflight, and landing on the moon. The US and USSR engaged in a massive nuclear arms buildup, developing more powerful bombs like hydrogen bombs, and delivery systems like ICBMs that could span continents, in a quest to achieve military supremacy. Both sides developed large nuclear arsenals and second-strike capabilities, resulting in a balance of terror known as Mutually Assured Destruction that prevented direct military conflict but fueled a costly arms buildup throughout the Cold War.
The document discusses several key aspects of the nuclear arms race between the US and Soviet Union during the Cold War. It begins with the US dropping atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945. The Soviets then developed their own atomic bomb in 1949, marking the start of the arms race. Both sides developed powerful new weapons like hydrogen bombs and intercontinental ballistic missiles capable of delivering nuclear payloads globally. Tensions escalated during events like the US announcing a policy of massive retaliation and the Cuban Missile Crisis, bringing the two superpowers closest to nuclear war.
Unidentified flying Objects (UFO) class ix CBSE English (Main Course Book)Ghanashyam Sekhar
This Power point Presentation is based on UFO(unidentified flying objects).
This power point May be helpful for students of class 9th in CBSE schools.
This topic is taken under their Main Course Book , Chapter name- Mystery.
1) In 1945, Alexander Fleming, Ernst Chain, and Howard Florey were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for discovering penicillin.
2) In 1953, James Watson and Francis Crick determined the double helix structure of DNA. This discovery revealed how genetic material is replicated and transmitted from parents to offspring.
3) In 1954, the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) was established by 12 countries to conduct nuclear research, using particle accelerators to study subatomic particles. It remains one of the world's largest centers for particle physics research.
Nuclear power was discovered over 100 years ago and has developed rapidly due to its role in nuclear weapons during the Cold War. While nuclear inventions have not been entirely positive, nuclear power is now being developed for peaceful uses to benefit humanity. Over 440 nuclear reactors around the world produce more than 25% of electricity in some countries. Although some oppose nuclear power due to risks like Chernobyl, scientists are working on safer nuclear technologies like fusion.
The document provides a timeline of early settlement in the Oak Ridge, Tennessee area from the 1600s through World War II and the Manhattan Project. It details the Cherokee presence in the 1600s, white settlement beginning in the 1700s, and the establishment of schools and post offices in the 1800s-early 1900s. It then discusses the development of nuclear research in the 1930s-1940s that led to the secret Manhattan Project and the construction of facilities in Oak Ridge beginning in 1943, including K-25, Y-12, and S-50 plants.
An Uncertain Armageddon The Manhattan Project and the Birth of the Atomic Bo...Sandra Valenzuela
This summary provides an overview of the key points from the document:
1) In August 1945, Emperor Hirohito of Japan announced Japan's surrender after the US dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, acknowledging the devastating power of this new weapon.
2) From 1942-1946, the top secret Manhattan Project was undertaken by the US, UK, and Canada to develop an atomic bomb before Nazi Germany could. The project was led by General Leslie Groves and J. Robert Oppenheimer.
3) In 1939, Hungarian physicists Leó Szilárd and Eugene Wigner convinced Albert Einstein to write a letter to President Roosevelt warning that Nazi Germany may be pursuing nuclear weapons and that
The main reasons for the space race between the US and USSR were national security concerns and demonstrating technological superiority. The USSR felt threatened by US airbases near its borders and sought to develop intercontinental ballistic missiles. It took over 10 years to build a rocket large enough to carry atomic bombs to the US. The space race was an extension of competition between the two countries that began at the end of World War II. Both sides wanted to claim leadership in rocket technology and demonstrate their status as a global superpower.
Dean, a retired US Army veteran, describes his experience working at NATO's Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe (SHAPE) in the 1960s. While there, he read a highly classified report detailing UFO and extraterrestrial encounters. The report was based on two years of research and concluded that: 1) Earth has been observed by multiple alien civilizations; 2) alien visits have occurred for over 200 years with no displayed hostility; 3) UFO capabilities have been demonstrated; and 4) contact with aliens appears to be increasing. Dean took secret notes about the report but was unable to make a copy due to its high classification. His account provides intriguing claims but lacks independent verification.
Robert Oppenheimer famous physicist - presentatione-twinning
Robert Oppenheimer was a prominent American physicist who directed the Manhattan Project and helped develop the atomic bomb during World War II. In 1947, he became director of the Institute for Advanced Study and advised the U.S. government on nuclear policy, opposing development of the hydrogen bomb and advocating for international control of nuclear weapons. However, during the McCarthy era he lost his security clearance due to suspicions of communist sympathies. Oppenheimer made important scientific contributions but later regretted his role in developing nuclear weapons. He died in 1967 from cancer.
A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from nuclear reactions, either fission (fission bomb) or from a combination of fission and fusion reactions (thermonuclear bomb). Both bomb types release large quantities of energy from relatively small amounts of matter.
Today, nine states have nuclear weapons and many more can easily acquire those, although only five states are officially recognized as possessing nuclear weapons by the 1968 nuclear Non Proliferation Treaty (NPT). Those are
• The United States (1945)
• Russia (1949)
• The United Kingdom (1952)
• France (1960) and
• China (1964)
Four states never joined the NPT but are known to possess nuclear weapons:
• Israel
• India (1974)
• Pakistan (1998) and
• North Korea (2006)
The document discusses the origins and development of the Manhattan Project during World War II, including the involvement of scientists like Einstein and Oppenheimer, the top secret facilities built for research and production, and the successful testing of the first atomic bomb. It also covers the Soviet spies that infiltrated the project and stole secrets for the Soviet atomic bomb program. The Manhattan Project had massive costs but was ultimately successful in developing the atomic bombs that were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
Similar to History of the Russian Nuclear Weapon Program (20)
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
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1. LA-UR-13-28910
Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.
Title: History of the Russian Nuclear Weapon Program
Author(s): Hawkins, Houston T.
Intended for: LANL presentation. Possible external presentation not yet scheduled.
Issued: 2013-11-19
Disclaimer:
Los Alamos National Laboratory, an affirmative action/equal opportunity employer,is operated by the Los Alamos National
Security, LLC for the National NuclearSecurity Administration of the U.S. Department of Energy under contract DE-AC52-06NA25396.
By approving this article, the publisher recognizes that the U.S. Government retains nonexclusive, royalty-free license to
publish or reproduce the published form of this contribution, or to allow others to do so, for U.S. Government purposes.
Los Alamos National Laboratory requests that the publisher identify this article as work performed under the auspices of the
U.S. Departmentof Energy. Los Alamos National Laboratory strongly supports academic freedom and a researcher's right to publish;
as an institution, however, the Laboratory does not endorse the viewpoint of a publication or guarantee its technical correctness.
2. 1
Houston T. Hawkins
Senior Fellow/Senior Scientist
Principal Associate Directorate for Global Security
Los Alamos National Laboratory
Los Alamos, New Mexico
History of the Russian Nuclear Weapons Program
3. Potsdam Conference was held at
Potsdam, Occupied Germany. The
Trinity test occurred on July 16, 1945
or the day before the conference
began. Passed notes that “the baby
was born,” Truman and Churchill
knew of the successful test. When
informed by Truman, Stalin seemed
unimpressed. Soviet espionage that
had penetrated the joint US/UK
atomic weapons program had
already informed him.
Yalta Conference February 4–11, 1945 April 12, 1945
Potsdam Conference, July17- August 2, 1945
2
5. Ethel & Julius Rosenberg
Theodore Hall
Saville Sax
Klaus Fuchs
USSR Consulate,
NYC
USSR Consulate,USSR Consulate,
Владимир
Барковски
David Greenglass
Harry Gold
USSR’S ATOMIC SPIES “TRACK FOUR”
“ENORMOZ” (Russians term for the Manhattan Project)
(Background documents, declassified and used in Federal trial of Rosenbergs)
MLADD KALIBRCHARLES
STARARNO ANTENNA
Perseus?
4
PER/FOGEL
6. Morris and Lona Cohen, handlers of Perseus, fled to the UK
under the names Helen and Peter Kroger. After their arrest and
prosecution in the UK, they were exchanged for Gerald Brooke
and flown to Russia where they were welcomed as heroes.
“Kroger” Home in Ruislip, UK
aka Helen and Peter Kroger
a. Joined the Manhattan Project in 1942
b. Physicist passed information to the Cohens
c. Associated with the Spanish Civil War
d. Still alive and in the USA as of October 1992
5
Perseus?
PER/FOGEL
7. George Koval died in Moscow on 31 January 2006. His role was never officially
recognized until 2 November 2007, when the Kremlin announced his posthumous
decoration with the highest state honor, “Hero of Russia.” Cited among his major
contributions to the Soviet atomic project was the design of the “neutron fuse” for
the first Soviet atomic device, which was tested on August 23, 1949. Koval was
cited for “his courage and heroism while carrying out special missions and was the
only Soviet intelligence officer to infiltrate the Manhattan Project’s secret plants.”
6
George Kobal
9. For the Soviet nuclear weapons program, the most significant contribution from
the defeated Third Reich was the location and seizure of 300 tons of uranium,
100 tons from the heavily bombed Auergesellshaft plant in Oranienburg and 100
tons from a leather tanning factory in Neustadt am Glewe. This material was
used to fuel Reactor “A” located in the Urals that provided plutonium for JOE-1.
In addition, German scientists such as Nicholaus Riehl and Gernot Zippe
provided the Russians with information on uranium metallurgy and enrichment.
Likewise, captured German rocket technicians and rockets (such as the Wasser
Fall) helped “jump start” the Russian IRBM and ICBM programs.
Gernot Zippe
Auergesellshaft Plant
Oranienburg
Leather Tanning Factory
Neustadt am Glewe
8
Riehl
11. On 9 April 1946, a secret statement of the
USSR Soviet of Ministers was adopted,
establishing the Design Department N11
(KB-11) under the auspices of the
Second Laboratory of the Academy of
Sciences. General Pavel Zernov, the
production manager, headed KB-11,
whereas Yuri Khariton was assigned
responsibility for the scientific issues.
Design Department N11Design Department NDesign Department NDesign Department NDesign Department NDesign Department NDesign Department NDesign Department NDesign Department NDesign Department NDesign Department NDesign Department N
aka Arzamas 16
10
13. The pressure to test with a
100% chance of success…….
12
Fuch’s “Fat
Man” Diagram
14. Joe-1
KURCHATOV CITY
From 1949 to 1993, at least 456 nuclear
weapon tests were conducted in a remote
part of eastern Kazakhstan, in the
province of Semipalatinsk. Kurchatov City
was the entry point for the three major test
areas --- (1) Experimental Field where the
first Russian test (Joe-1) occurred,
(2) Balapan where atmospheric tests
occurred, and (3) Degelen Mountain
where underground tests were carried out.
Locals called “Kurchatov City” “Наш
Город” or “Our Town.”
15
Irtysh River
16. Lavrenty Pavlovich BeriaLavrenty
Beria was appointed the administrative leader
of the Soviet nuclear weapon program.
Kurchatov remained in charge of the scientific
research. Shortly after the atomic bombings of
Japan in 1945, Stalin issued an ultimatum to
Beria ordering the “bomb” to be built and
tested within five years. NKVD Special
Department “S” was established by Beria to
organize intelligence documents gathered
about the U.S. bomb and to accelerate the
research efforts. The bomb was ready for
testing within four years. The Russian
scientists would have preferred testing their
own design but opted for a copy of the US
Trinity device because Beria had informed
them that they would be executed if the test
failed. 15
21. 29 August 1949
20
РДС-1 (RDS-1 or Reaktivnyi Dvigatel Stalina) was a copy of the Trinity (Fat Man) device
and demonstrated that Russia could manufacture and test nuclear weapons. As promised,
executioners in black leather were in the bunker at the time of the test. The letter is from
Beria and the scientists thanking Stalin for his leadership in the success. In the blue note at
the top left, Stalin responded, “Where is Nicholas Riehl’s signature?
24. Of interest -- one day before President Truman’s
announcement of the 1 September 1949 test-- an
intelligence estimate produced by the CIA's Office of
Research and Estimates (ORE) assessed that mid-1953
would be "the most probable date for a Soviet nuclear test.”
This assessment paper was coming off the presses when
filter papers loaded with radiological debris from JOE-1
were being taken off AFLOAT-1 aircraft.
23
25. Considering the distances involved,
Oppenheimer had believed it highly
unlikely that debris from a Soviet
nuclear test could be detected.
24
35. 34
Joe-2 Uranium Implosion, Tritium Boosted
24 September 1951
JoeJoeJoeJoeJoeJoeJoeJoeJoeJoe 2 Uranium Implosion, Tritium Boosted2 Uranium Implosion, Tritium Boosted2 Uranium Implosion, Tritium Boosted
38 KT
CHIC 1: 16 OCT/64, 20 KT,
TOWER, FISSION DEVICE
IMPLOSION OF
U-235 CORE, BUT WITHOUT
TRITIUM BOOST
It is likely that the Joe-2 design was
provided to the Chinese. From 1958
until 1959, Arzamas-16 weaponeers
led by Colonel E. A. Negin, N. G.
Maslov and V. Gavrilov were assigned
to China and provided the Chinese
with extensive information on 1950-
vintage fission weapons. Qian
Sanqiang was the primary interface.
After Klaus Fuchs was released from
prison on 23 Jun 1959 and moved to
East Germany, he met with Qian and
authenticated the design
information Russia had given to
China.
36. 35
JOE-3 First Soviet Airdropped Test
18 October 1951
First Soviet Airdropped TestFirst Soviet Airdropped TestFirst Soviet Airdropped Test
41.2 KT
37. *RDS-6c employed a design called the Слойка, a type of layer cake.
12 August 1953
36
12
400 KT
РДС-6c
38. 37
РДС-4
JOE-5
23 August 195323
The RDS-4 (JOE-5) design would also be
introduced into the Russian arsenal as the
warhead for the R-5M medium-range
ballistic missile
RDS-4 (JOE-5) was a fission device using plutonium in a "levitated" core
design. The test was an air drop on August 23, 1953, yielding 28 KT.
39. 38
JOE-8 TOTSKOYE RANGE, ORENBERG
РДС-6 14 September 1953
First Soviet nuclear
explosion in a military
training exercise involved
~45,000 troops. Totskoye
Range, the location for
Snezhok was chosen
because its topography
was similarity to West
Germany. Regrettably
for the Russians, wind
carried the airdropped
device and its detonation
debris toward the
participants. Thousands
of Russian soldiers were
contaminated.
Exercise “Snezhok” (Snowball)
40. 21 September 1955
JOE-17
39
Guba Chernaya, Novaya Zemlya
The first test of the РДС-9 design on 19/10/1954 was a fissile.
First successful NZ test
41. Utilized “staged, radiation implosion” called “Sakharov’s Third Idea"
“Третья идея”РДС 22 November 1955
40
3.0 MT >1.6 MT
48. Founded 1946 at Sarov (Arzamas-16)
Stewardship of the Russian nuclear
stockpile and improved efficiency, safety
and reliability of nuclear warheads
Development of combined computer
simulation methods for various physics
phenomena using advanced high-
performance computing systems
Advanced design methods for complex
engineering systems
Hydrodynamics of transients, detonation
physics and technology;
Nuclear physics and radiation physics
Development and operation of research
reactors for the purposes of science
Development and operation of
technologies for control and
accountability of nuclear materials
Science and technology support of the
international arms limitation and nuclear
nonproliferation treaties
ALL-RUSSIAN RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF EXPERIMENTAL PHYSICS
47
SarovSarovSarovSarovSarovSarov
ARZAMAS-16 VNIIEF
53. 152mm Nuclear Shell
2 MT
Warhead
Arzamas-16 Museum
52
R-7 ICBM Warhead
NATO SS-6 Sapwood
IRBM
40 KT
Warhead
First mass-produced tactical
nuclear bomb - "RDS-4"
54. Founded 1955 at Snezhinsk
Stewardship of the Russian
nuclear stockpile and
improved efficiency, safety
and reliability of nuclear
warheads
Properties of substances in a
wide range of pressures and
temperatures
Kinetics of explosives
Thermonuclear reactions
Plasma physics
Turbulent mixing
Gas dynamics
Inertial thermonuclear
fusion
Physics of the interaction of
laser radiation with matter
Astrophysics
Computational mathematical
modeling.
CHELYABINSK-70 VNIITF
ALL-RUSSIAN SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF TECHNICAL PHYSICS
53
Lenin Square Snezhinsk
First VNIITF
Director
D.E.Vasilyev
Simonenko
56. 55
1st Russian Mass Produced
Strategic Bomb
ICBM Warhead
SLBM Warhead1st Russian Mass Produced
Hydrogen Bomb
Artillery Shell
Surface to Air
KASLI ---VNIIETF
58. All-Russian Research Institute of Automatics
NOVOSKOBODSKAYA SITE TZARITZYNO SITE
57
Nikolai L Dukhov Institute
of Automatics VNIIA
MOSKVORECHIE SITE
Nikolai L. Dukhov
89. Tupolev Tu-4 (NATO
codenamed ‘Bull’)
Boeing B-29
Super Fortress
88
TU-60 Strategic
Bomber
TU-95MS Bear
TU-22M3
Strategic Bomber
90. Wasser Fall Scud No Dong Ghauri Shahab
The Wasser Fall was designed as an anti-aircraft weapon and was used several
times to destroy Allied bombers amassed in formations. With the fall of the Third
Reich, Wasser Fall missiles, parts, production equipment, and the technicians
who operated the German production line were relocated to the Soviet Union. 89
91. 90
CемействаCемейства
R-7 (SS-6 Sapwood)
R-7 WarheadR-7 Engines
R-7 was in service
from 1960 to 1968
from four pads at
Plesetsk and one at
Baikonur (warhead
RDS - 46.5 MT)
V-2 Clone
93. 92
(8F675 Mod2) 20 MT warhead for R-
36M2 / SS-18 Satan ICBM (single)
(8F021 2) 5 MT warheads for R-36MP /
SS-18 Satan ICBM (3 MIRV warheads)
(R-36 MUTTh Mod 4) 550 KT warheads
for R-36M2 / SS-18 Satan ICBM (10 MIRV
warheads)
(R-36M2 Воевода Mod 5) 10 MIRVed 750
KT warheads )
Russia is developing a new heavy ICBM
R-36M
SS-18 SATAN
95. 94
RT-23 / SS-24 Scalpel ICBMs had 10 MIRV warheads with design yields of 550 KT.
The system was extremely heavy, so heavy that it caused extensive rail damage
when deployed. This problem likely was one reason the Russians agreed to retire
the RT-23 under the SALT agreement.
96. New Rail Mobile ICBM
Deputy Defense Minister Yury Borisov announced that the Moscow
Institute of Thermal Technology (MITT) was developing a new, lighter
weight rail-mobile ICBM system, permitted with the end of START. This
upgrade eliminates the damage to railroads caused by the RT-23.
According to public Russian statements, the nuclear warheads will be of a
new design that will be significantly hardened to nuclear effects. 95
97. 96
RS-24 Yars
(NATO SS-29)
is heavier than
the Topal-M
and can be
deployed in
both silo and
road mobile.
Yars could be
capable of
delivering 10
independently
targetable RVs
and entered
service July
2010.
Moscow Institute of
Thermal Technology
98. Per Russian Strategic
Missile Force Commander,
Lt. Gen. Sergei Karakayev,
Russia plans to replace its
single-warhead mobile RS-
12M2 Topol-M
intercontinental strategic
missile system with a new
Topol missile that can carry
up to four, independently-
targetted, nuclear warheads.
97
104. 2013 Major Russian Strategic Exercises
30 October 2013: Exercise included S-300 and S-400 defense systems;
launches of 2 ICBMs (Topol and SS-18); 2 SLBMs; 4 SRBMs (Islander (1) and
Tochka-U (3)); 6 TU-95M and 2 TU-160 flights to Venezuela.
President Putin was
personally involved in the
exercises
103
105. 2008 Faker tracks resume to test
and evaluated US defense
posture and capabilities
2009 Russian nuclear
submarine patrols off
US coasts resume
(Sierra-2)
104
Reemergence of
Confrontational Strategies
106. The Russian nuclear weapons complex has downsized while
modernizing within a smaller and more efficient footprint.
Emphasis is being placed on modernizing Russian nuclear
warheads, missiles, and serial production capacities.
Significant year-around experimentation with very large
parks of instrumentation vans is constantly occurred at the
Novaya Zemlya UGT Site.
In late 2012, Russia ended the Nunn-Lugar program that
had focused on safeguarding SNM and converting it to
peaceful use.
The majority of funds in the ‘Russian’ defense program up
through 2015 will be spent on modernizing Russian
strategic nuclear forces.*
*Russian Deputy Defense Minister A. Moltensky
TO CLOSE: RUSSIA VALUES ITS NUCLEAR
WEAPON PROGRAM AND IS CONTINUING
MAJOR NUCLEAR FORCE IMPROVEMENTS
105