Pakistan has had a complex political history since independence in 1947 that has included periods of military rule and democratic governments. Key leaders include Muhammad Ali Jinnah, who led the independence movement; several Prime Ministers in the early decades; and longer-serving military leaders like Ayub Khan and Zia-ul-Haq, who oversaw the country during times of martial law. Pakistan has experienced challenges with establishing stable democratic governance and dealing with political instability, civil unrest, and tensions with neighboring India.