This document provides information on the history of Christian missions and missionaries from the late 19th century to present day. It discusses the pioneering work of missionaries using radio broadcasting like Clarence Jones who started HCJB in Ecuador. It also summarizes the founding and work of mission aviation organizations like MAF and mission radio networks like FEBC, TWR, and Gospel Recordings. The document then discusses challenges faced like nationalization, martyrdom of missionaries during times of war and revolution, and the rise of indigenous missionaries from countries in Asia, Africa, and Latin America.

1. Missions
History of Missions
Dr. Robert Patton
Missionary to Suriname,
South America

2. Radio ministry
 Advantages
 Pre-evangelism
 Building churches & strengthening
believers
 It can go where people cannot go
 Problem with small groups - tape
recordings may be a solution

3. Clarence Jones & HCJB
 He endured ridicule, even in his home
church. He had a Salvation Army
background, was converted & went to
Moody Bible Institute, graduating
valedictorian.
 He was an expert trombonist working with
evangelist Paul Rader. Initially rebuffed in
South America (Venezuela, Colombia,
Panama & Cuba), he was depressed.

4. Clarence Jones & HCJB staff
1946

5. Clarence Jones & HCJB
 Then missionaries Larsons came and helped
him start in Ecuador, getting a 25 year
contract, though with many difficulties. It
ended up being an ideal place to broadcast.
Starting December 25, 1931 with 250 watts,
but donations fell off, their bank & Chicago
Gospel Tabernacle went bankrupt.
 They were careful to cooperate with the
government and support patriotism and
educational programs. They were positive,
not directly attacking the Roman Catholics.

6. Clarence Jones & HCJB
 They gradually increased to 10,000 watts,
(supported by R.G. LeTourneau) and could be
heard across continents.
 Jones demanded top quality for the
broadcasts.
 They had two disastrous accidents – the
second killed their only son

7. HCJB
 The ministry has expanded to two
hospitals, mobile clinics, a printing
press, etc. as well as two sister
broadcasting stations – Panama and
Texas
 Now is HCJB global, with emphasis on
internet & helping others set up radio
stations

8. HCJB

9. John Broger and the Far East
Broadcasting Company:
 John Broger started a station after being in the
military in the far east during World War II. After
many problems, in 1948 they were able to set up a
broadcast in Manila, and received permission for
unlimited power. Finances were a great problem.
 However, they have had great success in receiving
letters and other indications of impact.
 By 1970 21 stations 1000-250,000 watts
broadcasting 1400 programs per week

10. Broger & FEBC; using portable
machine in barrios of Philippines

11. FEBC – three murdered by
Muslim extremists 1992

12. Trans World Radio
 Trans World Radio - 5,000,000 watts power,
can reach 80% of the world. They have 6
major broadcasting locations and broadcast in
80 languages.
 Paul Freed started the ministry in 1954,
joined by his father, who turned down the
presidency of Western Canada Bible Institute
He trained, then worked for Youth for Christ
and felt a burden for Spain. When Morocco
nationalized the radio, they relocated in
Monte Carlo with God supplying the money in
miraculous ways.

13. TWR in some of its locations

14. Trans World Radio
 Then after a heart attack, he opened a
second station in Bonaire, and now has
4 additional stations - Cyprus, Sri
Lanka. Swaziland, and Guam.

15. Joy Ridderhof and Gospel
recordings
 Joy Ridderhof and Gospel recordings -
while sick after initial missionary work,
she caught the vision of making simple
recordings in different languages which
could be played on simple recorders -
distributing more than 4000 languages
with 40 full time volunteers.

16. Joy Ridderhof
 There are now 5944 languages
recorded with a total staff of over 100

17. Gospel Recordings

18. Aviation
 Mission aviation fellowship = best
expertise and equipment in jungle
flights.
 Later JAARS, (Wycliffe), NTM, SIM, AIM
have had their own programs. Some
are using helicopters to avoid having to
build airstrips.

19. Aviation
 Betty Green - first pilot. She was trained in
WWII flying B-17 bombers after joining the
WASP. She was invited to join Jim Truxton to
form MAF.
 She was the first pilot first in Mexico, and
then in multiple other locations including
Peru, flying across the Andes. She went to
Nigeria and Sudan and two years in Irian
Jaya. She was an expert flier and also ended
up being a rep for MAF

20. Betty Greene, MAF first pilot

21. Aviation
 Nate Saint - Trained in WWII, he was also an
expert repairman. He was inventive but also
daring. After a crash, he became more
cautious. He also developed an alternate fuel
system which was later patented, and also
the bucket drop.
 He died with 4 others at the hands of Auca
Indians

22. Nate Saint’s plane displayed at
MAF

23. MAF Twin Otter
Papua New Guinea

24. Aviation
 JAARS developed after Cam Townsend
was injured along with his family in a
plane by an inexperienced Mexican
pilot. They had an exceptional flight
record. One fatality was made when a
mechanic tied a nut without tightening
it with a wrench, and 7 persons died
the next day.

25. Aviation
 Even more risk in the arctic with low
temperatures, high winds, etc.
 Often used to reach the Eskimos scattered
broadly in the arctic
 Gleason Ledyard - his own pilot - Eskimo
Gospel Crusade. Very successful in
evangelism and also rescue. The
challenges are even greater in the cold

26. Aviation
 Mark Poole - missionary doctor to the Congo,
was able to fly his own Piper cub donated by a
church, and greatly expand his ministry.
 Clair McCombs - many schools developed -
MBI, Piedmont, LeTourneau college,
McCombs was an expert pilot for years after
WWII, got saved, went to GRSBM, and was
asked to start a program in pilot training,
which he did. He has been joined by his wife,
also now an expert pilot.

27. Clair McCombs

28. Nationalization
 Third world is demanding and taking
leadership positions in the churches and also
in cross-cultural evangelization.
 Revolutions and oil have resulted in changes
 One of the keys has been Theology by
Extension.
 The biggest increases are through
Pentecostal and charismatic movements.

29. Nationalization
 Many martyrs - especially as missionaries were
lumped together with all others as imperialists.
Hopevale - 12 missionaries were lined up after
being found and shot by Japanese, including 2
doctors – Panay, Philippine Islands, dec. 1943.
 The Boxer Rebellion killed many
 Many problems came with leftist revolutionaries
being opposed by those who did not espouse
Marxist philosophy and were targeted.

30. Dr. Chestnut
 Built hospital with her own funds. Once
used her own skin for a graft done under
local anesthetic for a coolie who had an
amputation. She escaped a mob, returned
to rescue 4 missionaries, and helped a
young child with cloth from her own dress
before she was killed.

31. John & Betty Stam
 Much turmoil in China between
communists and Chang Kai-Shek
 CIM director Hoste asked for 200
volunteers. Betty went to China, loved
John, but John finished school, and re-
met Betty who came to Shanghai for
health reasons. They were married
next year and studied the language

32. John & Betty Stam
 John was extremely adept and became
fluent quickly in Chinese
 The couple went to a small town in the
interior of China
 The country was overrun by Communist
bandits. They seized both and held
them for ransom

33. John & Betty Stam

34. John and Betty Stam
 While held, the bandits talked about killing
their 3 month old baby. When a prisoner
protested, he was hacked to pieces. Betty
hid the baby in a sleeping bag with money.
When led to execution, a man protested.
They found a Bible in his home, and he was
executed as well.

35. John and Betty Stam
 John and Betty Stam were executed by the
communists publicly. - with a great
outpouring of support for missions
following.
 The baby was hidden & brought by a
Christian evangelist to another missionary
family and was raised by family in the USA

36. Missionary Martyrs
 Other famous martyrs were John Birch,
evangelist who preached and rescued many
during Japan’s invasion – from Hangchow.
 Eric Liddell, great Olympic champion, grew up
in China and returned after his Olympic
victory. He evacuated his family but died later
of a brain tumor when in a concentration
camp. He gave a powerful witness in the
camp.

37. Eric Liddell, missionary and
Olympic champion

38. Missionary Martyrs
 Graham Staines, 58, director of Leprosy work
in Orissa, India was murdered; burned to
death with two sons while he slept while
returning from a camp meeting. Graham
was popular and a humble man who had
served the lepers 35 years.
 His wife publically forgave his murderers.
The perpetrator was arrested 4 years later.
Ferment was because the Christians
abandoned old tribal customs

39. Graham Staines

40. Paul Carlson
 Born in 1928, got training as MD, married with 2
children, wife a nurse. 1961 CMS asked for MDs
for Congo and went where the political situation
was volatile – stayed 5 months, felt the call to
permanent missions
 He left medical practice, came as missionary to
Ubangi Providence. Communists came, and Paul
moved his family to CAR. When he returned to
close the hospital, the Simbas captured him. He
was tortured 3 months, and then killed during a
rescue operation when helping another missionary
over a wall

41. Dr. Paul Carlson

42. Dr. Paul Carlson

43. Other martyrs – Simbas
 Hector McMillan gunned down and two
boys shot. They were rescued, had to
leave Hector’s body behind. His wife had
come to peace reading about Adoniram
Judson’s mourning Ann’s death. The two
boys faked death – one had prayed
“Father, forgive them for they know not
what they do – 12 years old.

44. Other martyrs – Simbas
 Jay Tucker, Assemblies of God 25 years,
tortured and killed. They took 45 minutes
torturing him, then dumped his body in the
river for the crocodiles. But a convert used
a tradition that someone’s blood in the river
will carry the truth – and the majority of
the tribe was saved

45. Other martyrs
 Betty Olson - Vietnam... Initially other were
killed in a leprosarium by the communists.
 She had a difficult childhood as a MK raised in
Africa, and then sent to boarding school. Her
mother died of cancer when she was 17. Her
father remarried, and she took training as a
missionary nurse.
 She went to Africa to work with her father and
step-mother, but relationships were so difficult
that she was asked to leave. She became
depressed age 29

46. Other martyrs – Betty Olson
 She escaped, but 6 years later was captured
during the Tet offensive. She and two men
were on a death march, malnurished with
malaria, leaches, etc. One died. She was
tortured and eventually killed. She suffered
terribly and died of dysentery and malnutrition,
but came out of a deep depression and
resentment of her parents, and lived a selfless
life her last years.

47. Other martyrs – Betty Olson
 Benge, who survived,
gave a strong testimony
of her witness – he had
survived 5 years in prison
marches. Benge said she
was the most selfless
person he ever met –
giving her meager food to
indigeous Christians and
coaxing him out of
meningitis.

48. Nationals as martyrs
 Chang Sen, blind evangelist, gave
himself over when 50 Christians would
have died – body cremated because
they were afraid he would rise from the
dead

49. Terrorism & martyrdom
 Terrorism viewed missionaries as enemies.
Often they were considered CIA spies. Some
Catholics were murdered by right wing
groups. In Guatemala, 9 priests were killed
in 9 months
 Both left wing and right wing terrorists were
active
 Wycliffe decided not to yield to kidnapping
demands

50. Terrorism & martyrdom
 Chet Bitterman, struggling linguist, was
singled out in Columbia when they did not
find the head of mission. He had been there
2 years with his wife and two children. His
wife’s parents were missionaries in Columbia.
He was held 48 days, and then found shot in
the chest.
 Wycliffe was deluged with 200 volunteers to
take his place.

51. Chet Bitterman

52. William Donald McClure
 Old time missionary – evangelist, “doctor”
without training, vet, agriculturalist, set up
very successful broadbased ministries
 Church planter, opposition from witch
doctors – some were saved
 He was shot to death by guerillas after Haile
Selassie was deposed after 50 years in
Ethiopia

53. 3rd world national missionaries
have increased dramatically
 Some organizations support strictly national
missionaries, who are often doing an
outstanding job:
 Some organizations support national
organizations, which support national
evangelists
 There are some organizations which would
not be in our direction - Liberation Theology

54. Groups are working together
with national missionaries
 Luis Bush started an evangelistic church
with 1000 members, 7 daughter
churches.
 Later started Partners International to
help fund national missionaries

55. Pandita Ramabai
 Educated about 1860, she began to advocate
women’s rights. Went to England, saved via
Zr. Geraldine, baptized Anglican
 She continued to allow caste rules and to
read Hindu scriptures along with the Bible
 She worked with women, started Mukti
Mission Revival broke out & spread
 Translated the Bible into her native tongue

56. Pandita Ramabai

57. Other Indian evangelists
 V.S. Azariah – Indian evangelists in his own
country and elsewhere in Asia. He was trained
in the YMCA and made the first Anglican bishop
 Watson came 5 days, had one convert who
followed him, memorized John and converted
many. His son translated the Bible, and started
mailing NT to every home

58. Other Indian converts
 Imad-ud-din, Muslim convert converted
and became a famous author, translator
and preacher
 Narayan Vaman Tilak given a NT by a
stranger, converted, baptized and
ordained Presbyterian. Great poet and
wrote many hymns

59. K P Yohannan
 Initially shy, came under the influence
of Verwer of OM. Started Gospel for
Asia, has thousands of native
evangelists and many churches and
continues to be effective now

60. K P Yohannan

61. William Wade Harris
 Born in Liberia 1860 of the Grebo tribe. He
was arrested when he tried to make Liberia
a British protectorate. He had been trained
as a Methodist, and then Episcopal. First
tried westernizing, later became a
wandering prophet.
 He confronted demonic power. Natives left
their fetishes and he “baptized them”

62. William Wade Harris
 He claimed to have a vision of the angel
Gabriel while in prison. He walked barefoot
with a simple garment, white turban, Bible,
gourd for baptizing, and a rattle. He and his
lady assistants would sing, come into the
village, and ask those to give up witchcraft.
They claimed that those who did not had
their fetishes burned anyway.

63. William Wade Harris
 He never condemned polygamy, and was
accompanies by 3 women in his travels. His
native church associated with various
protestant and catholic churches. The
church was free of witchcraft.
 He died a poor man, never left the church.
He had another follow him, and several
splits off the church, which was one of the
four recognized churches in Ivory Coast

64. Prophet William Wade Harris

65. Semisi Nau 1866-1927
 Polynesian son of a Methodist
missionary; college in Tonga, lost ¾
children; worked under John Goldie
 He and another waited 3 months on a
coral reef to come ashore. Eventually
allowed ashore, he had a power
encounter – the Christian god had more
power.

66. Semisi Nau
 Replaced by an Australian missionary,
he went elsewhere; replaced there by
native missionary. He was involved in
persecution of the Wesleyans by the
free church and jailed
 Did see some volunteer as missionaries
when he returned home; eventually
pastored there till his death age 70

67. Semisi Nau

68. John Sung 1901-1944
 Father minister, mother converted, he
was saved at 9 and soon preaching.
Offered a scholarship, he graduated Phi
Beta Kappa from Ohio Wesleyan, got
PhD in chemistry at Ohio State. He then
went to Union Seminary, very liberal.
 He went through doubts, then regained
his faith and sang songs of the faith

69. John Sung
 He was confined to a psychiatric hospital but
witnessed there & read the Bible 40 times
 He returned to China in 1927, turning down offers
to teach science, and preached with 14,000
conversions in 6 months and started training others
 He was a great prayer warrior, praying 2-3 hours
per day.
 He was a fiery preacher emphasizing repentance
 He married, had 5 children; died of intestinal
Tuberculosis at age 42

70. Dr. John Sung

71. Elka of the WaiWai
 Elka felt he was getting messages from the
spirits. He became a very well known
witchdoctor.
 When missionaries came, he helped as
translator. He eventually left his witchcraft.
 He began witnessing to other tribes, first
closer, then farther, and was a true
missionary. The tribe began reaching out to
surrounding tribes

72. Elka