The major emphasis of this slide production is on China, with a little in other areas

1. Missions
History of Missions
Dr. Robert Patton
Missionary to Suriname,
South America

2. Missions in the far east
 Much less success - Japan, China &
Korea were isolationist, and resented
western missionaries
 Their cultures were 4000 years old, and
with ancestor worship,
 Later they organized with Confucianism
Buddhism, Taoism & Shinto
 They had great national pride

3. Far east missions
 Nestorian Christianity from 7th to 14th
century despite fierce opposition
 Roman Catholics - 13th century Friar John
went, but persecution destroyed his work
 16th century – Jesuits went and persisted
focusing like Francis Xavier on infant
baptism

4. Far east missions
 Opium war – opium produced in India was
sold at huge profits by the East India
Company
 The emperor of China banned all imports
to stop smuggling
 First war Britain won and opened 5 ports
 Opium was legalized after a second war,
and missions came in

5. Robert Morrison
 Robert Morrison was the youngest of 8,
wanted to be a missionary, and promised
his mother he would not before her death.
She died when he was 20 years old
 Getting to China was difficult – only after 5
years, and via the USA, he went to Canton
with a letter from Secretary of State James
Madison. At that time it was forbidden to
teach a foreigner Chinese

6. Robert Morrison
 Robert Morrison secretly translated and
worked on a dictionary while working for the
East India company. He met his wife and
married, living in Macao 6 months of the year
with her. He had two children; his wife went
to England for a long time, returned and died.
 When his New Testament translation was
complete the company threatened to fire him

7. Robert Morrison
 There was unfortunate competition between
Morrison and Marshman in terms of
translating the Bible. Morrison’s was better
though Marshman finished first
 He went to England, recruited missionaries
including ladies, remarried and returned
with Elizabeth and two children

8. Robert Morrison
 He fathered 5 more children
 His time in China was difficult. The
Chinese made it a capital crime to
publish Christian books in Chinese,
directed against his translation. He was
opposed by the Roman Catholics. The
opium war was beginning. Still he
labored on under difficult circumstances

9. Robert Morrison, shown with
Chinese assistants

10. Robert Morrison – first
Protestant missionary to China
 He was involved in negotiating the next
war, but died in 1834, the same year as
William Carey
 Translated the New Testament in 1814
and Old Testament in 1818.
 He only saw Chinese 10 baptized
 He founded Anglo-Chinese college in
Malacca 1818 – 15 eventually baptized

11. Others worked with Morrison
 Elijah Coleman Bridgeman worked 30 years on
the Chinese Bible. A second American
missionary that served faithfully for 40 years
was Matthew Yates. A Welchman, Griffen
John, worked over 50 years in China. He
made a translation of the Chinese Bible into
the more common Mandarin tongue instead of
the more scholarly previous translations.

12. Liang Afa
 Born 1789 as a Buddhist printer; he was
sent to help Milne – and was converted
and baptized in 1817
 His wife was converted and baptized.
He was repeatedly beaten, imprisoned,
etc but continued to preach and print
 His literature had impact on many

13. William Burns
 Already successful evangelist in England
and Canada spent a number of years in
China with real impact. Learned the
language well, and translated Pilgrim’s
Progress
 Worked for a while with Hudson Taylor,
went to the interior
 Excellent devotional life

14. William Burns

15. Karl F A Gutzlaff
 Went to Indonesia under Dutch
missions board. Tried to reach Chinese
 He went to Bangkok, Thailand, adopted
customs, but wife and daughter died
 He traveled along the Chinese coast
with literature until the Opium War
 He set up a training institute to send
national workers into China

16. Karl Gutzlaff

17. Karl Gutzlaff
 His workers tricked him – sold the
literature back to him for reprinting,
and falsely reported baptisms. They
used the profits in opium smuggling
 Gutzlaff interpreted for some of the
opium smugglers, and his ministry was
difficult to separate out from that and
gave a mixed name to missionaries

18. Karl Gutzlaff
 He apparently was partially aware of
the situation but covered up because of
pride.
 He wanted to contextualize the gospel
and have Chinese reach Chinese – a
good thing.
 He later died in China

19. J. Hudson Taylor
 J. Hudson Taylor was raised poor, but his father
was a lay preacher.
 He loved missions as a child, especially China, but
did not get saved until 17 while his mother
prayed 75 miles away
 He learned medicine to better contact the Chinese
 He was disciplined in poverty and prayer. He
visited the poor – tells of a time when he gave his
last money for a poor woman
 He determined to move men by prayer alone

20. J. Hudson Taylor
 Twice he was engaged to Ms. V, but she was
not interested in missions
 Sent to China age 21 by LMS
 Trouble learning the language, never happy
in the international community though he did
not succeed living alone the first time
 In a year, he traveled to the interior, where
he was an oddity

21. J. Hudson Taylor
 He wore Chinese clothing against the movement of
the times though rejected by other missionaries.
 He worked with William Burns, who had been
greatly used as an evangelist in Scotland and
England
 He resigned from CES after 3 years.
 He was turned down for marriage again from
Elizabeth Sisson; became interested in Mary Dyer

22. Waterways Taylor travelled,
searched by a thief

23. J. Hudson Taylor
 Mary Dyer, who grew up in England, returned to
teach. Miss Aldersey and Pastor Russell strongly
disapproved, but they were engaged secretly, and a
few months later married after permission from an
uncle.
 Hudson Taylor was made head of Ningpo hospital
for three years, a task above his training, and got
more training in England.
 He got more medical training, revised the Chinese
New Testament, and started China Inland Mission.

24. J Hudson Taylor age 21, then
with wife Maria

25. J. Hudson Taylor
 CIM got support from the working class.
Missionaries did not request money and
were supported by free-will offerings.
 Initially there was great tension with
the 15 missionaries accompanying the
Taylors, and virtually a split with
rebellion in the group – petty jealousy &
rebellion about Chinese clothing

26. First group of CIM
missionaries

27. Jennie Faulding, Taylor’s
second wife & Taylor

28. Hudson Taylor
 In 1860, he sent 3 children away with Emily
after Samuel had died. The following
summer his wife died at age 33 following the
death of another baby.
 His first wife died, and Emily expected to take
her place, but he returned engaged to Jennie
Spaulding, who became his second wife. The
mission continued to grow.

29. CIM rules
 No debt
 No guaranteed income
 No solicitation
 Dependence on God alone
 There was a lot of secrecy in CIM, as
well as internal strife

30. Hudson Taylor
 After the death of his 8 year old daughter,
and the resignation of one couple and two
single women the mission became unified.
 Then they were attacked at Yangchow, which
created an international incident with loss of
support in Britain.
 Depressed, he came to learn the Spirit filled
life with a dramatic change.

31. J. Hudson Taylor
 His goal was to spread the knowledge of
the gospel, and had 650 missionaries, with
missionaries in every province
 Heavy emphasis on evangelism, but not on
church planting and development of
national leadership.
 The mission was hurt by Boxer Rebellion,
when China ordered the death of all
missionaries and eradication of Christianity

32. J Hudson Taylor

33. J. Hudson Taylor
135 missionaries and 53 children were killed
 Hudson Taylor resigned in 1902, and Jennie
and then he died by 1904
 The mission peaked in 1934 with 1368
missionaries, many in the interior, many
single women - not a heavy emphasis on
education. CIM is now OMF – overseas
mission fellowship

34. Timothy Richards 1845-1914
 Followed Hudson Taylor,
but emphasized the use of
native evangelists and
technology.
 Extremely effective writer
 45 years in China

35. Timothy Richards
 He wanted to appreciate the best of
Chinese culture and reach all by starting
with the intelligentia.
 He supported educational progress
 After this time, many groups started at
the university level – though small in
number

36. Jonathan Goforth
 Jonathan Goforth - the best evangelist
of China, where revival came
frequently.
 He was initially ostracized and ridiculed
at Knox College. Worked in city work,
and met Rosaline Smith, an art student.
They were soon married
 China 1888. 5/11 children died

37. Jonathan Goforth
 They opened their home, and preached
as much as 8 hours a day. Then they
went on itinerate ministry to the interior
 They nearly died in the Boxer Rebellion,
traveling 1000 miles to escape
 He would travel, set up housekeeping,
and preach to men, his wife to ladies

38. Travel in China

39. Jonathan Goforth
 There is a powerful evidence of the
Holy Spirit’s working in both the life of
Jonathan and also his wife Rose - By My
Spirit, and also Climbing.
 He saw great revivals in Korea,
Manchuria, and in China till 1918.
 He conflicted with the Presbytery when
he felt the Holy Spirit’s guidance

40. Jonathan and Rose Goforth

41. Jonathan Goforth
 He demonstrated what the Holy Spirit
can do through one man. The revivals
were unbelievable. Many saved, many
restored – not only the Chinese, but
also the missionaries.
 His wife Rose had a dramatic change
when she discovered the Spirit-filled life

42. Jonathan Goforth
 He was greatly disturbed by the influx
of missionaries who were modernists,
but preached with more conviction
 He returned to Canada age 74,
continued to preach though blind for
another 18 months until his death

43. Gilmour of Mongolia
 Approximately the same time James
Gilmour ministered widely in Mongolia.
He adapted the Mongolian clothing,
food and customs (including horseback
riding), learned the language, and
witnessed widely to the Mongolians

44. James Gilmour

45. Dr. A. Macdonald Westwater
 Dr. Westwater was a Scottish
Presbyterian medical missionary who
was a skilled surgeon. He gave free
care to all sides in difficult battles
between the Russians and the Chinese
at the Boxer Rebellion. He actually
assisted the Russian general in surgery,
and arranged for peace in Liao-Yang
with no loss of life.

46. Mildred Cable & French sisters
 Mildred went to China in 1902, met Eva
French & then her sister.
 They ran a girls school for 200 and a
place for opium addicts to rehabilitate
 Then they began to travel during the
summers throughout China,
evangelizing and distributing literature

47. Mildred Cable and the French
sisters
 In middle age, moved to the far interior to the
“City of Prodigals”… church planting during
the winter, and 8 months of traveling by ox
cart in the summer over trade routes in
Central Asia. The traveled into the Gobi desert
until 1936, when interior missionaries were
ordered out. She “retired” to be active in the
British & Foreign Bible Society until her death
in 1952

48. Site visited by the trio

49. Mildred Cable & French sisters
main headquarters area

50. James Frazer 1886-1938
 Came from a large family, and his
mother prayed that one child would
become a missionary
 He was bright and talented – linguist,
musical, and an engineer
 Volunteered to CIM, and age 22 was
already one of the best speakers of
Chinese

51. James Frazer 1886-1938
 Developed a burden for the Lisu people
and worked with them a number of
years without much result
 Married, and his wife helped with
translation
 He developed the an alphabet which is
still used officially for the Lisu language;
translated the Bible.

52. James Frazer 1886-1938
 He went through much soul-searching
and depression. He learned to place
great reliance on resisting the devil with
prayer, and developed a powerful
prayer team in England
 He worked with the Lisu to develop
independence financially and in
leadership

53. James O Fraser
 Thousands of Lisu eventually were
saved
 It is estimated that 90% of the Lisu are
Christians, and represent one of the
largest tribal groups in the world
 His spiritual growth and walk in the
spirit has inspired many others

54. Lisu people

55. Lisu people

56. Don Richardson’s contention
 The Lisu had a tradition that a white-
faced teacher would bring them a holy
book that they must listen to: Fraser!

57. Dr. George Lesley Mackay
 Canadian Presbyterian dentist/missionary
in Formosa, working with the headhunters
of Malay background and the Chinese. He
extracted as many as 40,000 teeth! He
used his dentistry to get a hearing. Used
national helpers. Started schools and 60
stations using national helpers.

58. Dr. George Lesley Mackay –
Taiwan & Canada memorials

59. Catholics in China
 They regrouped in the mid 19th century, and
started training Chinese priests. During the
Boxer Rebellion, about 40 foreigners were
killed, but perhaps 30,000 nationals
 In the following decades, they were able to
expand to about 1,700,000, with over 800
Chinese priests but no Chinese bishop.

60. Catholics in Japan
 Some were found after 1860 who had
maintained their beliefs during the time
of persecution. About 10,000 came
back to the Roman Catholic church, and
the same independent
 There was some slow growth present

61. Catholics in Indochina
 There was heavy persecution on two
different occasions during the middle of
the 19th century, with both 115 priests
and as many as 300,000 nationals killed
 The direct involvement of the French
was greatly resented

62. Catholics in the Pacific Islands
 Some places were newly opened by
priests. Others largely represented
attempts to pull people out of the
Protestant churches already
established.

63. Orthodox church
 Makary Glucharev -distinguished young
linguist when called to the Altai range in
Russia. He labored for many years, and
baptized 675 persons. He focused on
preaching the gospel and seeing people
clearly saved. He left a church, 3
schools, and several Christian villages

64. Orthodox church
 John Viniamonov – initially placed in the
Aleutian Islands, and very successful in
training people. He had to build his own
home and train people “from scratch”. His
work gradually expanded to include
northern Siberia and Japan
 When he “retired” age 70, he was made the
metropolitan of Moscow for 11 years

65. John Vianamonov

66. St. Innocent (John
Vianamonov)

67. Nikolai Kasatkin
 Successful Orthodox priest in Japan.
He trained the Japanese and wanted a
truly Japanese (not Russian) church
 Trained nationals, and left 33,000
persons, 266 congregations, and 35
Japanese priests.

68. Nikolai Kasatkin