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The History of Photography: From Camera Obscura to Digital Revolution – Key Inventions, Iconic Images, Pioneering Photographers, and the Evolution of Visual Storytelling Across Centuries

This presentation offers a comprehensive journey through the History of Photography, tracing its evolution from early optical experiments to the digital age. Beginning with the camera obscura and progressing through early photographic processes like the daguerreotype, calotype, and wet plate collodion, it highlights how technological innovations shaped the way we capture and interpret the world. The presentation explores the work of pioneering photographers such as Joseph Nicéphore Niépce, Louis Daguerre, William Henry Fox Talbot, and Julia Margaret Cameron, and their contributions to both the artistic and documentary traditions of photography. It also covers the shift from monochrome to color photography, the rise of photojournalism, and the emergence of photography as a fine art medium. From bulky cameras and glass plates to compact digital devices and smartphones, this presentation explains how the democratization of photography has influenced media, communication, and culture. It also reflects on the profound impact photography has had on visual storytelling, memory, and historical documentation. Ideal for students, educators, and photography enthusiasts, this presentation serves as an engaging guide to understanding photography not just as a technology, but as a transformative force in modern history.

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History Of Photography By Rahul Shakya
-Prepared By Rahul Shakya 4th - 5th CENTURY B.C.  Chinese and Greek philosophers describe the basic principals of optics and the camera.  The Chinese were among the first to discover the idea of the basic pinhole camera. Around 5th Century B.C. they wrote about how an image was formed upside down from a “pinhole” on the opposite wall.  The Greek philosopher Aristotle discussed pinhole image formation in his work.
-Prepared By Rahul Shakya
-Prepared By Rahul Shakya Year 1021A.D  The invention of the camera obscura is attributed to the Iraqi scientist Alhazen and described in his book of optics.
-Prepared By Rahul Shakya Year 1664-1672 A.D  Sir Isaac Newton discovers that white light is composed of different colors by refracting white light off a prism.
-Prepared By Rahul Shakya
-Prepared By Rahul Shakya
-Prepared By Rahul Shakya Year- 1685 A.D  The vision of a box form of a Camera that was portable and small was was envisioned by Johann Zahn, THOUGH it would be nearly 150 years before technology was able to bring his vision to life.
-Prepared By Rahul Shakya Year 1717 A.D  Johann Heinrich Schulze discovered that silver nitrate darkened upon exposure to light.
-Prepared By Rahul Shakya
-Prepared By Rahul Shakya Year- 1816 A.D Joseph Nicephore Niepce  Frenchman Joseph Nicephore Niepce constructed a wood camera fitted with a microscope lens.  He succeeded in photographing the images formed in a small camera, but the photographs were negatives- meaning they were darkest where the camera image was lightest and vice versa.  They were not permanent in the sense of being reasonably light- fast; like earlier experimenters.  Niépce could find no way to prevent the coating from darkening all over when it was exposed to light for viewing. Disenchanted with silver salts, he turned his attention to light-sensitive organic substances.
-Prepared By Rahul Shakya  Born on March 07, 1765  Died on July 05, 1833  was a French inventor  Usually credited as the inventor of photography  In collaboration with Joseph Nicephore Niepce– Louis Daguerre invented the first practical photographic process, which was widely used in portraiture until the mid 1850s.
-Prepared By Rahul Shakya
-Prepared By Rahul Shakya Year 1826 A.D  Joseph Nicephore Niepce invented Heliograph, which he used to make the earliest known permanent photograph from nature, View from the Window at Le Gras.  The process used bitumen of Jade, as a coating on glass or metal, which hardened in relation to exposure to light. When the plate was washed with oil of lavender, only the hardened image area remained.
-Prepared By Rahul Shakya
-Prepared By Rahul Shakya  View from the Window at Le Gras required an extremely long exposure (traditionally said to be eight hours, but now believed to be several days) which resulted in sunlight being visible on both sides of the building
-Prepared By Rahul Shakya Year 1837 A.D  In collaboration with Joseph Nicephore Niepce– Louis Daguerre invented the first practical photographic process, which was widely used in portraiture until the mid 1850s.
-Prepared By Rahul Shakya Louis Daguerre  French Painter/Physicst/ Photographer  Born on Nov, 18, 1787  An artist with an interest in lighting effect which he uses in his paintings in 1820  He was closely associated with J.N. Niepce.  In 1824, he was elected as knight of legion of honor.  He also learned camera obscura to create sets in Diorama  The optician who supplied gaguerre was Vincent chevellar was also Neipce supplier, that was how he got his address.  In December 1822, Daguerre met Neipce on his way to England. He put phosphorescent powder at the back of the obscura. The images stayed there for few hours  Dec 1829 they signed contract.  Inventor of Daguerreotype Process.
-Prepared By Rahul Shakya  In the mid-1820s, prior to his association with Daguerre, Niépce used a coating of bitumen of Judea to make the first permanent camera photographs. The bitumen was hardened where it was exposed to light and the unhardened portion was then removed with a solvent. A camera exposure lasting for hours or days was required. Niépce and Daguerre later refined this process, but unacceptably long exposures were still needed.  After the death of Niépce in 1833, Daguerre concentrated his attention on the light- sensitive properties of silver salts, which had previously been demonstrated by Johann Heinrich Schultz and others. For the process which was eventually named the daguerreotype, he exposed a thin silver-plated copper sheet to the vapour given off by iodine crystals, producing a coating of light-sensitive silver iodide on the surface. The plate was then exposed in the camera. Initially, this process, too, required a very long exposure to produce a distinct image, but Daguerre made the crucial discovery that an invisibly faint "latent" image created by a much shorter exposure could be chemically "developed" into a visible image. Upon seeing the image, the contents of which are unknown, Daguerre said, "I have seized the light – I have arrested its flight!"
-Prepared By Rahul Shakya Year 1837 A.D  The first aerial photograph was taken by Gaspard Felix Tournachon of Place De L’ Etolie, Paris. It was shot from an altitude of 520 meters in a tethered balloon.
-Prepared By Rahul Shakya Year 1861 A.D  Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell produced the first color photograph in 1861.
-Prepared By Rahul Shakya
-Prepared By Rahul Shakya  The first (durable) colour photograph made according to Maxwell’s prescription, a set of three monochrome “color separations”, was taken by Thomas Sutton, who later invented the single-lens reflex camera and the first wide-angle lens, in 1861 for use in illustrating a lecture on colour by Maxwell. Maxwell had Sutton photograph a tartan ribbon three times, each time with a different colour filter (red, green, or blue- violet) over the lens. The three photographs were developed, printed on glass, then projected onto a screen with three different projectors, each equipped with the same colour filter used to photograph it. When superimposed on the screen, the three images formed a full-colour image. During his lecture, which was about physics and physiology, not photography, Maxwell commented on the inadequacy of the results and the need for a photographic material more sensitive to red and green light.
-Prepared By Rahul Shakya Year 1871 A.D, Dr. Richard Maddox  Dr. Richard Maddox discovered a method of using gelatin instead of glass as the plate material for the light-sensitive solution.  This discovery led to the invention of dry plate photography, a less cumbersome process that did not require the photographer to use a darkroom tent for immediate plate development as had been required by wet plate processes.
-Prepared By Rahul Shakya Dry Plate Process  Dry plate photography, also known as gelatin process photography, was an improvement on existing methods of photography in which gelatin emulsions were used to develop photographs on thin glass plates. Prior to this date, the method of plate photography that had been in use was known as wet collodion plate photography, and it required glass plates that were exposed to cellulose nitrate be exposed to a camera while still wet. Dr. Richard L. Maddox, an English physicist and innovator, developed an improved method in 1871, in which dry plates could be used. The plates were coated with an emulsion based in gelatin that bound light-sensitive silver salts to glass plates, creating negative exposures that could be prepared and stored for later use and developed fairly easily in a darkroom.
-Prepared By Rahul Shakya
-Prepared By Rahul Shakya
-Prepared By Rahul Shakya
-Prepared By Rahul Shakya Year 1884- 1888 A.D  George Eastman introduced celluloid based film in and the small portable easy-to- use box camera.  His first camera, which he called the “Kodak,” was a very simple box camera with a fixed-focus lens and single shutter speed, which along with its relatively low price appealed to the average consumer.  The Kodak came pre-loaded with enough film for 100 exposures and needed to be sent back to the factory for processing and reloading when the roll was finished. By the end of the 19th century Eastman had expanded his lineup to several models including both box and folding cameras. Photography could now reach the masses.
-Prepared By Rahul Shakya
-Prepared By Rahul Shakya Year 1878 A.D  Eadweard Muybridge successfully captured the sequence of movement. It was this ground breaking discovery and technique that helped invented motion pictues.
-Prepared By Rahul Shakya
-Prepared By Rahul Shakya Year 1884- 1924 A.D  The camera went into production at the Leitz factory in Germany. It was called the Leica from the initials of “Leitz Camera.”
-Prepared By Rahul Shakya Year 1926 A.D  Underwater color photography was born with this shot of a hogfish, photographed off the Florida Keys in the Gulf of Mexico by Dr. William Longley and National Geographic staff photographer Charles Martin  Equipped with cameras encased in waterproof housing and pounds of highly explosive magnesium flash powder for underwater illumination, the pair pioneered underwater photography.
-Prepared By Rahul Shakya
-Prepared By Rahul Shakya Year 1929 A.D  The major step forward to mass marketing of the TLR (twin- lens reflex) came with the Rolliecord and then rollieflex, developed by Franke & Heidecke in Germany.
-Prepared By Rahul Shakya
-Prepared By Rahul Shakya TLR (Twin Lens Reflex)  Twin Lens — The camera uses two equal lenses, one for viewing and for taking.  Reflex — Refers to the mirror used behind the viewing lens to make focusing possible.  Twin Lens Reflex (TLR) cameras are "two-eyed" cameras such as the classic Rolleiflex. They normally consist of two equally constructed lenses with equal focal length and equal "speed". They are mounted in the front of the case, and their focusing is synchronized so that they are always focused on the same distance. The difference is that the one lens projects the incoming image via mirror up to the reflex finder's ground glass whilst the other lens projects the image into the camera's dark chamber onto the film plane. The camera lens can be stopped down whilst the finder lens is always at maximum aperture. The scene viewed by the top lens (the viewing lens) is reflected by a mirror onto the ground glass screen so that the image seen on the ground glass is back to front (left is right, right is left) which can take some time for getting used to.  The twin-lens reflex is a comparatively bulky dual camera with a fixed-mirror reflex housing and top screen mounted above a roll-film box camera. Its two lenses focus in unison so that the top screen shows the image sharpness and framing as recorded on the film in the lower section. The viewing image remains visible all the time, but the viewpoint difference (parallax) of the two lenses means that the framing on the top screen is not exactly identical with that on the film.
-Prepared By Rahul Shakya Year 1936 A.D  The first 35mm SLR, the Ihagee Kine Exakta had a left-handed shutter release and rapid film wind thumb lever, folding waist level finder and 12 to 1/1000th second focal plane shutter.  the first 35mm film SLR camera in the world was developed by the company Ihagee in Dresden, Germany. In 1936, the camera, called the “Kine Exakta,” was presented to the general public at the Leipzig Spring Trade Fair.
-Prepared By Rahul Shakya SLR (Single Lens Reflex)  The single-lens reflex 35 mm camera is the choice of many serious amateur as well as professional photographers because the light from the object reflects from a mirror and is taken through the eyepiece to the eye of the photographer, in contrast to a viewfinder camera where the photographer is looking through a separate lens at the subject. The advantage of the SLR is that the eye sees approximately what the imaging system will record, so that you can freely interchange lenses, use close- up lenses, etc. and still see what you will record on the detector. Viewfinder cameras are practically limited to one lens, because the viewfinder must approximate what will be photographed.  Light is bounced from a mirror through a pentaprism to the viewer's eye while choosing the object for photography. The shutter button lifts the viewing mirror while opening the shutter to allow the light to fall on the detector to record the image
-Prepared By Rahul Shakya
-Prepared By Rahul Shakya
-Prepared By Rahul Shakya Year 1978 A.D  An entirely new type of camera is introduced– the Polaroid Model 95. It was the world’s first viable instant-picture camera. The Model 95 used a patented chemical process to produce finished positive prints from the exposed negatives in under a minute.  Polaroid Land Model 95 made by Polaroid in the United States, 1948-1953.  Polaroid Corporation was most famous for its instant cameras. Early models were called Land cameras, after the founder of Polaroid Edwin Land. Model 95 was the first of Polaroid’s instant picture cameras and over 1.5 million Models 95, 95A and 95B were made. The technology packed the chemistry of a darkroom into a hand- held camera. The Model 95 is a folding camera for self processing film packs of 3 ¼ by 4 ¼ inches.
-Prepared By Rahul Shakya
-Prepared By Rahul Shakya Year 1949 A.D  The Contax S is a 35mm SLR camera introduced by the East German VEB Zeiss Ikon in 1949. Plans for such a camera had certainly existed at Zeiss Ikon since the late 1930s, and the development of an eyelevel viewfinder using a pentaprism would soon become a key element of the project. However, the WWII prevented pursuing these ideas, and when resumed after the war, the plans had to be adjusted to the deficiencies prevailing in the immediate post-war Dresden factory.
-Prepared By Rahul Shakya
-Prepared By Rahul Shakya Year 1975 A.D  The first ever digital camera was invented by Steven Sasson, an engineer at Eastman Kodak.  The 8 pound camera recorded 0.01 megapixel black and white photos to a cassette tape. The first photograph took 23 seconds to create.  To play back images, data was read from the tape and then displayed on a television set.
-Prepared By Rahul Shakya
-Prepared By Rahul Shakya Year 1988 A.D  Though it never hit the market the 1988 Fuji Fujix DS-1P introduced an important technology– a removable SRAM (static RAM) memory card developed with Toshiba.
-Prepared By Rahul Shakya Year 1993 A.D  Unlike many other digital cameras that stored photos in “volatile” memory that required battery power to prevent file loss–  this video graphics array (VGA) resolution camera was the first to save image files in the kind of solid-state flash memory that is now the near-universal storage medium in digital cameras.
-Prepared By Rahul Shakya
-Prepared By Rahul Shakya Year 1991 A.D  The Nikon D1 was the first DSLR body designed from scratch by a single manufacturer. It competely changed the game for SLRS at that time- dropping the price of a digital SLR by more than half.  The original price the camera was sold at just under $5,000. It offered the image quality, build, and performance that was required by photojournalists at this time. It, and DSLRs from Fujifilm and Canon, also helped end the reign of Kodak in professional DSLRs.
-Prepared By Rahul Shakya
-Prepared By Rahul Shakya
-Prepared By Rahul Shakya Photograph Captured
-Prepared By Rahul Shakya Year 1999 A.D  The Kyocera VP-210 introduced a concept that we still use frequently today– phone photography  It could store 20 stills and transmit live “video” at a rate of 2 fps. Sharp soon followed with its J-SH04, developed with inventor Philippe Kahn, whose 1997 prototype phone was the first to transmit a photo—of his baby daughter.
-Prepared By Rahul Shakya
-Prepared By Rahul Shakya Year 2002  The Casio Exilim EX-S1/EX-M1 leapt forward in the ultracompact design race with the 0.4-inch-thick EX-S1 “wearable card camera.”  ultra small, ultra thin 'Exilim' digital camera / MP3 player. There are two models both of which have the same digital camera functionality, the EX-M1 simply adds MP3 audio playback capability. Both Exilim have a 1.3 megapixel CCD, fixed 37 mm equiv. lens, internal RAM and SD/MMC storage slot, 1.6" TFT LCD and can take still images and movie clips. The EX-S1 weighs in at just 86 g (3 oz) without its battery.
-Prepared By Rahul Shakya
-Prepared By Rahul Shakya Year 2003  When this 6MP DSLR was announced on the Internet, editors scurried to redo the cover to trumpet the first DSLR priced below $1,000 ($999.99, street, with kit lens). The Reb flew off the shelves and proved the tipping point for countless serious amateur photographers to switch from film to digital.
-Prepared By Rahul Shakya
-Prepared By Rahul Shakya Year 2005  The Canon EOS 5D had the popular new market category all to itself until 2008, when Nikon and Sony released their D700 and Alpha 900.  It was Pop Photo’s Camera of the Year for ’05 provided full-frame capture to serious amateur photographers and cash-strapped pros for the first time, with a price less than half of the bigger, heavier professional full-framers.
-Prepared By Rahul Shakya
-Prepared By Rahul Shakya Year 2007  The Go Pro Digital Hero 3 is introduced to the market and offers go-anywhere cams with rugged cases. Now most people who do sports, ride bicycles, even drive cars have these.
-Prepared By Rahul Shakya
-Prepared By Rahul Shakya Year 2008 A.D  When Panasonic took the mirror and prism assembly out of a DSLR and replaced them with an electronic viewfinder, the resulting camera, the Lumix G1, became the world’s first Compact System Camera.  Not only is this the fastest growing sector within the camera industry it’s one of the fastest growing of any consumer electronics category – it now accounts for almost half of all interchangeable lens cameras sold in Japan, for example while it’s approaching one third in Europe.  The main advantage of the CSC is in offering relatively high image quality, and interchangeable lenses, in a small camera, with smaller lenses. But by casting aside the optical assembly from DSLRs the G1 also paved the way for the wide spectrum of interchangeable lens cameras we see today, from every manufacturer, which come with or without viewfinders, and with a variety of sensor sizes from DSLR sized down to compact camera sized.
-Prepared By Rahul Shakya
-Prepared By Rahul Shakya Year 2012  The Nikon D800 comes to the market with an unprecedented 36 million pixel full frame sensor.

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The History of Photography: From Camera Obscura to Digital Revolution – Key Inventions, Iconic Images, Pioneering Photographers, and the Evolution of Visual Storytelling Across Centuries

  • 1.
  • 2.
    -Prepared By RahulShakya 4th - 5th CENTURY B.C.  Chinese and Greek philosophers describe the basic principals of optics and the camera.  The Chinese were among the first to discover the idea of the basic pinhole camera. Around 5th Century B.C. they wrote about how an image was formed upside down from a “pinhole” on the opposite wall.  The Greek philosopher Aristotle discussed pinhole image formation in his work.
  • 3.
  • 4.
    -Prepared By RahulShakya Year 1021A.D  The invention of the camera obscura is attributed to the Iraqi scientist Alhazen and described in his book of optics.
  • 5.
    -Prepared By RahulShakya Year 1664-1672 A.D  Sir Isaac Newton discovers that white light is composed of different colors by refracting white light off a prism.
  • 6.
  • 7.
  • 8.
    -Prepared By RahulShakya Year- 1685 A.D  The vision of a box form of a Camera that was portable and small was was envisioned by Johann Zahn, THOUGH it would be nearly 150 years before technology was able to bring his vision to life.
  • 9.
    -Prepared By RahulShakya Year 1717 A.D  Johann Heinrich Schulze discovered that silver nitrate darkened upon exposure to light.
  • 10.
  • 11.
    -Prepared By RahulShakya Year- 1816 A.D Joseph Nicephore Niepce  Frenchman Joseph Nicephore Niepce constructed a wood camera fitted with a microscope lens.  He succeeded in photographing the images formed in a small camera, but the photographs were negatives- meaning they were darkest where the camera image was lightest and vice versa.  They were not permanent in the sense of being reasonably light- fast; like earlier experimenters.  Niépce could find no way to prevent the coating from darkening all over when it was exposed to light for viewing. Disenchanted with silver salts, he turned his attention to light-sensitive organic substances.
  • 12.
    -Prepared By RahulShakya  Born on March 07, 1765  Died on July 05, 1833  was a French inventor  Usually credited as the inventor of photography  In collaboration with Joseph Nicephore Niepce– Louis Daguerre invented the first practical photographic process, which was widely used in portraiture until the mid 1850s.
  • 13.
  • 14.
    -Prepared By RahulShakya Year 1826 A.D  Joseph Nicephore Niepce invented Heliograph, which he used to make the earliest known permanent photograph from nature, View from the Window at Le Gras.  The process used bitumen of Jade, as a coating on glass or metal, which hardened in relation to exposure to light. When the plate was washed with oil of lavender, only the hardened image area remained.
  • 15.
  • 16.
    -Prepared By RahulShakya  View from the Window at Le Gras required an extremely long exposure (traditionally said to be eight hours, but now believed to be several days) which resulted in sunlight being visible on both sides of the building
  • 17.
    -Prepared By RahulShakya Year 1837 A.D  In collaboration with Joseph Nicephore Niepce– Louis Daguerre invented the first practical photographic process, which was widely used in portraiture until the mid 1850s.
  • 18.
    -Prepared By RahulShakya Louis Daguerre  French Painter/Physicst/ Photographer  Born on Nov, 18, 1787  An artist with an interest in lighting effect which he uses in his paintings in 1820  He was closely associated with J.N. Niepce.  In 1824, he was elected as knight of legion of honor.  He also learned camera obscura to create sets in Diorama  The optician who supplied gaguerre was Vincent chevellar was also Neipce supplier, that was how he got his address.  In December 1822, Daguerre met Neipce on his way to England. He put phosphorescent powder at the back of the obscura. The images stayed there for few hours  Dec 1829 they signed contract.  Inventor of Daguerreotype Process.
  • 19.
    -Prepared By RahulShakya  In the mid-1820s, prior to his association with Daguerre, Niépce used a coating of bitumen of Judea to make the first permanent camera photographs. The bitumen was hardened where it was exposed to light and the unhardened portion was then removed with a solvent. A camera exposure lasting for hours or days was required. Niépce and Daguerre later refined this process, but unacceptably long exposures were still needed.  After the death of Niépce in 1833, Daguerre concentrated his attention on the light- sensitive properties of silver salts, which had previously been demonstrated by Johann Heinrich Schultz and others. For the process which was eventually named the daguerreotype, he exposed a thin silver-plated copper sheet to the vapour given off by iodine crystals, producing a coating of light-sensitive silver iodide on the surface. The plate was then exposed in the camera. Initially, this process, too, required a very long exposure to produce a distinct image, but Daguerre made the crucial discovery that an invisibly faint "latent" image created by a much shorter exposure could be chemically "developed" into a visible image. Upon seeing the image, the contents of which are unknown, Daguerre said, "I have seized the light – I have arrested its flight!"
  • 20.
    -Prepared By RahulShakya Year 1837 A.D  The first aerial photograph was taken by Gaspard Felix Tournachon of Place De L’ Etolie, Paris. It was shot from an altitude of 520 meters in a tethered balloon.
  • 21.
    -Prepared By RahulShakya Year 1861 A.D  Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell produced the first color photograph in 1861.
  • 22.
  • 23.
    -Prepared By RahulShakya  The first (durable) colour photograph made according to Maxwell’s prescription, a set of three monochrome “color separations”, was taken by Thomas Sutton, who later invented the single-lens reflex camera and the first wide-angle lens, in 1861 for use in illustrating a lecture on colour by Maxwell. Maxwell had Sutton photograph a tartan ribbon three times, each time with a different colour filter (red, green, or blue- violet) over the lens. The three photographs were developed, printed on glass, then projected onto a screen with three different projectors, each equipped with the same colour filter used to photograph it. When superimposed on the screen, the three images formed a full-colour image. During his lecture, which was about physics and physiology, not photography, Maxwell commented on the inadequacy of the results and the need for a photographic material more sensitive to red and green light.
  • 24.
    -Prepared By RahulShakya Year 1871 A.D, Dr. Richard Maddox  Dr. Richard Maddox discovered a method of using gelatin instead of glass as the plate material for the light-sensitive solution.  This discovery led to the invention of dry plate photography, a less cumbersome process that did not require the photographer to use a darkroom tent for immediate plate development as had been required by wet plate processes.
  • 25.
    -Prepared By RahulShakya Dry Plate Process  Dry plate photography, also known as gelatin process photography, was an improvement on existing methods of photography in which gelatin emulsions were used to develop photographs on thin glass plates. Prior to this date, the method of plate photography that had been in use was known as wet collodion plate photography, and it required glass plates that were exposed to cellulose nitrate be exposed to a camera while still wet. Dr. Richard L. Maddox, an English physicist and innovator, developed an improved method in 1871, in which dry plates could be used. The plates were coated with an emulsion based in gelatin that bound light-sensitive silver salts to glass plates, creating negative exposures that could be prepared and stored for later use and developed fairly easily in a darkroom.
  • 26.
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  • 29.
    -Prepared By RahulShakya Year 1884- 1888 A.D  George Eastman introduced celluloid based film in and the small portable easy-to- use box camera.  His first camera, which he called the “Kodak,” was a very simple box camera with a fixed-focus lens and single shutter speed, which along with its relatively low price appealed to the average consumer.  The Kodak came pre-loaded with enough film for 100 exposures and needed to be sent back to the factory for processing and reloading when the roll was finished. By the end of the 19th century Eastman had expanded his lineup to several models including both box and folding cameras. Photography could now reach the masses.
  • 30.
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    -Prepared By RahulShakya Year 1878 A.D  Eadweard Muybridge successfully captured the sequence of movement. It was this ground breaking discovery and technique that helped invented motion pictues.
  • 32.
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    -Prepared By RahulShakya Year 1884- 1924 A.D  The camera went into production at the Leitz factory in Germany. It was called the Leica from the initials of “Leitz Camera.”
  • 34.
    -Prepared By RahulShakya Year 1926 A.D  Underwater color photography was born with this shot of a hogfish, photographed off the Florida Keys in the Gulf of Mexico by Dr. William Longley and National Geographic staff photographer Charles Martin  Equipped with cameras encased in waterproof housing and pounds of highly explosive magnesium flash powder for underwater illumination, the pair pioneered underwater photography.
  • 35.
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    -Prepared By RahulShakya Year 1929 A.D  The major step forward to mass marketing of the TLR (twin- lens reflex) came with the Rolliecord and then rollieflex, developed by Franke & Heidecke in Germany.
  • 37.
  • 38.
    -Prepared By RahulShakya TLR (Twin Lens Reflex)  Twin Lens — The camera uses two equal lenses, one for viewing and for taking.  Reflex — Refers to the mirror used behind the viewing lens to make focusing possible.  Twin Lens Reflex (TLR) cameras are "two-eyed" cameras such as the classic Rolleiflex. They normally consist of two equally constructed lenses with equal focal length and equal "speed". They are mounted in the front of the case, and their focusing is synchronized so that they are always focused on the same distance. The difference is that the one lens projects the incoming image via mirror up to the reflex finder's ground glass whilst the other lens projects the image into the camera's dark chamber onto the film plane. The camera lens can be stopped down whilst the finder lens is always at maximum aperture. The scene viewed by the top lens (the viewing lens) is reflected by a mirror onto the ground glass screen so that the image seen on the ground glass is back to front (left is right, right is left) which can take some time for getting used to.  The twin-lens reflex is a comparatively bulky dual camera with a fixed-mirror reflex housing and top screen mounted above a roll-film box camera. Its two lenses focus in unison so that the top screen shows the image sharpness and framing as recorded on the film in the lower section. The viewing image remains visible all the time, but the viewpoint difference (parallax) of the two lenses means that the framing on the top screen is not exactly identical with that on the film.
  • 39.
    -Prepared By RahulShakya Year 1936 A.D  The first 35mm SLR, the Ihagee Kine Exakta had a left-handed shutter release and rapid film wind thumb lever, folding waist level finder and 12 to 1/1000th second focal plane shutter.  the first 35mm film SLR camera in the world was developed by the company Ihagee in Dresden, Germany. In 1936, the camera, called the “Kine Exakta,” was presented to the general public at the Leipzig Spring Trade Fair.
  • 40.
    -Prepared By RahulShakya SLR (Single Lens Reflex)  The single-lens reflex 35 mm camera is the choice of many serious amateur as well as professional photographers because the light from the object reflects from a mirror and is taken through the eyepiece to the eye of the photographer, in contrast to a viewfinder camera where the photographer is looking through a separate lens at the subject. The advantage of the SLR is that the eye sees approximately what the imaging system will record, so that you can freely interchange lenses, use close- up lenses, etc. and still see what you will record on the detector. Viewfinder cameras are practically limited to one lens, because the viewfinder must approximate what will be photographed.  Light is bounced from a mirror through a pentaprism to the viewer's eye while choosing the object for photography. The shutter button lifts the viewing mirror while opening the shutter to allow the light to fall on the detector to record the image
  • 41.
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    -Prepared By RahulShakya Year 1978 A.D  An entirely new type of camera is introduced– the Polaroid Model 95. It was the world’s first viable instant-picture camera. The Model 95 used a patented chemical process to produce finished positive prints from the exposed negatives in under a minute.  Polaroid Land Model 95 made by Polaroid in the United States, 1948-1953.  Polaroid Corporation was most famous for its instant cameras. Early models were called Land cameras, after the founder of Polaroid Edwin Land. Model 95 was the first of Polaroid’s instant picture cameras and over 1.5 million Models 95, 95A and 95B were made. The technology packed the chemistry of a darkroom into a hand- held camera. The Model 95 is a folding camera for self processing film packs of 3 ¼ by 4 ¼ inches.
  • 44.
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    -Prepared By RahulShakya Year 1949 A.D  The Contax S is a 35mm SLR camera introduced by the East German VEB Zeiss Ikon in 1949. Plans for such a camera had certainly existed at Zeiss Ikon since the late 1930s, and the development of an eyelevel viewfinder using a pentaprism would soon become a key element of the project. However, the WWII prevented pursuing these ideas, and when resumed after the war, the plans had to be adjusted to the deficiencies prevailing in the immediate post-war Dresden factory.
  • 46.
  • 47.
    -Prepared By RahulShakya Year 1975 A.D  The first ever digital camera was invented by Steven Sasson, an engineer at Eastman Kodak.  The 8 pound camera recorded 0.01 megapixel black and white photos to a cassette tape. The first photograph took 23 seconds to create.  To play back images, data was read from the tape and then displayed on a television set.
  • 48.
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    -Prepared By RahulShakya Year 1988 A.D  Though it never hit the market the 1988 Fuji Fujix DS-1P introduced an important technology– a removable SRAM (static RAM) memory card developed with Toshiba.
  • 50.
    -Prepared By RahulShakya Year 1993 A.D  Unlike many other digital cameras that stored photos in “volatile” memory that required battery power to prevent file loss–  this video graphics array (VGA) resolution camera was the first to save image files in the kind of solid-state flash memory that is now the near-universal storage medium in digital cameras.
  • 51.
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    -Prepared By RahulShakya Year 1991 A.D  The Nikon D1 was the first DSLR body designed from scratch by a single manufacturer. It competely changed the game for SLRS at that time- dropping the price of a digital SLR by more than half.  The original price the camera was sold at just under $5,000. It offered the image quality, build, and performance that was required by photojournalists at this time. It, and DSLRs from Fujifilm and Canon, also helped end the reign of Kodak in professional DSLRs.
  • 53.
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    -Prepared By RahulShakya Photograph Captured
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    -Prepared By RahulShakya Year 1999 A.D  The Kyocera VP-210 introduced a concept that we still use frequently today– phone photography  It could store 20 stills and transmit live “video” at a rate of 2 fps. Sharp soon followed with its J-SH04, developed with inventor Philippe Kahn, whose 1997 prototype phone was the first to transmit a photo—of his baby daughter.
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    -Prepared By RahulShakya Year 2002  The Casio Exilim EX-S1/EX-M1 leapt forward in the ultracompact design race with the 0.4-inch-thick EX-S1 “wearable card camera.”  ultra small, ultra thin 'Exilim' digital camera / MP3 player. There are two models both of which have the same digital camera functionality, the EX-M1 simply adds MP3 audio playback capability. Both Exilim have a 1.3 megapixel CCD, fixed 37 mm equiv. lens, internal RAM and SD/MMC storage slot, 1.6" TFT LCD and can take still images and movie clips. The EX-S1 weighs in at just 86 g (3 oz) without its battery.
  • 59.
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    -Prepared By RahulShakya Year 2003  When this 6MP DSLR was announced on the Internet, editors scurried to redo the cover to trumpet the first DSLR priced below $1,000 ($999.99, street, with kit lens). The Reb flew off the shelves and proved the tipping point for countless serious amateur photographers to switch from film to digital.
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    -Prepared By RahulShakya Year 2005  The Canon EOS 5D had the popular new market category all to itself until 2008, when Nikon and Sony released their D700 and Alpha 900.  It was Pop Photo’s Camera of the Year for ’05 provided full-frame capture to serious amateur photographers and cash-strapped pros for the first time, with a price less than half of the bigger, heavier professional full-framers.
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    -Prepared By RahulShakya Year 2007  The Go Pro Digital Hero 3 is introduced to the market and offers go-anywhere cams with rugged cases. Now most people who do sports, ride bicycles, even drive cars have these.
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    -Prepared By RahulShakya Year 2008 A.D  When Panasonic took the mirror and prism assembly out of a DSLR and replaced them with an electronic viewfinder, the resulting camera, the Lumix G1, became the world’s first Compact System Camera.  Not only is this the fastest growing sector within the camera industry it’s one of the fastest growing of any consumer electronics category – it now accounts for almost half of all interchangeable lens cameras sold in Japan, for example while it’s approaching one third in Europe.  The main advantage of the CSC is in offering relatively high image quality, and interchangeable lenses, in a small camera, with smaller lenses. But by casting aside the optical assembly from DSLRs the G1 also paved the way for the wide spectrum of interchangeable lens cameras we see today, from every manufacturer, which come with or without viewfinders, and with a variety of sensor sizes from DSLR sized down to compact camera sized.
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    -Prepared By RahulShakya Year 2012  The Nikon D800 comes to the market with an unprecedented 36 million pixel full frame sensor.