The document provides a history of computers from ancient times to modern day. It describes how Charles Babbage is considered the father of computers for conceiving the basic computer design. It outlines the development of early mechanical calculating devices like the abacus, Napier's bones, and slider rulers. It then discusses Babbage's Difference Engine, considered the first computer, and his later Analytical Engine design. Subsequent developments led to programmable computers using punch cards, vacuum tubes, transistors, microprocessors, and eventually personal computers.

1. H I S T O R Y
O F
C O M P U T E R

2. • A computer is an electronic machine that collects information, stores it, processes it
according to user instructions, and then returns the result. A computer is a programmable
electronic device that performs arithmetic and logical operations automatically using a set
of instructions provided by the user. Charles Babbage is said to be the "father of
computers", since it was, he who had first conceived the idea of the basic design of a
computer.
• With his “need” to develop a device that can carry out calculations with absolute precision
and eliminate miscalculations in course-plotting and engineering, he offered the world the
design for his first computer called the Difference Engine. The gradual developments of
computers over the years. Computers have faced “technical evolution” over the entire
course of their years. With the advancement in scientific knowledge and improved technical
progress, computers are growing “smarter” day-by-day. Science has been able to spearhead
the improvement that has allowed computers to advance. Now, future computers can make
their "own decisions" with better artificial intelligence.
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3. With his “need” to develop a device that can carry out calculations with absolute
precision and eliminate miscalculations in course-plotting and engineering, he offered
the world the design for his first computer called the Difference Engine. The gradual
developments of computers over the years. Computers have faced “technical
evolution” over the entire course of their years. With the advancement in scientific
knowledge and improved technical progress, computers are growing “smarter” day-by-
day. Science has been able to spearhead the improvement that has allowed computers
to advance. Now, future computers can make their "own decisions" with better artificial
intelligence.

4. Evaluation of Computers
• ABACUS
• Napier Rods
• Slider Ruler
• Percaline
• Leibnitz Calculating Machine
• Punch Card Machine
• Differential Engine
• Analytical Engine
• Tabulation Machine
• Mark 1
• ABC Computer
• ENIAC
• UNIVAC 1
• IBM 704
• Microprocessor
• Personal Computer

5. A B A C U S
• Around 4000 years ago, the Chinese invented the Abacus, and it is
believed to be the first computer. The history of computers begins with
the birth of the abacus. An abacus is a mechanical device that is used to
calculate the arithmetic calculations quickly, also referred to as a
counting frame.
• Its name was originated from the Latin word 'abax' or 'bacon.' Originally,
it was invented thousands of years ago to perform arithmetic
calculations, and today's is widely used in brain development programs.
It comprises a rectangular frame that holds vertically organized rods on
which beads move up and down. The main purpose of an abacus is to
increase the brainpower of the children.

7. N A P I E R R O D S
• The main motive or objective in designing and
developing this machine was for calculation
purposes.
• Once Napier’s bones were created the task of
multiplying was made very simple, the machine is
made up of several rods, and those rods are fitted in
the type of multiply table that is placed inside.
Elephant bones are used to make the machine, and
the bones are printed with numbers. Calculation of
division and multiplication is done with this
mechanical machine.

9. S L I D E R R U L E R
• Later Slide Rules- Several inventors improved upon William Oughtred's slide rule.
• 1677 - Henry Coggeshall invented a 2-foot folding slide rule for lumber measure, called the
Coggeshall slide rule.
• 1815 - Peter Mark Roget invented the log slide rule, which included a scale displaying the
logarithm of the logarithm.
• 1859 - French artillery lieutenant Amédée Mannheim invented an improved slide rule.
• 1891 - Edwin Thacher introduced a cylindrical slide rule in the United States.
• The duplex rule was invented by William Cox in 1891.
The slide rule made its first appearance in the late 17th century. The slide rule made it easier to
utilize the log relations by developing a number line on which the displacement of the numbers
were proportional to their logs. The slide rule eased the addition of the two logarithmic
displacements of the numbers, thus assisting with multiplication and division in calculations.