1) The document discusses different methods of interaction between civilizations including trade, territorial expansion, and diplomacy. It provides details on overland and maritime trade routes in India, China, and Southeast Asia.
2) Major trading goods included spices, silk, silver, and cotton. Port cities in Southeast Asia like Malacca grew due to their role in the spice trade routes between China, India, and Europe.
3) Cultural exchanges occurred along trade routes, with aspects of Chinese culture spreading throughout Southeast Asia. India also culturally influenced the region through the process of Indianization. Territorial expansion also brought different cultural groups under single rulers in mainland Southeast Asia.
Dr, Ambedkar has written very good thesis on Ancient Indian Commerce.
Bharat had very well developed Agriculture, manufacturing, trade and services since ancient time.
Topics Included:
• Difference between City, Village and Town
• Greater agricultural production
• Growth of crafts
• Increase in trade
• How did people live
• The second urbanisation
• Functions of towns
• Mathura
• Arikamedu
Dr, Ambedkar has written very good thesis on Ancient Indian Commerce.
Bharat had very well developed Agriculture, manufacturing, trade and services since ancient time.
Topics Included:
• Difference between City, Village and Town
• Greater agricultural production
• Growth of crafts
• Increase in trade
• How did people live
• The second urbanisation
• Functions of towns
• Mathura
• Arikamedu
Indigenous banking system, Interneduaries, Trading Communities in India, VIVA...PROF. PUTTU GURU PRASAD
Rise of Intermedierties, Indian Ancient Trading Communities, Ancient Commercial Business Markets, Old Business Towns in India, Spice Road, Silk Road, Amber Road, Trans African Road, Incense Road,
16 386 Chapter Outline Global Maritime Expansion B.docxfelicidaddinwoodie
16
386
Chapter Outline
Global Maritime Expansion Before 1450
> What were the objectives and major accomplishments of the voyages of exploration
undertaken by Chinese, Polynesians, and other non-Western peoples?
European Expansion, 1400-1550
> In this era of long-distance exploration, did Europeans have any special advantages over
other cultural regions?
Encounters with Europe, 1450-1550
> What explains the different nature of Europe's interactions with Africa, India, and the
Americas?
Conclusion
. • ENVIRONMENT + TECHNOLOGY Vasco da Gama's Fleet
• DIVERSITY + DOMINANCE Kongo's Christian King
Ferdinand Magellan Navigating the Straits Connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans This late·
sixteenth-century print uses fanciful representations of native peoples and creatures to embellish Magel
Ian's circumnavigation of the globe.
The Maritime Revolution, to 1550
I
n 1511 young Ferdinand Magellan sailed from Europe around the southern tip of
Africa and eastward across the Indian Ocean as a member of the first Portuguese
expedition to explore the East Indies (maritime Southeast Asia). Eight years later,
this time in the service of Spain, he led an expedition that sought to reach the East
Indies by sailing westward. By the middle of 1521 Magellan's expedition had achieved
its goal by sailing across the Atlantic, rounding the southern tip of South America,
and crossing the Pacific Ocean-but at a high price.
Of the five ships that had set out from Spain in 1519, only three made the long
passage across the vast Pacific. Dozens of sailors died from starvation and disease
during the voyage. In the Philippines, Magellan, having survived numerous mutinies
during the voyage, died in battle on April 27, 1521, while aiding a local ruler who had
promised to become a Christian.
To consolidate their dwindling resources, the expedition's survivors burned the
least seaworthy of their remaining three ships and consolidated men and supplies. In
the end only the Victoria made it home across the Indian Ocean and back to Europe.
Nevertheless, the Victoria's return to Spain on September 8, 1522, was a crowning
example of Europeans' determination to make themselves masters of the oceans.
A century of daring and dangerous voyages backed by the Portuguese crown had
opened new routes through the South Atlantic to Africa, Brazil, and the rich trade
of the Indian Ocean. Rival voyages sponsored by Spain since 1492 opened new con
tacts with the American continents. A maritime revolution was under way that would
change the course of history.
This new maritime era marked the end of a long period when Asia had initiated
most overland and maritime expansion. Asia had been the source of the most useful
technologies and the most influential systems of belief. It was also home to the most
powerful states and the richest trading networks. The success of Iberian voyages
of exploration in the following century would redirect t ...
[Whitmore] brush and ship the southern chinese diaspora andĐức Anh
What relationship developed between the new realm of Đại Việt (northern Vietnam) and the growing southeast coast of China in the early second millennium C.E.? Fan Chengda's report of the 1170s on the Vietnamese spoke of a strong interaction between the two regions, of Min Chinese moving into Đại Việt. This note looks at commercial and educational developments on the southeast coast of China and relates these develop-ments to the emerging Trần dynasty and the increased significance of literati in Đại Việt.
5
SOUTH AND CENTRAL ASIA
Global Labor and Asian Culture
Like the Middle East, South Asia has been at the crossroads of civilizations
over the centuries. Outsiders came from the West, transforming Indian
culture and bringing Islam, Christianity, and ancient Indo-European
cultures and languages to the subcontinent. Some of Asia’s most important
cultural traditions have flowed out of South Asia. Buddhism was born in
India, and it spread from there around the world. Hinduism and Sikhism,
which also had their origins in India, have had a global reach as well. The
current interaction of South Asia with the world culturally, economically,
and demographically has historical precedents.
When we talk about South Asia, we are talking about a region that is, in
a narrow sense, easy to define—it is the subcontinent extending south from
the huge continental mass of Eurasia, a wedge of land surrounded by the
Indian Ocean to the southeast and southwest, by the world’s highest
mountain range to the north, by deserts to the west, and by jungles to the
east. It is the land of India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh; the island nations of
Sri Lanka and the Maldives; and the mountain nations of Bhutan and
Nepal. It is so self-contained that for centuries the region had no name;
indeed, a name was not necessary, since this region’s inhabitants were
scarcely aware that other people existed. However, from ancient times to
the present, there have been busy trade routes both overland and over
sea, and it was outsiders, in fact, who gave a name to the people living
beyond the Indus River. They named them for the river—they were Indoos,
or Hindus, and their land was Indu-land, or India.
Outsiders indeed discovered India. But, perhaps because it was so
isolated, each incursion into the region—by ancient Aryans, medieval
Mughals, colonial British, and contemporary globalization—has had a
significant impact. At the same time, culture and trade has flowed out of
the subcontinent to other parts of the world. The trails led over water to
Southeast Asia and over land to Central Asia and beyond. Because of the
land connection through Central Asia’s Silk Road, Central Asia has been
linked to South Asia, culturally as well as economically, for most of the
world’s history. During the colonial period, British India was an entity unto
itself, and in the twentieth century, Central Asia was dominated by the
Soviet Union and thus was cut off from the subcontinent. But there has
always been a South Asian–Central Asian connection.
South Asia is, like the Middle East, the spawning ground for great
religious cultures. In the case of South Asia, these religious cultures are
Hinduism and Buddhism, along with the religious traditions of Jains and
Sikhs. Hence, it is culturally a region of global-out impact. From the very
beginning, however, the global-in influences of other cultures have
challenged and chang.
2. Introduction … One way for different civilizations to interact and socialise with each other is through trading. There are two types of trading: overland trade and maritime trade. Developing civilisations are often the result of rulers wanting more wealth. Thus, a war is waged between kingdoms and kings to control more land or trade routes. This is territorial expansion, another method of interaction. However, some kings did not wish to conquer or wage war. Instead, they form good relationships with other kings. This method of interaction is called Diplomacy.
3. Maritime Trade in India Maritime trade is a trade that is conducted by those who travel by sea. Now, we shall look at the different types of trades in India. In ancient India, the Indus people made use of sailboats and travelled along the coasts of Persia (now Iran), Arabia and India. Goods from Mesopotamia, such as silver, have been discovered in archaeological sites in the Indus Valley. Seals and weights have also been found in modern Iraq. Near the Indus Valley, archaeologists have also found an ancient port, with docks for ships to load and unload goods.
4. (continued) As a result of maritime trade,(between the Mesopotamians and the Indus people) some archaeologists think that the Indus people may have borrowed the idea of using seals to mark their goods from the Mesopotamians, which are older than the Indus civilisations. This is because the seals resemble each other.
5. Overland Trade in India As believed by historians, the Indus people have been trading with those from other parts of India. Evidently, discovery of goods such as copper tools and cotton cloth have been found in the Indus Valley. Other than that, pearls, coral and hard timber have also been discovered. This shows that the Indus people exchange the goods they produced for goods they don’t have.
6. (continued) Overland trading was both difficult and dangerous as there were no proper roads and traders had to follow rough paths through jungles and forests, of which wild animals and fierce tribes inhabit. To counter such problems, the traders travelled in groups of as many as 500 men, with hundreds of oxen, mules and camels. By the time it was the Mauryan Dynasty, overland trade routes have been established all over India. There were also trade routes between India and the Middle-East. The rulers made sure that those routes are in good condition so that travelling would be comfortable.
7. (continued) Overland routes continued to be used by traders even as late as the 18th Century. As a result, towns situated along these routes grew and prospered, such as Jaisalmer, which prospered from the traffic resulting in overland trade.
8. Territorial Expansion As we know, the Aryans moved to the Ganges Plains c.1500 BCE and introduced their culture to the Indus people. Many languages, such as the Sanskrit language,features of the Aryan culture, such as the caste system and religion, spread throughout India. Other than the Aryans, there were also other foreign invaders, such as the Greek. Alexander the Great. His invasion caused disorder and chaos in India, which allowed Chandragupta Maurya to overthrow the King of Magadha and establish the Mauryan Dynasty.
9. (continued) Direct trade contacts between India and the eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea were established. Through this trade, Greek style of art were introduced to the Indian artists, who incorporated them to produce Greek-Indian styled works.
10. Diplomacy ~ An example of a diplomatic relationship is the relationship between India and Greece. Alexander the Great’s governors sent an ambassador called Megasthenes to live in Pataliputra, India. Historians learnt of the Indian culture through Megathene’s writing.
11. Overland trade in CHINA~ Overland trade in ancient China and other civilisations developed from 2nd century BCE, when China began to participate in the trade in Silk Road. Only then did the Chinese began to interact with more foreign traders. However, the emperors discouraged the Chinese from interacting with foreigners as they worry that the ideas they introduce would threaten Confucian values such as respect for authority. Thus, for centuries, the emperors banned the people from travelling overseas.
12. Maritime trade in CHINA~ After overland trade came Maritime Trade. During the Song Dynasty, there was an increase in demand for foreign products. As a result, the Song government encouraged foreign trade and allowed the Chinese to trade overseas. The Song government also made efforts to welcome the foreign traders by setting up government offices in the southern ports. By Ming Dynasty, Chinese traders were scattered all across SEA and even further. They lived there and started businesses there and prospered throughout the years. Overseas chinese communities are still existing today.
13. Territorial Expansion A great territorial expansion occurred during the Han Dynasty. Under the control of active emperors such as Han Wudi, China’s control extended to Central Asia, North Manchuria, Korea, south and southwest China and northern Vietnam through military conquests. As a result, these conquests allowed China to have trade contacts with Rome and India via the Silk Road. Chinese culture soon spread to Japan, Korea and Vietnam and had a permanent effect on those countries, such as people adopting to Confucianism and lived according to its teachings.
14. Diplomacy in China ~ The ancient Chinese believed that their civilisation was the most advanced and that the foreigners should show respect to the Emperor. Hence, the government came up with a tribute system, which requires foreigners to visit the Emperor every few years where they kneeled in front of him as a form of respect. They also had to bring gifts to the Emperor. In return the Emperor will also give them presents and allow them to trade along Silk Road.
15. (continued) However proud the people were of their own civilisation, they realised that China, in fact, was much more advanced than them. As such, forming a good relationship with China will result in peace and the assurance that the other civilisations will not be targeted.
16. SEA! :D Due to the complicated geography of Southeast Asia (SEA) overland trade was difficult and thus overland trade was not an option for traders. As such, they rely on Maritime trade, territorial expansion and diplomacy.
17. Maritime Trade in SEA With the aid of the discovery of monsoon patterns, traders realised that the ports in SEA were convenient resting points during their voyage between India and China. In addition, SEA was an important source of spices. The most valued spices were nutmeg and mace, which grows only in the Banda Islands, Indonesia. Other spices include pepper, cloves and cinnamon. These spices are able to make food taste better and last longer.
18. Spice Routes (No, the routes aren’t decorated with any spices or whatsoever…) The Spice Route was a network of sea routes which links Asia to Europe. The name was derived as such since spices were the main items of trade. The Spice Route stretches from China, SEA, around India, to the Middle East, across the Mediterranean Sea to Europe. Along these routes, port cities of SEA such as Melaka and Palembang grew. Traders from China, India and Europe would stop at these ports to buy spices and sell their goods. Trade was a strong economic activity which benefits the civilisation a lot.
19. (continued) Through trade, aspects of the Chinese culture spread throughout SEA. Vietnam was permanently influenced by the Chinese Culture in terms of government, art, language and architecture. However, the most profound foreign influence came from India. This process, which did not involve any military conquests or large scale migration, is called Indianisation by the historians. But, it did not replace the SEA culture.
20. Shipping The people of SEA had already voyaged around the region even before China and Indian traders arrived. When maritime trade developed, the SEA people adopted new ways of building ships suitable for long distance travel. Inspired by the Chinese, they learnt to build ships called jongs(derived from ‘junk’). Jongs were built in places where there were huge supply of teak. The jongs were so steady that it could carry 1000 men at a time.
21. Territorial Expansion In the mainland of SEA, the rise and expansion of great kingdoms brought different groups of people under a single ruler. For example, the Siamese culture was a combination of the cultures of Khmer and other neighbouring kingdoms.
22. Diplomacy Various kingdoms of SEA used diplomacy to form good relations between themselves. However, they were more interested in participating China’s tribute system.