This document provides a summary of the history and goals of CSNET (Computer Science Research Network). CSNET was created in the early 1980s to provide computer network services like email, file transfer, and remote login to the broader computer science research community beyond just ARPANET sites. It used multiple physical networks including ARPANET, Telenet, and Phonenet and provided a unified environment for users. The document outlines the development of CSNET from its origins in 1979 through its establishment in 1981 with funding from the National Science Foundation. It reviews the technical components and goals of the project to create a self-sustaining network for the computer science community.
High Performance Cyberinfrastructure for Data-Intensive ResearchLarry Smarr
This document summarizes a lecture given by Dr. Larry Smarr on high performance cyberinfrastructure for data-intensive research. The summary discusses:
1) The need for dedicated high-bandwidth networks separate from the shared internet to enable big data research due to the increasing volume of digital scientific data.
2) Extensions being made to networks like CENIC in California to provide campus "Big Data Freeways" connecting instruments, computing resources, and remote facilities.
3) The use of networks like HPWREN to provide high-performance wireless access for data-intensive applications in rural areas like astronomy, wildfire detection, and more.
This is a slide about the History of The Internet created by Judd Vander Rondares. You can get this as your SOURCE ONLY for your ICT subject. You can get lot of informations about the main topic.
OptIPuter-A High Performance SOA LambdaGrid Enabling Scientific ApplicationsLarry Smarr
07.03.21
IEEE Computer Society Tsutomu Kanai Award Keynote
At the Joint Meeting of the: 8th International Symposium on Autonomous Decentralized Systems
2nd International Workshop on Ad Hoc, Sensor and P2P Networks
11th IEEE International Workshop on Future Trends of Distributed Computing Systems
Title: OptIPuter-A High Performance SOA LambdaGrid Enabling Scientific Applications
Sedona, AZ
Six Degrees of Separation to Improve Routing in Opportunistic Networksijujournal
This document discusses using small-world network concepts for routing in opportunistic networks. It analyzes three real-world datasets representing contact graphs and finds they exhibit small-world properties with high clustering and short path lengths. The document proposes a simple routing algorithm that applies these findings and concludes it outperforms other algorithms in simulations by taking temporal contact factors into account.
A computer network is a group of computers that use a set of common communication protocols over digital interconnections for the purpose of sharing resources located on or provided by the network nodes.
Computer and Communication Networks in ODLSanjaya Mishra
This presentation is part of teleconference for PGDDE students in the Course Communication Technology for DIstance Education delivered on Sptember 8, 2008.
High Performance Cyberinfrastructure for Data-Intensive ResearchLarry Smarr
This document summarizes a lecture given by Dr. Larry Smarr on high performance cyberinfrastructure for data-intensive research. The summary discusses:
1) The need for dedicated high-bandwidth networks separate from the shared internet to enable big data research due to the increasing volume of digital scientific data.
2) Extensions being made to networks like CENIC in California to provide campus "Big Data Freeways" connecting instruments, computing resources, and remote facilities.
3) The use of networks like HPWREN to provide high-performance wireless access for data-intensive applications in rural areas like astronomy, wildfire detection, and more.
This is a slide about the History of The Internet created by Judd Vander Rondares. You can get this as your SOURCE ONLY for your ICT subject. You can get lot of informations about the main topic.
OptIPuter-A High Performance SOA LambdaGrid Enabling Scientific ApplicationsLarry Smarr
07.03.21
IEEE Computer Society Tsutomu Kanai Award Keynote
At the Joint Meeting of the: 8th International Symposium on Autonomous Decentralized Systems
2nd International Workshop on Ad Hoc, Sensor and P2P Networks
11th IEEE International Workshop on Future Trends of Distributed Computing Systems
Title: OptIPuter-A High Performance SOA LambdaGrid Enabling Scientific Applications
Sedona, AZ
Six Degrees of Separation to Improve Routing in Opportunistic Networksijujournal
This document discusses using small-world network concepts for routing in opportunistic networks. It analyzes three real-world datasets representing contact graphs and finds they exhibit small-world properties with high clustering and short path lengths. The document proposes a simple routing algorithm that applies these findings and concludes it outperforms other algorithms in simulations by taking temporal contact factors into account.
A computer network is a group of computers that use a set of common communication protocols over digital interconnections for the purpose of sharing resources located on or provided by the network nodes.
Computer and Communication Networks in ODLSanjaya Mishra
This presentation is part of teleconference for PGDDE students in the Course Communication Technology for DIstance Education delivered on Sptember 8, 2008.
The document presents a survey of legacy and emerging technologies for public safety communications. It provides an overview of land mobile radio systems (LMRS) which are legacy narrowband technologies for critical voice but limited data. Long term evolution (LTE) is introduced as an emerging broadband technology that can transform public safety with ubiquitous voice and data on networks like FirstNet in the US. The paper compares LMRS and LTE-based networks, discusses LMRS-LTE convergence, and mission critical push-to-talk over LTE. Simulations of LMRS and LTE band class 14 are conducted using NS-3 and experimental studies using software-defined radio are also presented to enhance understanding of public safety systems.
The document provides an update on the status of the TransPAC3 and America Connects to Europe networks. It summarizes that engineering plans have been approved and vendors selected for both networks. It also discusses opportunities for increased international collaboration around areas like network services, tools to enable research, and new technologies like OpenFlow software-defined networking. Indiana University's investments in OpenFlow are highlighted as a potential area for new global partnerships.
Introduction to the UCSD Division of Calit2Larry Smarr
Calit2 is a research institute at UC San Diego that focuses on digital transformation of fields like health, environment, and education through technologies like mobile phones, sensors, virtual/augmented reality, and high-performance computing networks. The director gave a tour of Calit2's facilities, which include laboratories for nanotechnology, digital media, and medical research using technologies like social mobile apps, environmental sensors on phones, human-robot interaction, and optical networks connecting instruments and storage. Calit2 works with affiliated academic units and industry partners to develop innovative applications and testbeds for areas like telemedicine, digital cinema, virtual reality displays, and telepresence.
PROnet is an NSF-supported research project being conducted by researchers at the University of Texas at Dallas. PROnet is dedicated to enabling the design, development, demonstration and deployment of innovative ultrahigh-speed low-latency applications being created in and across North Texas and beyond.
NETWORKING:A network is a collection of computer , servers , mainframe , network device, peripherals or others device connected to one another to allow the sharing of data
TYPES OF NETWORK:
Local Area Network (LAN)
Wide Area Network (WAN)
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
Local Area Network (LAN)
Wide Area Network (WAN)
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
Local Area Network (LAN)
Wide Area Network (WAN)
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
NETWORK TOPOLOGIES:
The pattern of interconnection of nodes in a network is called the topologies.
The types of network topologies are:
Bus topology
Star topology
Ring topology
Mesh topology
Tree topology
NETWORK DEVICES :
Repeater
Hub active hub passive hub
Bridge transparent source routing
Switch
Router
Gateway
Modem
NETWORK PROTOCOLS
TYPES OF PROTOCOLS:
IP
TCP
FTP
SMTP
HTTP
ETHERNET
TELNET
GOPHER
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORK.
The document discusses recommendations for a broadband taskforce based on observations about increasing data usage and the potential of next generation applications. It recommends setting ambitious broadband goals, making it easier for researchers to study network usage through monitoring tools, funding long-term collaborative research, and completing rules for unlicensed use of white spaces to promote innovation. National investments in spectrum analysis and reusable hardware platforms would accelerate broadband innovations and benefit researchers.
The ACE project continued providing connectivity between the US and Europe while determining new requirements. Key activities included forming startup and technical committees, issuing a tender, and participating in professional meetings. The project is on budget. Committees completed their work and an RFP for circuits is being developed with the goal of having circuits in place by August 2011. Project members attended several international conferences and meetings to discuss the project.
Credits to Dr. Siddhartha Biswas Sir of Jamia Hamdard University for working so hard for teaching topics of Computer Network interactively & effectively. Refer It for increasing your knowledge base.
Computer networks allow computers to interact and share resources by connecting them through wires, optical fibers, or wireless links. The document is an introduction to computer networks for a course on computer network coding at City University in Dhaka, Bangladesh. It was submitted by Md. Al-amin Hossen, a student in the 51st batch of the B.Sc. in Computer Science program, for the course CSE-317 taught by Pranab Bandhu Nath.
A network consists of two or more connected computers that share resources like printers and CDs, exchange files, and allow electronic communication. The computers can be connected through cables, phone lines, radio waves, satellites, or infrared light and share common resources.
Maximizing P2P File Access Availability in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks though Repl...1crore projects
IEEE PROJECTS 2015
1 crore projects is a leading Guide for ieee Projects and real time projects Works Provider.
It has been provided Lot of Guidance for Thousands of Students & made them more beneficial in all Technology Training.
Dot Net
DOTNET Project Domain list 2015
1. IEEE based on datamining and knowledge engineering
2. IEEE based on mobile computing
3. IEEE based on networking
4. IEEE based on Image processing
5. IEEE based on Multimedia
6. IEEE based on Network security
7. IEEE based on parallel and distributed systems
Java Project Domain list 2015
1. IEEE based on datamining and knowledge engineering
2. IEEE based on mobile computing
3. IEEE based on networking
4. IEEE based on Image processing
5. IEEE based on Multimedia
6. IEEE based on Network security
7. IEEE based on parallel and distributed systems
ECE IEEE Projects 2015
1. Matlab project
2. Ns2 project
3. Embedded project
4. Robotics project
Eligibility
Final Year students of
1. BSc (C.S)
2. BCA/B.E(C.S)
3. B.Tech IT
4. BE (C.S)
5. MSc (C.S)
6. MSc (IT)
7. MCA
8. MS (IT)
9. ME(ALL)
10. BE(ECE)(EEE)(E&I)
TECHNOLOGY USED AND FOR TRAINING IN
1. DOT NET
2. C sharp
3. ASP
4. VB
5. SQL SERVER
6. JAVA
7. J2EE
8. STRINGS
9. ORACLE
10. VB dotNET
11. EMBEDDED
12. MAT LAB
13. LAB VIEW
14. Multi Sim
CONTACT US
1 CRORE PROJECTS
Door No: 214/215,2nd Floor,
No. 172, Raahat Plaza, (Shopping Mall) ,Arcot Road, Vadapalani, Chennai,
Tamin Nadu, INDIA - 600 026
Email id: 1croreprojects@gmail.com
website:1croreprojects.com
Phone : +91 97518 00789 / +91 72999 51536
The document discusses communication and computer networks. It defines communication as the transfer of messages between a sender, message, medium, and receiver. It then defines computer networks as interconnections between computers over small or large geographic areas using wires or wireless. It proceeds to discuss different types of communication channels for wired (twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, optical fiber cable) and wireless (infrared, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi) networks. It also defines local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), and wide area networks (WANs) based on their geographic coverage and provides examples. Finally, it briefly discusses LAN topologies, intranets, and extranets.
2013 Melbourne Software Freedom Day talk - FOSS in Public Decision MakingPatrick Sunter
Slides from my talk at the Melbourne Software Freedom Day, 21st September 2013, on the topic of Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) in public decision-making, particularly in the policy areas of climate change and transportation.
This document provides an overview of computer networks and networking fundamentals. It discusses the basic components of a network including nodes, links, and different types of networks from personal area networks to wide area networks. Specific topics covered include network devices, topologies, local and wide area networks, internetworking, and storage area networks. The goal is to learn the basics of how computer networks work and operate at a fundamental level.
This document studies the US long-haul fiber-optic infrastructure by mapping out the existing infrastructure using publicly available data. It finds a high degree of infrastructure sharing between providers due to the large costs of deploying new fiber. It then identifies high-risk links that experience both a lot of sharing and carry high traffic volumes. Finally, it analyzes how deploying new fiber links along unused transportation corridors could improve the network's resilience to failures and reduce propagation delays.
Networks allow devices to be interconnected using common protocols to exchange data. They connect endpoints, where data transmission originates or terminates, through nodes, which route data without stopping, using channels like wires or wireless connections. Early cellular networks divided space into cells using frequency division. Wireless generations progressed from analog 1G to 2G introducing TDMA and CDMA, and 3G combining voice and data. Network topologies like star, tree and bus determine how nodes connect and affect function and quality. Protocols establish communication rules to ensure reliable data exchange between layers like application, transport and network in models like OSI and TCP/IP. Data is transmitted using analog or digital signals over media like wired, wireless or fiber optic cables.
This whitepaper gives a general overview of traditional IPv4 route selection and the challenges posed by the dynamics of the R&E community. Through a comparison with the commercial world, the authors illustrate the current problem and propose several solutions to mitigate the issues.
Internet Principles and Components, Client-Side ProgrammingPrabu U
Internet Principles and Components: History of the Internet and World Wide Web – HTML - Protocols – HTTP, SMTP, POP3, MIME, and IMAP. Domain Name Server, Web Browsers and Web Servers. HTML- Style Sheets- CSS- Introduction to Cascading Style Sheets-Rule- Features- Selectors- Attributes.
Client-Side Programming: The JavaScript Language- JavaScript in Perspective-Syntax-Variables and Data Types- Statements- Operators- Literals- Functions- Objects- Arrays-Built-in Objects- JavaScript Debuggers and Regular Expression.
This document provides an overview of the history and development of computer networks and the internet. It discusses the early development of packet switching in the 1960s by researchers at MIT, RAND, and the UK. It also describes the creation of ARPANET in the late 1960s and early 1970s and its growth. Subsequent sections discuss the proliferation of networks in the 1980s and 1990s driven by NSFNET and the development of the World Wide Web. The document concludes by outlining some of the key hardware components of networks and benefits and disadvantages of computer networks.
The document presents a survey of legacy and emerging technologies for public safety communications. It provides an overview of land mobile radio systems (LMRS) which are legacy narrowband technologies for critical voice but limited data. Long term evolution (LTE) is introduced as an emerging broadband technology that can transform public safety with ubiquitous voice and data on networks like FirstNet in the US. The paper compares LMRS and LTE-based networks, discusses LMRS-LTE convergence, and mission critical push-to-talk over LTE. Simulations of LMRS and LTE band class 14 are conducted using NS-3 and experimental studies using software-defined radio are also presented to enhance understanding of public safety systems.
The document provides an update on the status of the TransPAC3 and America Connects to Europe networks. It summarizes that engineering plans have been approved and vendors selected for both networks. It also discusses opportunities for increased international collaboration around areas like network services, tools to enable research, and new technologies like OpenFlow software-defined networking. Indiana University's investments in OpenFlow are highlighted as a potential area for new global partnerships.
Introduction to the UCSD Division of Calit2Larry Smarr
Calit2 is a research institute at UC San Diego that focuses on digital transformation of fields like health, environment, and education through technologies like mobile phones, sensors, virtual/augmented reality, and high-performance computing networks. The director gave a tour of Calit2's facilities, which include laboratories for nanotechnology, digital media, and medical research using technologies like social mobile apps, environmental sensors on phones, human-robot interaction, and optical networks connecting instruments and storage. Calit2 works with affiliated academic units and industry partners to develop innovative applications and testbeds for areas like telemedicine, digital cinema, virtual reality displays, and telepresence.
PROnet is an NSF-supported research project being conducted by researchers at the University of Texas at Dallas. PROnet is dedicated to enabling the design, development, demonstration and deployment of innovative ultrahigh-speed low-latency applications being created in and across North Texas and beyond.
NETWORKING:A network is a collection of computer , servers , mainframe , network device, peripherals or others device connected to one another to allow the sharing of data
TYPES OF NETWORK:
Local Area Network (LAN)
Wide Area Network (WAN)
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
Local Area Network (LAN)
Wide Area Network (WAN)
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
Local Area Network (LAN)
Wide Area Network (WAN)
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
NETWORK TOPOLOGIES:
The pattern of interconnection of nodes in a network is called the topologies.
The types of network topologies are:
Bus topology
Star topology
Ring topology
Mesh topology
Tree topology
NETWORK DEVICES :
Repeater
Hub active hub passive hub
Bridge transparent source routing
Switch
Router
Gateway
Modem
NETWORK PROTOCOLS
TYPES OF PROTOCOLS:
IP
TCP
FTP
SMTP
HTTP
ETHERNET
TELNET
GOPHER
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORK.
The document discusses recommendations for a broadband taskforce based on observations about increasing data usage and the potential of next generation applications. It recommends setting ambitious broadband goals, making it easier for researchers to study network usage through monitoring tools, funding long-term collaborative research, and completing rules for unlicensed use of white spaces to promote innovation. National investments in spectrum analysis and reusable hardware platforms would accelerate broadband innovations and benefit researchers.
The ACE project continued providing connectivity between the US and Europe while determining new requirements. Key activities included forming startup and technical committees, issuing a tender, and participating in professional meetings. The project is on budget. Committees completed their work and an RFP for circuits is being developed with the goal of having circuits in place by August 2011. Project members attended several international conferences and meetings to discuss the project.
Credits to Dr. Siddhartha Biswas Sir of Jamia Hamdard University for working so hard for teaching topics of Computer Network interactively & effectively. Refer It for increasing your knowledge base.
Computer networks allow computers to interact and share resources by connecting them through wires, optical fibers, or wireless links. The document is an introduction to computer networks for a course on computer network coding at City University in Dhaka, Bangladesh. It was submitted by Md. Al-amin Hossen, a student in the 51st batch of the B.Sc. in Computer Science program, for the course CSE-317 taught by Pranab Bandhu Nath.
A network consists of two or more connected computers that share resources like printers and CDs, exchange files, and allow electronic communication. The computers can be connected through cables, phone lines, radio waves, satellites, or infrared light and share common resources.
Maximizing P2P File Access Availability in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks though Repl...1crore projects
IEEE PROJECTS 2015
1 crore projects is a leading Guide for ieee Projects and real time projects Works Provider.
It has been provided Lot of Guidance for Thousands of Students & made them more beneficial in all Technology Training.
Dot Net
DOTNET Project Domain list 2015
1. IEEE based on datamining and knowledge engineering
2. IEEE based on mobile computing
3. IEEE based on networking
4. IEEE based on Image processing
5. IEEE based on Multimedia
6. IEEE based on Network security
7. IEEE based on parallel and distributed systems
Java Project Domain list 2015
1. IEEE based on datamining and knowledge engineering
2. IEEE based on mobile computing
3. IEEE based on networking
4. IEEE based on Image processing
5. IEEE based on Multimedia
6. IEEE based on Network security
7. IEEE based on parallel and distributed systems
ECE IEEE Projects 2015
1. Matlab project
2. Ns2 project
3. Embedded project
4. Robotics project
Eligibility
Final Year students of
1. BSc (C.S)
2. BCA/B.E(C.S)
3. B.Tech IT
4. BE (C.S)
5. MSc (C.S)
6. MSc (IT)
7. MCA
8. MS (IT)
9. ME(ALL)
10. BE(ECE)(EEE)(E&I)
TECHNOLOGY USED AND FOR TRAINING IN
1. DOT NET
2. C sharp
3. ASP
4. VB
5. SQL SERVER
6. JAVA
7. J2EE
8. STRINGS
9. ORACLE
10. VB dotNET
11. EMBEDDED
12. MAT LAB
13. LAB VIEW
14. Multi Sim
CONTACT US
1 CRORE PROJECTS
Door No: 214/215,2nd Floor,
No. 172, Raahat Plaza, (Shopping Mall) ,Arcot Road, Vadapalani, Chennai,
Tamin Nadu, INDIA - 600 026
Email id: 1croreprojects@gmail.com
website:1croreprojects.com
Phone : +91 97518 00789 / +91 72999 51536
The document discusses communication and computer networks. It defines communication as the transfer of messages between a sender, message, medium, and receiver. It then defines computer networks as interconnections between computers over small or large geographic areas using wires or wireless. It proceeds to discuss different types of communication channels for wired (twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, optical fiber cable) and wireless (infrared, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi) networks. It also defines local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), and wide area networks (WANs) based on their geographic coverage and provides examples. Finally, it briefly discusses LAN topologies, intranets, and extranets.
2013 Melbourne Software Freedom Day talk - FOSS in Public Decision MakingPatrick Sunter
Slides from my talk at the Melbourne Software Freedom Day, 21st September 2013, on the topic of Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) in public decision-making, particularly in the policy areas of climate change and transportation.
This document provides an overview of computer networks and networking fundamentals. It discusses the basic components of a network including nodes, links, and different types of networks from personal area networks to wide area networks. Specific topics covered include network devices, topologies, local and wide area networks, internetworking, and storage area networks. The goal is to learn the basics of how computer networks work and operate at a fundamental level.
This document studies the US long-haul fiber-optic infrastructure by mapping out the existing infrastructure using publicly available data. It finds a high degree of infrastructure sharing between providers due to the large costs of deploying new fiber. It then identifies high-risk links that experience both a lot of sharing and carry high traffic volumes. Finally, it analyzes how deploying new fiber links along unused transportation corridors could improve the network's resilience to failures and reduce propagation delays.
Networks allow devices to be interconnected using common protocols to exchange data. They connect endpoints, where data transmission originates or terminates, through nodes, which route data without stopping, using channels like wires or wireless connections. Early cellular networks divided space into cells using frequency division. Wireless generations progressed from analog 1G to 2G introducing TDMA and CDMA, and 3G combining voice and data. Network topologies like star, tree and bus determine how nodes connect and affect function and quality. Protocols establish communication rules to ensure reliable data exchange between layers like application, transport and network in models like OSI and TCP/IP. Data is transmitted using analog or digital signals over media like wired, wireless or fiber optic cables.
This whitepaper gives a general overview of traditional IPv4 route selection and the challenges posed by the dynamics of the R&E community. Through a comparison with the commercial world, the authors illustrate the current problem and propose several solutions to mitigate the issues.
Internet Principles and Components, Client-Side ProgrammingPrabu U
Internet Principles and Components: History of the Internet and World Wide Web – HTML - Protocols – HTTP, SMTP, POP3, MIME, and IMAP. Domain Name Server, Web Browsers and Web Servers. HTML- Style Sheets- CSS- Introduction to Cascading Style Sheets-Rule- Features- Selectors- Attributes.
Client-Side Programming: The JavaScript Language- JavaScript in Perspective-Syntax-Variables and Data Types- Statements- Operators- Literals- Functions- Objects- Arrays-Built-in Objects- JavaScript Debuggers and Regular Expression.
This document provides an overview of the history and development of computer networks and the internet. It discusses the early development of packet switching in the 1960s by researchers at MIT, RAND, and the UK. It also describes the creation of ARPANET in the late 1960s and early 1970s and its growth. Subsequent sections discuss the proliferation of networks in the 1980s and 1990s driven by NSFNET and the development of the World Wide Web. The document concludes by outlining some of the key hardware components of networks and benefits and disadvantages of computer networks.
The document provides an overview of the history and development of the Internet and World Wide Web. It discusses how computer networks and protocols like TCP/IP were developed in the 1960s and 1970s, allowing computers to connect and share information. It then explains how the commercialization of the Internet in the 1990s led to rapid growth in users and traffic.
The ARPANET was a network created in the 1960s by the US Department of Defense to enable resource sharing between universities and research centers. It connected 4 major universities using packet switching technology over interconnected nodes. This allowed the network to remain operational even if some nodes failed. The ARPANET pioneered internet technology and expanded to include more nodes, eventually evolving into today's internet.
The Pacific Research Platform (PRP) is a multi-institutional cyberinfrastructure project that connects researchers across California and beyond to share large datasets. It spans the 10 University of California campuses, major private research universities, supercomputer centers, and some out-of-state universities. Fifteen multi-campus research teams in fields like physics, astronomy, earth sciences, biomedicine, and multimedia will drive the technical needs of the PRP over five years. The goal is to create a "big data freeway" to allow high-speed sharing of data between research labs, supercomputers, and repositories across multiple networks without performance loss over long distances.
The Pacific Research Platform: a Science-Driven Big-Data Freeway SystemLarry Smarr
The Pacific Research Platform (PRP) is a multi-institutional partnership that establishes a high-capacity "big data freeway system" spanning the University of California campuses and other research universities in California to facilitate rapid data access and sharing between researchers and institutions. Fifteen multi-campus application teams in fields like particle physics, astronomy, earth sciences, biomedicine, and visualization drive the technical design of the PRP over five years. The goal of the PRP is to extend campus "Science DMZ" networks to allow high-speed data movement between research labs, supercomputer centers, and data repositories across campus, regional
Lambda data grid: communications architecture in support of grid computingTal Lavian Ph.D.
The practice of science experienced a number of paradigm shifts in the 20th century, including the growth of large geographically dispersed teams and the use of simulations and computational science as a third branch, complementing theory and laboratory experiments. The recent exponential growth in network capacity, brought about by the rapid development of agile optical transport, is resulting in another such shift as the 21st century progresses. Essential to this new branch of e-Science applications is the capability of transferring immense amounts of data: dozens and hundreds of TeraBytes and even PetaBytes.
The document provides an overview of basic networking concepts, including:
1) It defines what a network is and discusses the benefits of networking such as resource sharing, data sharing, and mobility.
2) It lists different types of networks including personal area networks, local area networks, metropolitan area networks, and wide area networks.
3) It briefly outlines the history of networking, including early networks developed in the 1960s-1970s that helped lay the foundations for the ARPANET and Internet.
The document discusses the origins and development of the Internet. It describes how ARPANET, developed by DARPA, was the first wide area network and used packet switching, laying the foundation for the Internet. It then explains how NSFNET, created by the National Science Foundation, helped spread network usage by connecting to ARPANET and regional networks after ARPANET was discontinued. Finally, it discusses how the World Wide Web, invented by Tim Berners-Lee in 1989, made the Internet useful for human communication through technologies like HTML, URIs, and HTTP.
This document discusses the evolution of grid computing from its origins in parallel and distributed computing. It outlines how early research in parallel programming and distributed systems in the 1980s-1990s led to the development of tools and systems like NOWs, DCE, and CORBA that enabled groups of machines to work together. However, issues around resource discovery, security, fault tolerance remained. A major demonstration called the I-WAY in 1995 helped crystallize the potential of distributed computing. This led to projects like Globus, Legion and Condor in the late 1990s that began developing middleware and services to more seamlessly integrate distributed resources, laying the foundation for modern grid computing.
SC21: Larry Smarr on The Rise of Supernetwork Data Intensive ComputingLarry Smarr
Larry Smarr, founding director of Calit2 (now Distinguished Professor Emeritus at the University of California San Diego) and the first director of NCSA, is one of the seminal figures in the U.S. supercomputing community. What began as a personal drive, shared by others, to spur the creation of supercomputers in the U.S. for scientific use, later expanded into a drive to link those supercomputers with high-speed optical networks, and blossomed into the notion of building a distributed, high-performance computing infrastructure – replete with compute, storage and management capabilities – available broadly to the science community.
Chapter 5 Networking and Communication Learning Objecti.docxrobertad6
This document provides an overview of the history and development of computer networking and the internet. It discusses how ARPANET was developed in the 1960s to enable communication between computers. This evolved into the modern Internet, enabled by protocols like TCP/IP. It describes how the World Wide Web emerged in the 1990s and fueled widespread commercial and personal use of the internet. Broadband technologies further accelerated internet usage by providing high-speed connectivity. Wireless technologies now allow ubiquitous internet access through devices like smartphones.
The US Department of Defense's Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) created ARPANet in the 1960s to enable communication between computers over long distances. This early network was a precursor to the modern Internet. In the 1980s, networks expanded and were connected using a protocol called TCP/IP, officially establishing the Internet. Usage grew rapidly in the 1990s as it became available for commercial use and more individuals obtained access through internet service providers. The Internet is now a global system of interconnected commercial, government, educational, and other networks, enabling billions of people worldwide to communicate.
The document provides an overview of the history and development of the Internet from its origins as a military network called ARPANET in the 1960s to the present day. It discusses how the Internet has evolved from a research network to a global communication system and details major milestones such as the introduction of TCP/IP, the World Wide Web, email, and broadband. The document also outlines some personal and commercial uses of the Internet as well as both positive and negative influences it can have.
The internet began in the late 1960s as a network called ARPANET, created by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) of the US Department of Defense. ARPANET linked together mainframe computers and allowed for communication between remote users. In the 1980s, the National Science Foundation created NSFNet, a higher speed network, to connect universities and allow for resource sharing. By the early 1990s, NSFNet had replaced ARPANET as the backbone network, and commercial networks began using the TCP/IP protocols, fueling rapid growth of the public internet.
A computer network allows computing devices to exchange data through connections between nodes. Data is transferred in packets through cable or wireless links. The best known computer network is the Internet, which supports applications like web access, file/resource sharing, email and messaging. Computer networks differ based on the transmission medium, protocols, size, topology and purpose.
The document provides an overview of the history and development of the Internet and World Wide Web. It discusses how the Internet began as a US military network called ARPANET in the 1960s and adopted TCP/IP protocols in the 1970s. In the 1980s, NSFNET connected academic and research networks and commercial use of the Internet began growing. By the 1990s, the Internet was privatized and its use expanded globally.
This document discusses computer networks and their classification. It defines the goals of computer networks as resource sharing without regard to physical location. It classifies networks into personal, local, metropolitan and wide area networks. The document then discusses how computer networks enable communication and collaboration between employees through technologies like email, video conferencing, desktop sharing and e-commerce. It explains how networks allow businesses to place electronic orders and enhance efficiency.
1. zycnzj.com/ www.zycnzj.com
ACM SIGCOMM, March 1983, 138-145.
HISTORY AND OVERVIEW OF CSNET
Peter J. Denning1
Anthony Hearn1
C. William Kern1
Abstract: CSNET is the acronym for the Computer Science Research
Network, a project supported by NSF to provide advanced computer
network services to the computer research community. CSNET is a
"logical net" -- a high-level communication environment spanning
several physical nets, including the ARPANET, Phonenet, and
Telenet. This paper reviews the history, the goals, the organization,
the components, and the status of CSNET.
December 1982
CSD-TR-424
1 Authors addresses: Peter J. Denning, Computer Sciences Department, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907;
Anthony Hearn, The Rand Corporation, Santa Monica, CA 90406; C. William Kern, Computer Science Section, Na-
tional Science Foundation, Washington, DC 20550. The work reported herein was supported through NSF by awards
to Purdue University, The Rand Corporation, The University of Delaware, and the University of Wisconsin.
This is a preprint of a paper to be presented in a session about the CSNET Project at the ACM SIGCOMM symposi-
um on data communications, March 8-9, 1983.
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CSNET stands for the Computer Science Research Network, a project sponsored by NSF to pro-
vide advanced computer network services to the computer research community. CSNET is a "logical
net" -- a high-level communication environment spanning several physical nets, including the
ARPANET, Phonenet, and X.25 public packet-switched networks (e.g., Telenet). This paper reviews
the history, the goals, the organization, the components, and the status of CSNET as of Fall 1982.
Background2
The seeds of CSNET were planted in May 1979. L. H. Landweber arranged a special meeting at
the University of Wisconsin to discuss how computer network services like those of ARPANET could
become available to the entire community of computer science researchers. The ARPANET served
only a dozen university sites and DARPA was unable to include the rest of the community.
It was clear to the participants that mail, file transfer, and remote login services had greatly
enhanced research productivity and had generated a strong community spirit among ARPANET sites. It
was also clear that the ARPANET experiment had produced a split between the "haves" of the
ARPANET and the "have-nots" of the rest of the computer science community. The participants at the
meeting wanted to unify the computer research community and to improve research conditions for all
its members.
Each participant at the meeting had previous, favorable experience with computer-based mail ser-
vices for a small research community. One was "THEORYNET", a mailbox facility on a machine at
2 More detailed information on the background and history of CSNET can be found in the article by Comer [1]. More
detailed information about CSNET’s multinet architecture can be found in the paper by Landweber and Solomon [2].
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the University of Wisconsin accessible via Telenet login to some 200 theoretical computer scientists.
Another was "SAMNET", a mailbox facility on a machine at the University of Toronto accessible to
some 50 performance analysts. A third was "SYMBOLNET", a network linking four sites comprising
researchers in symbolic computation; the goal was a network based on Telenet with services to mirror
ARPANET (but to be independent of ARPANET). Each of these primitive electronic mail services had
significantly aided its special community. Each community was anxious to obtain the more advanced
services of machine-to-machine mail transfer, file transfer, and remote login.
Also present at this meeting were observers from NSF and DARPA. The NSF was the sponsor of
THEORYNET and SYMBOLNET and, on the advice of its advisory panel, had been alert for possible
extensions of network services to the rest of the community. DARPA was interested in furthering com-
puter science research and believed that network services might be a step of high leverage. These
observers offered advice and encouragement.
The group determined to submit a proposal to the NSF. They envisaged a network available to
all members of the computer science community. The network would have low entry costs and other
costs proportional to usage. Public packet-switched networks, notably Telenet, would be the underlying
medium. (At the time, a DARPA IMP cost about $90K per year, a price well beyond the means of
most computer science departments. Moderate speed Telenet connections were then available for entry
fees of about $20K per year.)
In November 1979 the University of Wisconsin submitted a proposal to NSF containing the above
plan on behalf of a consortium of universities (Georgia Tech, Minnesota, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Pur-
due, UC-Berkeley, Utah, Virginia, Washington, Wisconsin, and Yale). The cost would be $3 million
over a five-year period. The NSF had the proposal reviewed and returned comments to the proposers in
March 1980.
The reviews revealed a much higher level of skepticism than the proposers had anticipated. The
skepticism had three roots. One was a belief that the CSNET project was proposing to reinvent
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ARPANET technology; this perception was reinforced by the lack of any gateway between the
ARPANET and the proposed CSNET. The second was a belief that insufficient attention had been
given to project management and task distribution. The third was a belief that NSF might have to
obtain funds for CSNET by reducing basic research budgets. On the basis of these reviews the NSF
could not fund the project as proposed.
But the NSF’s advisors and some of the reviewers adamantly maintained that CSNET would so
improve research productivity that the potential diversion of funds from basic research would pay off
handsomely in the long run. Accordingly, the NSF offered to fund a thorough study of the CSNET
concept. The purpose of the study was to determine the most cost-effective architecture, to develop a
sound management plan, and to assess the extent of community support. With sufficiently strong peer
approval, CSNET would be possible.
During the summer of 1980, Landweber convened a CSNET planning committee comprising
nineteen computer scientists, a cross section of leaders of the community who had extensive computer
network experience. Two major new factors entered the discussion. One was the existence of MMDF,
software for "multi-channel memo distribution facility," under development at the University of
Delaware [3]. MMDF is a UNIX-based mail transport system that sends and receives mail over a
variety of channels including ARPANET and telephone. (The latter is functionally similar to the
"uucp" facility of UNIX.) With MMDF, CSNET could bring a large number of sites online in a short
period at low cost.
The second factor was DARPA’s decision to proceed with "internet protocols" (IP) that permit a
host in one net to communicate with a host in a different net. With the internet protocols, CSNET
could be regarded as a logical organization of users on different nets. DARPA offered to make its new
protocol software (TCP/IP) available to the CSNET project. In return, DARPA expected that the exist-
ing ARPANET university community would be a component of CSNET at no cost to DARPA.
The planning committee quickly reached a consensus. CSNET would include subnets based on
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ARPANET, X.25 nets, and Phonenet (the MMDF service). The internet protocols would hide these
components from their users. CSNET would develop an interface between ARPANET’s protocol
software (IP) and the X.25 public networks (initially Telenet); this would make the standard ARPANET
services available to non-DARPA hosts. CSNET would provide a name server that registers all CSNET
users and quickly locates the mailbox of any registered user. CSNET would initially receive full sup-
port from NSF, but would become self supporting within five years via dues and usage fees.
A proposal containing this plan was submitted by Wisconsin on behalf of a consortium of institu-
tions (Wisconsin, Purdue, Utah, Delaware, and The Rand Corporation) in November, 1980. It was
reviewed by late December, 1980 and then submitted to the National Science Board, which approved
the project in January 1981. The Board stipulated that the NSF would provide a full time project
manager for the first two years but would withdraw from project management by February, 1983, when
the CSNET organization would be strong enough to take over. Contracts for CSNET were let to
Wisconsin, Purdue, Delaware, and Rand in late spring, 1981. After 20 months, the seeds of CSNET
had begun to sprout. The real work lay ahead.
Goals
The goals of CSNET are summarized in Figure 1. The net is to be open to all computer
researchers throughout the United States (later, the world). It is to be self-supporting. Its users will
pay fixed annual dues plus usage fees. (The dues for 1983 are shown in the bottom part of the table.)
CSNET will initially comprise three subnets -- ARPANET, Telenet, and Phonenet -- but will be
expandable to others as they become available, e.g., other X.25 public nets and satellite nets. CSNET
will initially provide the same services as ARPANET -- mail, file transfer, remote login, and an on-line
name server. Later, it will provide additional services such as messages containing voice segments,
software libraries, technical report repositories, and an on-line journal.
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COMPUTER SCIENCE RESEARCH NETWORK GOALS
Open to all computer researchers.
Logical net comprising physical subnets
(initially ARPANET, Telenet, Phonenet).
Advanced network services
(initially mail, file transfer, remote
login, name server).
Self-governing, -sustaining, and -supporting
Low entry fee
DUES FOR CALENDAR 1983
Industry site -- $30,000
Government site -- $10,000
Non-Profit site -- $10,000
University site -- $5,000
Note: Sites with a very small number of researchers can negotiate lower dues.
FIGURE 1: Goals and Dues Structure of CSNET.
The four project teams must carry out these goals within two important constraints. First, the
total project budget, $5 million over five years, places a severe limit on the number of personnel who
can be hired. It also means that satisfactory service must be available by 1983 to permit collection of
dues. Second, the project must develop its own stable management organization by Spring 1983, when
NSF withdraws officially from project management.
Users who have accounts at ARPANET hosts already have the full services of CSNET except for
the name server. Until Telenet sites are operational, all other users are at Phonenet sites; they will not
have file transfer or remote login services and will interact with the name server by mail. At the start
of the project, mailboxes are also provided on a machine called the CSNET Public Host for users who
have no accounts at ARPANET or Phonenet sites; this service is not heavily used.
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CSNET protocol and name-server software development is limited to the Berkeley UNIX operat-
ing system on VAX computers. The MMDF software works with Berkeley UNIX and Bell Labs’ Ver-
sion 7 UNIX. CSNET is encouraging vendors to develop compatible software and hardware for other
machines and operating systems.3
Technical Projects
Figure 2 lists the three technical subprojects of CSNET: Phonenet, Name Server, and Protocols.
The following subsections give overviews of these projects. Companion papers describe these projects
in detail [1,2,3].
Phonenet
The Phonenet project is being conducted jointly at the University of Delaware and the Rand Cor-
poration. Its first goal is to set up and operate mail relay computers on the east coast (at the University
of Delaware) and on the west coast (at the Rand Corporation). Its second goal is to provide each
CSNET site with the MMDF mail transport to permit automatic mail exchange between that site’s
machine and the nearest relay.
Each relay will route mail to the destination site via ARPANET, Telenet, Phonenet, and possibly
the other relay. CSNET sites can poll the relays as often as they desire and are willing to pay tele-
phone line charges. Phonenet messages can incur usage charges if they are routed over paths for which
3 For example, the IBM Corporation has an agreement with the University of Wisconsin to develop CSNET-compatible
protocols for IBM machines running the VM operating system. Also, a Pascal version of the Phonenet software has
enabled Phonenet participation by users of DEC VMS and IBM VM operating systems.
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PROJECT INVESTIGATORS GOAL
Phonenet D. Farber (Delaware) Install and operate mail relays (VAX
A. Hearn (Rand) 11/750) at Delaware and Rand, connected
by phone, Telenet, and ARPANET. Distri-
bute copies of MMDF software to CSNET
Phonenet sites. Goal is 100 operational
sites by 1983.
Name Server L. Landweber (Wisconsin) Develop the CSNET name server, a data-
M. Solomon (Wisconsin) base of all CSNET users, and install it on
the CSNET Service Host. Final version
distributed to CSNET sites by end of 1983.
Protocol D. Comer (Purdue) Construct interface between ARPA’s Inter-
P. Denning (Purdue) net Protocol (IP) and the X.25 public net-
T. Korb (Purdue) work protocol to permit using X.25 nets
for full ARPANET services. Working ver-
sion available for distribution by 1983.
FIGURE 2: Technical Subprojects of CSNET.
CSNET must pay, e.g., telephone lines or Telenet .
The design goals of MMDF have been reported at the 1979 Data Communications Symposium
[3]. They are: 1) a mail transport that provides a high-level, channel-independent interface, 2) error
checking of message formats, and 3) robustness under load. The main components of MMDF are illus-
trated in Figure 3.
The first goal is achieved by implementing the delivery mechanism as a process that takes mes-
sages one at a time from its work queue and sends them over one of several channels connected to its
output. The incoming messages must consist of a body and a header in a standard (internal) format.
The delivery process uses the address in the header to select a channel for sending the message. Each
channel is a driver that sends the message in the protocol of a particular network, e.g., local delivery,
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ARPANET, UUCP, or Phonenet.
The second goal is met by requiring that every user mail environment contain a certified "submit"
subprogram for interacting with the MMDF delivery process. When a user forms an address in the
header of a message, the submit subprogram converts it to the standard internal form and checks with
the delivery process to verify its validity; if the address is invalid, the user is immediately notified.
When the user completes the message body, the submit subprogram deposits the ready message with
validated address in the work queue of the delivery process.
Mail incoming on any channel is also placed in the work queue of the delivery process, which
will eventually deposit it in a local mailbox via the local delivery channel.
The third goal is met by storing the work queue of the deliver process on secondary storage,
which can allow it to become quite large without overloading the system.
CSNET soon encountered difficulties on account of an essential incompatibility between the
MMDF transport and the one already in the UNIX operating system at each of the Phonenet sites. The
regular UNIX mailer programs do no address checking; instead, the delivery process parses and inter-
prets addresses of many formats. There is no simple way to convert these mailers to interact with the
MMDF delivery process directly. Because of this, many Phonenet sites had to deal with two mail sys-
tems -- the one already in their UNIX operating systems and the new one provided by MMDF. This
was a major inconvenience that created many complaints.
To provide a temporary solution, the Purdue and Delaware contractors cooperated on minor
modifications of delivery processes of Berkeley UNIX and MMDF. The outgoing ARPANET channel
on the Berkeley delivery process was replaced with a driver that hands mail intended for the
ARPANET to the MMDF delivery process, which in turn routes it to its destination via the Phonenet
channel. (Because Phonenet sites cannot send directly to the ARPANET, this loses no function.) The
MMDF local delivery channel was modified to store mail in the mailboxes and in the formats expected
by the Berkeley mail programs. The disadvantage of this solution is that it requires each Phonenet site
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to install and maintain two mail transport systems.
A long-term solution is being discussed between CSNET and the Berkeley UNIX developers.
The goal is a single mail transport that incorporates the best features of Berkeley’s current mail system
and MMDF. This system would be distributed with releases of Berkeley UNIX.
Name Server [4]
The name server is a database of all CSNET users held online at a site called the CSNET Service
Host. (This machine is now at the University of Wisconsin.) Each record of this database contains the
name, mailbox identifier, and descriptive keywords of a registered CSNET user. CSNET sites can
query the name server to obtain the mailbox address of any user. CSNET users can update the key-
words in their records at any time. The name server project is also implementing the programs to be
installed at each CSNET site for the proper protocols with the name server.
The user interface with the name server consists of commands to implement these operations:
register
unregister
move
whois
update
The "register" command is used by a user to enter a new record in the database; the "unregister" com-
mand is used to remove a record; the "move" command is used to change the field in a record indicat-
ing the location of the user’s mailbox. A password scheme prevents unauthorized use of these com-
mands. The "whois" command is used to retrieve a set of records matching keywords; for example
whois Peter Denning
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and
whois past ACM president
will return the same record. The mailbox identifier field of this record can be extracted and put in a
local alias table so that future queries can be bypassed. The "update" operation is used by a user to
alter the descriptive keywords in his record of the database; the system requires him to present his login
password before installing any changes.
Future versions of the name server software distributed to CSNET sites will automatically
encache information locally to reduce traffic with the name server. For example, a user’s alias table
will hold pairs (nickname, mailbox-identifier) to help avoid unneeded invocations of the whois com-
mand by that user. A system table will encache pairs (mailbox-identifier, internet address) so that
unneeded requests for the internet address of a given site can be omitted. Messages will be automati-
cally forwarded to users whose mailboxes have been moved.
Users at Phonenet sites will have to conduct the above interactions by sending mail to the name
server. The name server will, by return mail, send records matching a whois query.
Protocols [5]
The IP-to-X.25 protocol project is the least visible component of CSNET. Its goal is an interface
between the datagram-oriented DARPA Internet Protocol (IP) and the virtual-circuit-oriented X.25 pub-
lic packet network protocol. This interface will enable the high-level ARPA Transport Control Protocol
(TCP) to work with X.25 nets, which in turn will allow CSNET users full access to ARPANET ser-
vices. Because all user services interact with TCP, any new DARPA network services will become
available throughout all of CSNET with new software distributions.
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DARPA’s protocol design relies on the TCP layer in one machine to establish a process-to-
process channel with a corresponding TCP layer on another machine. The sender’s TCP breaks a mes-
sage into packets, which are handed over to its IP for transmission as independent datagrams over the
ARPANET. The receiver’s IP hands the received datagrams to its TCP, which reassembles them into
messages. Purdue’s modification extends IP so that it can selects the Purdue X.25 interface when the
recipient host’s internet address is on Telenet.
Because Telenet charges for opening virtual circuits in X.25, the Purdue interface cannot transmit
an IP datagram simply by opening a circuit, sending a packet containing the datagram, and then closing
the circuit. Instead, it must leave open a circuit to the target host as long as it or the target is actively
using that circuit. An algorithm resembling a page replacement algorithm for a virtual memory system
closes an open circuit when IP requires a new circuit beyond the maximum number Telenet permits a
given host to open.
The Purdue interface is connected to an Interactive Systems INcard, which is a board that con-
nects the Telenet modem to the VAX backplane. A future project is to provide the X.29 protocol
extension of X.25; this will allow the INcard to connect to a login port of UNIX so that authorized
users can access the machine by ordinary Telenet remote login. Interactive Systems is considering
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extending the design of its INcard to include X.29 on the board.
Organization of the Project
The CSNET management structure provides central management over a project whose com-
ponents are at different locations. Figure 4 outlines the management components.
PROJECT DIRECTOR
R. Adrion (NSF)5
MANAGEMENT COMMITTEE
L. Landweber, Chair
R. Adrion
P. Denning
R. Edmiston
D. Farber
A. Hearn
C. W. Kern
SUPPORT GROUPS
Policy (L. Landweber, Chair)
Technical (D. Farber, Chair)
Organization (A. Hearn, Chair)
Coordination & Information Center (R. Edmiston, Director)
FIGURE 4: CSNET Management Structure.
The Management Committee consists of the principal investigator of each contract, the director of
5 Until October 1982, C. W. Kern of NSF was the project director.
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the Coordination and Information Center (CIC), and the NSF project manager. This committee meets
every six to eight weeks to review the status of the project, settle policy questions, and give guidance to
the technical subprojects. It is responsible for keeping the entire project on schedule and for initiating
corrective action when needed. Until a separate CSNET organization is established in 1983, the NSF
project director can overrule the committee on any matter.
The Policy Support Group consists of the Management Committee plus other senior computer
scientists.6 It meets as needed (but at least once a year) to review the status of the entire project, give
general guidance to the Management Committee, and determine overall policies for CSNET. When
CSNET becomes a separate corporation, this group will be replaced by a board of directors and the
Management Committee will be replaced by an executive committee.
The Technical Support Group meets from time to time to consider technical problems facing
CSNET and recommend solutions to the Management Committee.7 It consists of the principal investi-
gators of each project (or their designees) plus other computer scientists whose technical areas are
relevant to the project.
The Organization Support Group has been studying models for the CSNET organization -- e.g.,
consortium of universities, embedding in an existing consortium, or separate corporation.8 It drafted a
constitution and bylaws that is serving as the charter of CSNET until a formal organization is esta-
blished. After considering the alternatives proposed by this committee, the NSF decided that embed-
ding CSNET into an existing organization would be the best choice; it issued a program solicitation in
6 As of September 1982, the other members of the Policy Support Group were A. Aho (Bell), B. Arden (Princeton), J.
Birnbaum (HP), F. Corbato (MIT), K. Curtis (NSF), R. Eckhouse (DEC), N. Habermann (Carnegie-Mellon), R. Kahn
(DARPA), L. Kleinrock (UCLA), M. Marcus (FCC), R. Miller (Georgia Tech), R. Ritchie (Washington), H. Schorr
(IBM), R. Spinrad (Xerox), and S. Sedelow (Kansas).
7 As of September 1982, the members of the Technical Support Group were E. Allman (Berkeley), V. Cerf (MCI), D.
Crocker (Delaware), P. Enslow (Georgia Tech), J. Feldman (Rochester), L. Hollaar (Utah), J. T. Korb (Purdue), K.
Lantz (Stanford), M. O’Brien (Rand), J. Postel (USC), L. Rowe (Berkeley), F. Schneider (Cornell), and M. Solomon
(Wisconsin).
8 As of September 1982, the members of the Organization Support Group were A. Batson (Virginia), W. Franta (Min-
nesota), M. Harrison (Berkeley), G. Heller (EDUCOM), L. Travis (Wisconsin), and K. Uncapher (USC).
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October 1982 inviting potential host organizations to submit proposals.
The Coordination and Information Center is to provide the management services needed to regis-
ter and install new users and sites, distribute CSNET software, provide documentation and regular
newsletters, and answer users’ questions. After a public announcement in Fall 1981, NSF received and
reviewed proposals. A contract was awarded to Bolt Beranek and Newman of Cambridge, MA, for this
function. The CIC became operational in July 1982.
The CIC has been advising the Management Committee on possible methods of accounting for
CSNET use and billing sites their fair shares of these charges. The accounting problem is complicated
by several factors: a) Some messages will travel through several subnets each with different charging
policies. For example, an east coast Phonenet site will communicate with a west coast Phonenet site by
two phone calls (site to Delaware relay, Rand relay to site) and a Telenet call (relay to relay). b) It is
impractical for the relays to provide itemized lists of load generated by each user at a site. It can pro-
vide a total of load generated by a site. The site will have to allocate the cost of that load locally
among its users; CSNET will provide accounting software for this purpose. c) By agreement with
DARPA, CSNET will not charge ARPANET users for CSNET use. Assuming that traffic from CSNET
to the ARPANET is approximately the same as traffic from ARPANET to CSNET, an approach would
be to charge CSNET users twice the cost of the CSNET leg of their messages to ARPANET users. d)
Duplex telephone and Telenet circuits can be used by a receiver to send mail back to a caller -- at the
caller’s expense. Special controls may be needed if some frequently called sites are found not to be
paying usage fees proportional to their actual outbound traffic.
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Status of the Project
As of October 1982 both the Rand and Delaware relays were operational. The two relays com-
municated by telephone and ARPANET, and will communicate by Telenet as soon as practicable.
Some 76 Phonenet sites were operational or about to become so, as shown by the CSNET map in Fig-
ure 5.
As of September 1982, a preliminary version of the name server software was being tested at the
contractors’ sites. All users at all operational CSNET sites were registered in the database. All the
commands in the user interface were implemented. Later versions making use of the alias facility and
of encaching internet addresses were under development but were not yet under test.
As of September 1982, the protocol software was under test and was being installed at each of
the other contractor’s machines. During the test period, all communication among the contractors will
use Telenet instead of ARPANET. Around January 1983 this software will be available for other
CSNET sites to install if and when they obtain the necessary Telenet connections. Initial tests revealed
that Telenet window restrictions limited effective throughput to less than 1200 baud even on lines rated
at 9600 baud. Negotiations with Telenet were initiated to loosen these restrictions.
As of July 1982 Bolt Beranek and Newman had been accepted under contract to provide the
Coordination and Information Center. Complete plans for documentation and software distribution were
approved by the Management Committee and were being implemented. A hotline phone number was
operational for any CSNET user or site having questions or comments (617-497-2777). The CIC per-
sonnel had assisted the management committee in devising a dues structure and were assisting in the
development of accounting and billing procedures.
As of September 1982 the Policy Support Group had approved a draft of the constitution and
bylaws of CSNET. Until CSNET is converted to a separate organization, this document will serve as
the charter. In October 1982, the NSF issued a formal solicitation for an institution to serve as host for
CSNET, Inc., during the next period.
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As of September 1982 the Management Committee had received approval from NSF for the dues
structure (Figure 1) and was proceeding to its implementation. During 1983 member institutions will
begin paying dues and usage fees. The Coordination and Information Center has provided estimates of
the annual usage costs that can be expected by each type of site. Examples of costs from these esti-
mates are summarized in Figure 6.
Initial Annual Annual
Equipment Connect Usage Annual
Site Type Cost Charges Charges COST
PHONENET 1500 250
Moderate (1) 8750 9000
Heavy (2) 24250 24500
TELENET 10000 12000
Moderate (1) 3250 15250
Heavy (2) 9000 21000
ARPANET -- 107,000 -- --
(1) Moderate = 10 moderate users plus 10 heavy users.
(2) Heavy = 20 moderate users plus 30 heavy users.
FIGURE 6: Example Usage Cost Estimates.
(These examples assume a moderate user will generate about $250/year charges at Phonenet sites and
$75/year at Telenet sites; they assume a heavy user will generate about $625/year at Phonenet sites and
$250/year at Telenet sites.) Phonenet usage charges are a combination of telephone line charges and
Telenet packet charges for messages that have Telenet legs in their journeys. For a sufficiently active
site, Telenet is cheaper than Phonenet. Moreover, Telenet gives interactive access to CSNET services;
Phonenet does not. The ARPANET figures are included for comparison: CSNET will be able to pro-
vide similar services at much lower cost to many members of the computer research community.
As of September 1982 the Management Committee had admitted to membership only U.S. institu-
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tions conducting or directly supporting computer research. Several industrial applications from firms
engaged in product development had been deferred until the CSNET organization is more stable and net
use policies have been set forth. Several applications from foreign research sites (in Canada, Israel, and
Europe) had been deferred until the U.S. government’s policies on transborder flow in respect to
CSNET can be ascertained.
Acknowledgements
We are grateful to the many colleagues with whom we have interacted during the formative
stages of CSNET, to the people at NSF and DARPA for their constant advice and encouragement, to
the National Science Board for its faith in computer community, and to the computer community for its
continued support for this project. Three persons in government played critical key roles. Bob Kahn
and Vinton Cerf of DARPA gave constant support and a major commitment of DARPA resources.
Kent Curtis of NSF spent uncounted hours behind the scenes selling the concept of CSNET to the NSF
administration, to OMB, and to DARPA; his insistence on wide community support significantly
strengthened the project and assured its success. We are also grateful to Fred Schneider and Larry
Landweber for comments on this manuscript.
References
1. Comer, D. E., "The Computer Science Research Network CSNET -- A History and Status
Report," submitted to Communications of ACM, August 1982.
2. Landweber, L., and Solomon, M., "Use of Multiple Networks in CSNET," Proc. IEEE COMP-
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CSNET Overview - 19 - (12/1/82)
CON (February 1982).
3. Crocker, D. H., Szurkowski, E. S., and Farber, D. J., "An Inter-Network Memo Distribution Capa-
bility -- MMDF," Proc. Sixth Data Communications Symposium, ACM SIGCOMM (1979), 18-
25.
4. Landweber, L., Litzkow, L., Neuhengen, D., and Solomon, M., "Architecture of The CSNET
Name Server," Proc. Symposium on Data Communications, ACM SIGCOMM (March 1983), this
issue.
5. Comer, D. E., and Korb, J. T., "CSNET Protocol Software: The IP-to-X.25 Interface," Proc. Sym-
posium on Data Communications, ACM SIGCOMM (March 1983), this issue.
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